David Belasco (July 25, 1853 – May 14, 1931) was an American theatrical producer, impresario, director, and playwright.

Early years

David Belasco was born in 1853 in San Francisco, California, the son of Abraham H. Belasco (1830–1911) and Reyna Belasco (née Nunes, 1830–1899), Sephardic Jews who had immigrated to the United States from London's Spanish and Portuguese Jewish community during the California gold rush. He began working as a youth in a San Francisco theater doing a variety of routine jobs, such as call boy, script copier, or as an extra in small parts. He said that while working there, seeing "people die under such peculiar circumstances" made him

His recollections of that time were published in Hearst's Magazine in 1914.

By March 1874, he was back at work in San Francisco, eventually managing Thomas Maguire's Baldwin Theater. When Maguire lost the theater in 1882, Belasco relocated to the East Coast, bringing his practical western experiences with him. The West allowed him to develop his talents as not only a performer, but in progressive production design and execution.

A gifted playwright, Belasco went to New York City in 1882. He worked as stage manager for the Madison Square Theatre (starting with Young Mrs. Winthrop), and then the old Lyceum Theatre, while also writing original plays. By 1895, he was so successful that he was considered America's most distinguished playwright and producer.

Career

thumb|Belasco in 1873

During his long creative career, stretching between 1884 and 1930, Belasco either wrote, directed, or produced more than 100 Broadway plays, including Hearts of Oak, The Heart of Maryland, and Du Barry, making him the most powerful personality on the New York City theater scene. He also helped establish careers for dozens of notable stage performers, many of whom went on to work in films.

Among them were Leslie Carter, dubbed "The American Sarah Bernhardt," Belasco discovered and managed the careers of Lenore Ulric and David Warfield, both of whom became major stars on Broadway. He launched the career of Barbara Stanwyck, and was responsible for changing her name.

Many prominent performers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries sought the opportunity to work with Belasco; among them were D. W. Griffith, Helen Hayes, Lillian Gish, Mary Pickford DeMille's later methods of handling actors, using dramatic lighting and directing films, were modeled after Belasco's staging techniques. His funeral was held at Central Synagogue, Manhattan. He was interred in the Linden Hill Jewish Cemetery on Metropolitan Avenue in Ridgewood, Queens.

Influence on American theatre

thumb|Poster for [[The Heart of Maryland (play)|The Heart of Maryland with Maurice Barrymore and Mrs. Leslie Carter]]

Belasco demanded a natural acting style, and to complement that, he developed stage settings with authentic lighting effects to enhance his plays. His productions inspired several generations of theatre lighting designers. He ordered a specially made 1000-watt lamp developed just for his own productions. He was the only director to have one for the first two years after its introduction (1914–1915).</blockquote>

Belasco's original scripts were often filled with long, specific descriptions of props and set dressings. He has not been noted for producing unusually naturalistic scenarios.

Belasco both embraced existing theatre technology and sought to expand on it. Both of Belasco's New York theatres were built on the cutting edge of their era's technology. When Belasco took over the Republic Theatre, he drilled a new basement level to accommodate his machinery. He had the Stuyvesant Theatre specially constructed with great amounts of flyspace, hydraulics systems and lighting rigs. The basement of the Stuyvesant contained a working machine shop, where Belasco and his team experimented with lighting and other special effects. Many of the innovations developed in the Belasco shop were sold to other producers.

F. Scott Fitzgerald refers to Belasco's reputation for realism in his novel The Great Gatsby (1925). A drunken visitor in the library of Gatsby's mansion exclaims in amazement that the books are genuine: "See!" he cried triumphantly. "It's a bona-fide piece of printed matter. It fooled me. This fella's a regular Belasco. It's a triumph. What thoroughness! What realism! Knew when to stop, too—didn't cut the pages."

Theatres

New York

New York's first Belasco Theatre was originally the Republic Theatre, located at 229 West 42nd Street, between 7th and 8th Avenues, in Manhattan's Theater District. Belasco took over the theater and remodeled it in 1902, two years after it was constructed by Oscar Hammerstein. Belasco gave up the theater in 1910, after which it was renamed the Republic. The theater then went through a tumultuous period as a burlesque venue, then a second-run and later pornographic movie theater. It was rehabilitated and reopened as New Victory Theater in 1995.

