was the founder and the first king of the Median Kingdom, an ancient polity located in the Iranian plateau. His name has been mentioned in different forms in various sources, including the ancient Greek historian Herodotus.
The exact date of the era of Deioces' rule is not clear and probably covered most of the first half of the 7th century BC. According to Herodotus, Deioces was the first Median king to have gained independence from the Neo-Assyrian Empire and governed for 53 years. After Deioces' death, his son, Phraortes, succeeded him.
Etymology
Deioces' name has been mentioned in various forms in different sources. The Greek historian Herodotus has stated his name as Δηϊόκης (Dēiokēs). In Assyrian texts, he has been mentioned as Da-a-a-uk-ku; and in Elamite ones, as Da-a-(hi-)(ú-)uk-ka and Da-a-ya-u(k)-ka.
Dating
The era of Deioces' reign is subject to controversy. Herodotus says that Deioces ruled for 53 years, and thus some assumptions have been made about the era of his reign; but it seems that Herodotus's report is based on a verbal narrative. Based on Herodotus's report, the researchers have concluded that Deioces was the founder of the Median kingdom and also the first Median king, having gained independence from the Assyrians. But Herodotus's report is a mixture of Greek and Oriental legends and is not historically reliable. Also, it is assumed that the Median king whom Herodotus's reports are about is the same Deioces, Phraortes' father; thus, it is not possible to clarify the exact date of the period of his rule; but it can be said that it probably covered most of the first half of the 7th century BC.
In Assyrian sources, 674 BC, there are mentions of the actions of a person called Kashthrita, whom some researchers believe to be the same Phraortes. Therefore, the year 674 BC can be considered the end of Deioces' rule; and by reckoning his fifty-three-year old reign, the beginning of the era of Deioces' rule should be around 728 BC. Below is a list of the era of Deioces' reign based on the historians' views:
{| class="wikitable"
!Historian
|Herodotus
|George Cameron
|Edvin Grantovsky
|Igor Diakonoff
|-
!Era
|700-647 BC
|728-675 BC
|672-640 BC
|700-678 BC According to Herodotus, Deioces lived in the late 8th century BC, around the same time as the Median chief Daiku of Saparda. However, the identification would be more justifiable if Daiku were the chief of Hagabta, not Saparda. Hagbata is the only Median settlement mentioned in Assyrian sources whose name is similar to that of Ecbatana, the place chosen by Herodotus's Deioces to become the capital of the Median kingdom.
Foundation of the Median kingdom
thumb|A photo of [[Ecbatana.]]
What is known from the Assyrian texts is that from the 9th to 7th century BC, the Medes had not been able to thrive enough to cause the convergence and alliance and organization of the scattered Median tribes and clans around a superior and single leader and lord who could be called the king of all the Median lands. During their several invasions on the Median settled territories, the Assyrian kings always encountered a large number of "local shahs" and not a single king ruling all of the Median lands.
According to Herodotus, the Medes were the first people to break free from Assyrian dominance. The Medes were living in small villages with independent rulers, when a certain Deioces embarked on an elaborate scheme to make himself king. In the anarchistic era of the Medes, Deioces tried to enforce justice in his own village and gained a credit and reputation as a neutral judge. Thus, the territory of his activity expanded, and the peoples of other villages resorted to him until he eventually announced that the requests of the people are too much, the post is troublesome and difficult for him, and he is not ready to continue the work. Following the resignation, theft and chaos increased, and the Medes gathered and chose him as the king to settle the disagreements. Besides, it was forbidden to laugh or expectorate in the king's presence. Of his other actions was creating a group called "The King's Eyes and Ears", which consisted of people assigned to spy for the king himself; this organization and group existed during the Achaemenid era.
Diakonoff believes that Deioces could not have been the king of the whole Medes, and was not even the ruler of a large region, and was just one of the small and numerous Median lords; but the illustrious history of the successors shone on his face and gave him fame in history.
Ecbatana
After his coronation, Deioces' first action was to appoint guards for himself and also construct a capital. The city which Deioces chose for it was called Hagmatāna in Old Persian and Ecbatana in Greek language, believed to be Hamadan today. and indicates the gathering of Median clans, which had been disunited before. In the late 8th century BC, he had a fortified castle constructed on a hill in the city to run all the military, government and treasury affairs within.
Herodotus described that the royal complex was made of seven concentric walls, with each internal one higher than the external one. Each of the seven walls was decorated with a specific colour: the first (external) wall was white, the second wall black, the third one high red, the fourth blue, fifth low red, sixth wall copper, and the seventh and innermost wall gold. Such a coloring was the symbol of the seven planets in Babylon, but was an imitation of Babylon in Ecbatana. The king's palace was situated within the last wall along with its treasures.
However, this narrative of Herodotus's is not corroborated by what is written in Assyrian sources, which imply the existence of various masters in the Medes until years after Deioces, and the foundation of an independent royal body and constructing several large royal complexes was not something that the Assyrians could easily remain silent against; thus these words from Herodotus seem exaggerative, or depict an adapted and modified picture of the periods after Deioces' reign.
Some historians, including Henry Rawlinson, believe that the Ecbatana mentioned in Herodotus's writings is not the current Hamadan; and the olden Median capital should be searched in Takht-e Soleymān and in the vicinity of Lake Urmia to the southeast. But some researchers, like Jacques de Morgan, believe that Herodotus's Ecbatana is the same Hamadan today, and the places of the seven castles of Fort Ecbatana could be identified by the projections on the land and hills.
Among Herodotus's reports about Deioces and those of Avesta and Middle Persian, Arabic and New Persian texts about Hushang, there are some common features about the identities of Hushang and Deioces; the most important of them can be summarized in three points:
- According to Herodotus, Deioces was the headman of the village during the time; and the name or title Deioces meaning farmer must have been given to him because of this; and Hushang, according to Arabic and Persian texts, made innovations in agriculture; and thus he probably acquired the title farmer.
- Deioces and Hushang were the first legislator and the first king; and thus, Hushang was given the title Paradat or Pishdad or Bishdad and Fishdad (Arabic), which was probably an imitation of the name and title of the Assyrian king Sargon of Akkad, meaning "the lawful king".
- Deioces and Hushang developed housing and urban lifestyle, and thus Hushang acquired the name or title Heoshingeh or Hushang or Ushhanj (Arabic).