Dasharatha Maurya () was the 4th Mauryan emperor from 232 to 224 BCE. He was a grandson of Ashoka the Great and is commonly held to have succeeded him as the Emperor of Magadha. Dasharatha presided over a declining imperium and several territories of the empire broke away from central rule during his reign. He had continued the religious and social policies of Ashoka. Dasharatha was the last Mauryan emperor to have issued imperial inscriptions—thus the last Mauryan emperor to be known from epigraphical sources.
Dasharatha died in 224 BCE and was succeeded by his cousin Samprati.
Background
Dasharatha was a grandson of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. He is commonly held to have succeeded his grandfather as Emperor of Magadha although some sources including the Vayu Purana have given different names and numbers of Maurya Emperors after Ashoka. The latter is described in the Vishnu Purana as the son and imperial successor of Suyashas (a son of Ashoka). In some of the sources the division is recorded as having been between Samprati and Dasharatha, the latter holding the eastern parts with the capital at Pataliputra and the former the western imperium with the capital at Ujjain. However, Smith also wrote that "there is no clear evidence to support [the] hypothesis."
The Vayu and Brahmanda Puranas mention three Mauryan rulers—Bandhupalita, Indrapalita and Dasona—whose identification is rather difficult.
Various dynasties of the south including the Satavahana had been vassals of the Mauryan Empire. These kingdoms are mentioned in Ashoka's edicts (256 BCE) and were considered part of the outer circle of the imperium—subject to the rule of the Mauryan Emperor, although doubtless enjoying a considerable degree of autonomy under their local rulers.
Religion
left|thumb|Entrance corridor of the [[Barabar Caves|Gopika Cave, with polished granite walls, built and dedicated by Dasharatha Maurya]]
Ashoka had displayed divine support in his inscriptions; although a Buddhist ruler, he was called Devanampriya, which means "Beloved of the Gods" in Pali. The title of Devanampiya and religious adherence of the Mauryan ruler to Buddhism was continued by Dasharatha.
Dasharatha is known to have dedicated three caves in the Nagarjuni Hills to the Ajivikas. Three inscriptions at the caves refer to him as "Devanampiya" and state that the caves were dedicated by him shortly after his accession.
Nagarjuni caves inscriptions by Dasaratha Maurya
thumb|Dedicatory inscription of Dasaratha Maurya above the entrance of the Vadathika cave
Dasaratha Maurya, Ashoka's grandson and regnal successor, wrote dedicatory inscriptions in the three forming the Nagarjuni group (Gopika, Vadathi and Vapiya caves) of the Barabar Caves. It is generally considered that their construction dates from his reign.