New York's second Belasco Theatre is located at 111 West 44th Street, between 6th and 7th Avenues, a few blocks from the original New York Belasco. This theater, originally Stuyvesant Theatre, was constructed in 1907 and renamed Belasco in 1910. The theater was built to Belasco's wishes, with Tiffany lighting and ceiling panels, rich woodwork, and murals. Belasco's office and private apartment were also housed in the building. The Belasco is still in operation as a Broadway venue with much of the original decor intact.

Other cities

Belasco Theatres also existed in several other cities.

In Los Angeles, the first Belasco Theatre was located at 337 S. Main Street. This theater, which hosted the Belasco Stock Company, opened in 1904 and was operated by David Belasco's brother, Frederick. The theater was renamed twice: as the Republic and as the Follies . The theater was used for burlesque in the 1940s, after which it fell into sharp decline. It was demolished in May 1974.

The second Belasco Theater in Los Angeles is located at 1050 South Hill Street). This theatre, built by Morgan, Walls & Clements and opened in 1926, was managed by another of David's brothers: Edward. Many Hollywood stars with theatrical roots as well as Broadway stars visiting the West Coast appeared in this theatre. However, the theater declined after Edward's death in 1937 and closed in the early 1950s. The building was then used as a church for several decades, and underwent an extensive restoration from 2010 to 2011. It is currently in use as a nightclub and convention venue.

Shubert-Belasco Theatre, located at 717 Madison Place, across from the White House in Washington, D.C., was purchased by Belasco in September 1905. Originally built in 1895 as the Lafayette Square Opera House, the theater was razed in 1962 and replaced by the U.S. Court of Claims building.

Selected plays

  • Hearts of Oak (1879), by James A. Herne and David Belasco<!--November 17, 1879-->
  • La Belle Russe (1882), by David Belasco<!--May 8, 1882-->
  • May Blossom (1884), by David Belasco<!--April 12, 1884-->
  • Lord Chumley (1888), by Henry Churchill de Mille and David Belasco<!--August 21, 1888-->
  • Men and Women (1890), by Henry Churchill de Mille and David Belasco<!--October 21, 1890-->
  • The Girl I Left Behind Me (1893), by Franklin Fyles and David Belasco<!--January 25, 1893-->
  • Pawn Ticket No. 210 (1894), by Clay M. Greene and David Belasco<!--October 1, 1894-->
  • The Heart of Maryland (1895), by David Belasco<!--October 22, 1895-->
  • Zaza (1898), by David Belasco (based on the play Zaza by Pierre Berton and )<!--December 1898, Lafayette Square Opera House in Washington, D.C.-->
  • Madame Butterfly (1900), by David Belasco (based on the short story Madame Butterfly by John Luther Long)<!--March 5, 1900-->
  • Du Barry (1901), by David Belasco<!--December 25, 1901-->
  • The Auctioneer (1901)
  • Sweet Kitty Bellairs (1903), by David Belasco (based on the novel The Bath Comedy by Agnes Castle and Egerton Castle)<!--December 9, 1903-->
  • The Music Master (1904), by Charles Klein<!--September 26, 1904-->
  • Adrea (1905), by David Belasco and John Luther Long<!--September 20, 1905-->
  • The Girl of the Golden West (1905), by David Belasco<!--November 14, 1905-->
  • Rose of the Rancho (1906), by Richard Walton Tully and David Belasco<!--November 27, 1906-->
  • The Warrens of Virginia (1907), by William C. deMille<!--December 3, 1907-->
  • A Grand Army Man (1907), by David Belasco, Pauline Phelps and Marion Short
  • The Fighting Hope (1908), by William J. Hurlbut<!--September 22, 1908-->
  • The Easiest Way (1909), by Eugene Walter<!--January 19, 1909-->
  • The Lily (1909), by David Belasco (based on the play Le Lys by Pierre Wolff and Gaston Leroux)<!--December 23, 1909-->
  • Just a Wife (1910), by Eugene Walter<!--February 1, 1910-->
  • The Woman (1911), by William C. deMille<!--September 19, 1911-->
  • The Return of Peter Grimm (1911), by David Belasco<!--October 17, 1911-->
  • The Governor's Lady (1912), by Alice Bradley<!--September 10, 1912-->
  • The Case of Becky (1912), by Edward Locke<!--October 1, 1912-->
  • A Good Little Devil (1913), by Austin Strong (based on the play Un bon petit diable by Rosemonde Gérard and Maurice Rostand)<!--January 8, 1913-->
  • The Temperamental Journey, by Leo Ditrichstein (based on Pour Vivre Heureux by André Rivoire and Yves Mirande)<!-- September 4, 1913-->
  • Seven Chances (1916), by Roi Cooper Megrue<!--August 8, 1916-->
  • Tiger Rose (1917), by Willard Mack<!--October 3, 1917-->
  • The Gold Diggers (1919), by Avery Hopwood<!--September 30, 1919-->
  • The Son-Daughter (1919), by George Scarborough and David Belasco<!--November 19, 1919-->
  • Kiki (1921), by David Belasco with music by Zoel Parenteau (based on the play Kiki by André Picard)<!--November 29, 1921-->
  • Shore Leave (1922), by Hubert Osborne<!--August 8, 1922-->
  • Laugh, Clown, Laugh (1923), by Tom Cushing and David Belasco (based on the play Ridi, pagliaccio! by Fausto Maria Martini)<!--November 28, 1923-->
  • Ladies of the Evening (1924), by Milton Herbert Gropper<!--December 23, 1924-->
  • The Dove (1925), by Willard Mack (based on a story by Gerald Beaumont)<!--February 11, 1925-->
  • Lulu Belle (1926), by Charles MacArthur and Edward Sheldon<!--February 9, 1926-->
  • Tonight or Never (1930), by Fanny Hatton and Frederic Hatton (based on the play Ma este vagy soha by )<!--November 18, 1930-->

Filmography

  • Lord Chumley, directed by James Kirkwood (1914, based on the play Lord Chumley)<!--Based on the play Lord Chumley by Henry C. De Mille and David Belasco (New York, August 21, 1888).--><!--June 14, 1914-->
  • ', directed by William J. Hanley (1914, based on the play La Belle Russe)<!--July 1914-->
  • Men and Women, directed by James Kirkwood (1914, based on the play Men and Women)<!--August 1914-->
  • Rose of the Rancho, directed by Cecil B. DeMille (1914, based on the play Rose of the Rancho)<!--November 15, 1914-->
  • The Girl of the Golden West, directed by Cecil B. DeMille (1915, based on the play The Girl of the Golden West)<!--January 4, 1915-->
  • ', directed by Lloyd B. Carleton (1915, based on the play The Girl I Left Behind Me)<!--Based on the play The Girl I Left Behind Me by David Belasco and Franklyn Fyles (New York, January 25, 1893).--><!--January 1915-->
  • DuBarry, directed by Edoardo Bencivenga (1915, based on the play Du Barry)<!--January 18, 1915-->
  • The Heart of Maryland, directed by Herbert Brenon (1915, based on the play The Heart of Maryland)<!--March 20, 1915-->
  • May Blossom, directed by Allan Dwan (1915, based on the play May Blossom)<!--April 15, 1915-->
  • The Case of Becky, directed by Frank Reicher (1915, based on the play The Case of Becky)<!--September 13, 1915-->
  • Madame Butterfly, directed by Sidney Olcott (1915, based on the play Madame Butterfly)<!--November 7, 1915-->
  • Zaza, directed by Edwin S. Porter and Hugh Ford (1915, based on the play Zaza)<!--Based on the play Zaza by Pierre François Samuel Berton and Charles Simon, as adapted by David Belasco (New York, January 9, 1899).--><!--November 11, 1915-->
  • Sweet Kitty Bellairs, directed by James Young (1916, based on the play Sweet Kitty Bellairs)
  • La Belle Russe, directed by Charles Brabin (1919, based on the play La Belle Russe)<!--September 21, 1919-->
  • Harakiri, directed by Fritz Lang (Germany, 1919, based on the play Madame Butterfly)<!--December 18, 1919-->
  • The Heart of Maryland, directed by Tom Terriss (1921, based on the play The Heart of Maryland)<!--May 1921-->
  • The Case of Becky, directed by Chester M. Franklin (1921, based on the play The Case of Becky)<!--October 9, 1921-->
  • Pawn Ticket 210, directed by Scott R. Dunlap (1922, based on the play Pawn Ticket No. 210)<!--Based on the play "Pawn Ticket No. 210" by David Belasco and Clay M. Greene (production undetermined).--><!--December 24, 1922-->
  • The Girl of the Golden West, directed by Edwin Carewe (1923, based on the play The Girl of the Golden West)<!--May 3, 1923-->
  • Zaza, directed by Allan Dwan (1923, based on the play Zaza)<!--Based on the play Zaza by Pierre François Samuel Berton and Charles Simon, as adapted by David Belasco (New York, January 9, 1899).--><!--September 16, 1923-->
  • Tiger Rose, directed by Sidney Franklin (1923, based on the play Tiger Rose)<!--December 9, 1923-->
  • Forty Winks, directed by Paul Iribe and Frank Urson (1925, based on the play Lord Chumley)<!--Based on the novel Lord Chumley by Henry C. De Mille and David Belasco (New York, August 21, 1888).--><!--February 2, 1925-->
  • Seven Chances, directed by Buster Keaton (1925, based on the play Seven Chances)<!--March 11, 1925-->
  • Men and Women, directed by William C. deMille (1925, based on the play Men and Women)<!--March 23, 1925-->
  • Kiki, directed by Clarence Brown (1926, based on the play Kiki)<!--April 4, 1926-->
  • The Lily, directed by Victor Schertzinger (1926, based on the play The Lily)<!--Based on the play The Lily by David Belasco (New York, December 9, 1923), which was based on the French play Le Lys by Pierre Wolff and Gaston Leroux (Paris, December 18, 1908).--><!--October 3, 1926-->
  • The Return of Peter Grimm, directed by Victor Schertzinger (1926, based on the play The Return of Peter Grimm)<!--November 7, 1926-->
  • The Music Master, directed by Allan Dwan (1927, based on the play The Music Master)<!--January 23, 1927-->
  • The Heart of Maryland, directed by Lloyd Bacon (1927, based on the play The Heart of Maryland)<!--July 23, 1927-->
  • Laugh, Clown, Laugh, directed by Herbert Brenon (1928, based on the play Laugh, Clown, Laugh)
  • Ladies of Leisure, directed by Frank Capra (1930, based on the play Ladies of the Evening)<!--April 5, 1930-->
  • Sweet Kitty Bellairs, directed by Alfred E. Green (1930, based on the play Sweet Kitty Bellairs)<!--August 9, 1930-->
  • Du Barry, Woman of Passion, directed by Sam Taylor (1930, based on the play Du Barry)<!--October 11, 1930-->
  • The Girl of the Golden West, directed by John Francis Dillon (1930, based on the play The Girl of the Golden West)<!--October 12, 1930-->
  • Kiki, directed by Sam Taylor (1931, based on the play Kiki)<!--March 14, 1931-->
  • Tonight or Never, directed by Mervyn LeRoy (1931, based on the play Tonight or Never)<!--Based on the play Tonight or Never by Lili Hatvany, as adapted by Frederick and Fanny Hatton and staged by David Belasco (New York, November 18, 1930).--><!--December 17, 1931-->
  • Girl of the Rio, directed by Herbert Brenon (1932, based on the play The Dove)<!--Based on the play The Dove by Willard Mack, as produced by David Belasco (New York, February 11, 1925).--><!--January 15, 1932-->
  • The Hatchet Man, directed by William A. Wellman (1932, based on the play The Honorable Mr. Wong)<!--February 6, 1932-->
  • The Son-Daughter, directed by Clarence Brown (1932, based on the play The Son-Daughter)<!--December 23, 1932-->
  • Madame Butterfly, directed by Marion Gering (1932, based on the play Madame Butterfly)<!--December 30, 1932-->
  • The Return of Peter Grimm, directed by George Nicholls Jr. (1935, based on the play The Return of Peter Grimm)
  • Rose of the Rancho, directed by Marion Gering (1936, based on the play Rose of the Rancho)<!--January 10, 1936-->
  • Follow the Fleet, directed by Mark Sandrich (1936, based on the play Shore Leave)<!--Based on the play Shore Leave: A Sea-goin' Comedy in Three Acts by Hubert Osborne, as produced by David Belasco (New York, August 8, 1922).--><!--February 20, 1936-->
  • The Girl of the Golden West, directed by Robert Z. Leonard (1938, based on the play The Girl of the Golden West)
  • Zaza, directed by George Cukor (1939, based on the play Zaza)<!--Based on the play Zaza by Pierre François Samuel Berton and Charles Simon, as adapted by David Belasco (New York, January 9, 1899).--><!--

The Italian film "Girl of the Golden West" (1942) is not based on David Belasco's play. -->

  • Lulu Belle, directed by Leslie Fenton (1948, based on the play Lulu Belle)<!--Based on the play Lulu Belle by Charles MacArthur and Edward Sheldon, produced by David Belasco (New York, February 9, 1926). -->
  • Madame Butterfly, directed by Carmine Gallone (Italy, 1954, based on the opera Madama Butterfly)
  • Madame Butterfly, directed by Frédéric Mitterrand (France, 1995, based on the opera Madama Butterfly)

Producer

  • A Good Little Devil, directed by Edwin S. Porter (1914, Famous Players Film Company)<!--The film was produced by arrangement with David Belasco. According to several sources, the film contained the "entire Broadway cast" of the Belasco production-->
  • Rose of the Rancho, directed by Cecil B. DeMille (1914, Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Co.)
  • The Girl of the Golden West, directed by Cecil B. DeMille (1915, Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Co.)<!--January 4, 1915-->
  • The Warrens of Virginia, directed by Cecil B. DeMille (1915, Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Co.)<!--February 15, 1915-->
  • The Governor's Lady, directed by George Melford (1915, Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Co.)<!--March 14, 1915-->
  • The Woman, directed by George Melford (1915, Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Co.)<!--May 3, 1915-->
  • The Fighting Hope, directed by George Melford (1915, Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Co.)<!--July 19, 1915-->
  • The Case of Becky, directed by Frank Reicher (1915, Jesse L. Lasky Feature Play Co.)<!--September 13, 1915-->
  • Her Accidental Husband, directed by Dallas M. Fitzgerald (1923, Belasco Productions, Inc.)<!--April 16, 1923-->
  • The Gold Diggers, directed by Harry Beaumont (1923, Warner Bros.)<!--The January 12, 1923 FD announced a partnership between theatrical impresario David Belasco and Warner Brothers Pictures, Inc., to film several of Belasco’s most successful productions, the first of which was The Gold Diggers by Avery Hopwood. More than three months later, the April 21, 1923 Motion Picture News reported that Belasco approved the adaptation by scenarist Grant Carpenter.--><!--September 22, 1923-->
  • Tiger Rose, directed by Sidney Franklin (1923, Warner Bros.)<!--December 9, 1923-->
  • Welcome Stranger, directed by James Young (1924, Belasco Productions, Inc.)<!--August 24, 1924-->
  • Friendly Enemies, directed by George Melford (1925, Belasco Productions, Inc.)<!--March 16, 1925-->
  • Fifth Avenue, directed by Robert G. Vignola (1926, Belasco Productions, Inc.)<!--January 24, 1926-->
  • The Prince of Pilsen, directed by Paul Powell (1926, Belasco Productions, Inc.)<!--May 2, 1926-->

Films about David Belasco

  • Lady with Red Hair, directed by Curtis Bernhardt (1940), with Claude Rains as David Belasco

See also

  • The Auctioneer (1927)
  • William Ziegler House

References

Further reading

  • Sunshine and Shadow: An Autobiography, Mary Pickford, Doubleday, 1955<!-- http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/152222%7C108778/Mary-Pickford/ -->
  • The Shuberts Present: 100 Years of American Theater, Maryann Chach, Reagan Fletcher, Mark Evan Swartz, Sylvia Wang, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 2001,
  • Theatre through Its Stage Door, David Belasco, New York and London: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1919, published Sept. 1919. Also Ayer Co. Publishing (reprint), 1919,
  • Belasco Theatre history
  • New Victory Theater history

;Works

;Papers

  • David Belasco papers, 1868-1967, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
  • Stephen Schwartz collection of David Belasco materials, 1904-1965, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
  • The Belasco collection of incidental music and musicals in the Music Division of The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
  • Thomas Albert Curry, Sr. papers, 1918-1933 at the University of Oregon Libraries.

;Encyclopedias

  • https://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Belasco
  • https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/theater-biographies/david-belasco
  • https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2799-belasco-david

;Data

  • https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095456449