Czechoslovakia competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR. 209 competitors, 162 men and 47 women, took part in 114 events in 21 sports.
Medalists
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
!Medal
!Name
!Sport
!Event
|-
| ||
| Weightlifting
| Men's 100 kg
|-
| || Czechoslovakia national football team<br/>
|| Football || Men's competition
|-
| ||
| Athletics
| Men's discus throw
|-
| ||
| Athletics
| Women's 400 m
|-
| || Czechoslovakia women's national field hockey team<br/>
|| Field hockey || Women's tournament
|-
| ||
| Boxing
| Men's light middleweight
|-
| ||
| Gymnastics
| Men's rings
|-
| ||
| Judo
| Men's +95 kg
|-
| ||
| Weightlifting
| Men's 82.5 kg
|-
| ||
| wrestling
| Men's freestyle 74 kg
|-
| ||
| wrestling
| Men's freestyle 100 kg
|-
| || <br>
| Rowing
| Men's double sculls
|-
| || <br><br>Jiří Pokorný<br>
| Cycling
| Men's team pursuit
|-
| || <br><br>Alipi Kostadinov<br>
| Cycling
| Men's team time trial
|}
Archery
In its first appearance in the Olympic archery competition, Czechoslovakia sent two women and one man. Zdeňka Padevětová earned a fourth-place finish.
<br>
Women's Individual Competition:
- Zdeňka Padevětová — 2405 points (→ 4th place)
- Jitka Dolejší — 2219 points (→ 20th place)
<br>
Men's Individual Competition:
- František Hadaš — 2305 points (→ 24th place)
Athletics
Men's 1,500 metres
- Jozef Plachý
- Heat — 3:44.4
- Semifinals — 3:40.4
- Final — 3:40.7 (→ 6th place)
Men's 5,000 metres
- Jiří Sýkora
- Heat — 13:43.1
- Semi Final — 13:31.0
- Final — 13:25.0 (→ 9th place)
Men's 10,000 metres
- Jiří Sýkora
- Heat — 29:19.8 (→ did not advance)
Men's Marathon
- Vlastimil Zwiefelhofer
- Final — did not finish (→ no ranking)
- Josef Janska
- Final — did not finish (→ no ranking)
Men's 4 × 400 metres Relay
- Josef Lomický, Dušan Malovec, František Břečka, and Karel Kolář
- Heat — 3:03.5
- Final — 3:07.0 (→ 7th place)
Men's 110 m Hurdles
- Július Ivan
- Final — did not finish (→ no ranking)
Men's 3,000 m Steeplechase
- Dušan Moravčík
- Heat — 8:33.4
- Semifinals — 8:28.0
- Final — 8:29.1 (→ 10th place)
Men's Long Jump
- Jan Leitner
- Qualification — 7.68 m (→ did not advance)
Men's Discus Throw
- Imrich Bugár
- Qualification — 65.08 m
- Final — 66.38 m (→ Image:Med 2.png Silver Medal)
Men's Hammer Throw
- Jiří Chamrád
- Qualification — 69.38 m
- Final Round — 68.16 m (→ 12th place)
Men's Shot Put
- Jaromír Vlk
- Qualification — 19.69 m
- Final — 20.24 m (→ 7th place)
Men's 20 km Walk
- Pavol Blažek
- Final — 1:35:30.8 (→ 14th place)
- Jozef Pribilinec
- Final — 1:42:52.4 (→ 20th place)
- Juraj Benčík
- Final — DSQ (→ no ranking)
Men's 50 km Walk
- Pavol Blažek
- Final — 4:16:26 (→ 10th place)
- Juraj Benčík
- Final — 4:27:39 (→ 13th place)
- Jaromír Vaňous
- Final — DSQ (→ no ranking)
<br>
Women's 400 metres
- Jarmila Kratochvílová
- Heat — 51.04
- Semifinals — 50.79
- Final — 49.46 NR (→ Image:Med 2.png Silver Medal)
Women's Long Jump
- Jarmila Nygrýnová
- Qualification — 6.58 m
- Final — 6.83 m (→ 6th place)
Women's Discus Throw
- Zdena Bartoňová
- Qualification — 59.48 m
- Final — 57.78 m (→ 11th place)
Women's Shot Put
- Zdena Bartoňová
- Final — 18.40 m (→ 10th place)
Women's Pentathlon
- Marcela Koblasová — 4328 points (→ 11th place)
- 100 metres — 14.10s
- Shot Put — 13.42m
- High Jump — 1.71m
- Long Jump — 6.15m
- 800 metres — 2:20.30
Basketball
;Men's team competition
- Preliminary round (group A)
- Lost to Brazil (70-72)
- Defeated India (133–65)
- Lost to Soviet Union (83-99)
- Second Round (Group B)
- Lost to Australia (86-91)
- Defeated Sweden (83-61)
- Lost to Poland (84-88)
- Defeated Senegal (88-72) → 9th place
- Team Roster:
- Jaroslav Skála
- Dušan Žáček
- Vlastimil Havlík
- Peter Rajniak
- Stanislav Kropilák
- Pavol Bojanovský
- Zdeněk Kos
- Jiří Pospíšil
- Vlastibor Klimeš
- Kamil Brabenec
- Zdeněk Douša
- Gustáv Hraška
Boxing
Men's Featherweight (57 kg)
- Miroslav Šandor
- First Round — Bye
- Second Round — Lost to Dejan Marovic (Yugoslavia) on points (0-5)
Canoeing
Cycling
Eleven cyclists represented Czechoslovakia in 1980.
;Individual road race
- Jiří Škoda
- Vlastibor Konečný
- Ladislav Ferebauer
- Michal Klasa
;Team time trial
- Michal Klasa
- Vlastibor Konečný
- Alipi Kostadinov
- Jiří Škoda
;Sprint
- Anton Tkáč
;1000m time trial
- Petr Kocek
;Individual pursuit
- Martin Penc
;Team pursuit
- Teodor Černý
- Martin Penc
- Jiří Pokorný
- Igor Sláma
Diving
Fencing
Seven fencers, six men and one woman, represented Czechoslovakia in 1980.
;Men's foil
- Jaroslav Jurka
- František Koukal
;Men's épée
- Jaroslav Jurka
- Oldřich Kubišta
- Jiří Douba
;Men's team épée
- Jaroslav Jurka, Jaromír Holub, Jiří Douba, Jiří Adam, Oldřich Kubišta
;Women's foil
- Katarína Lokšová-Ráczová
Football
;Men's team competition
Preliminary Round (Group B)
All matches were played at the Kirov Stadium in Leningrad except where noted.
- July 21, 1980 : Czechoslovakia - Colombia 3-0 (2-0)
- July 23, 1980 : Czechoslovakia - Nigeria 1-1 (1-0)
- July 25, 1980 : Czechoslovakia - Kuwait 0-0 (0-0)
Final standings
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! width="20"|W
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|- align=center bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left| Czechoslovakia
|3||1||2||0||4||1||4
|- align=center bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left| Kuwait
|3||1||2||0||4||2||4
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|align=left| Colombia
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|- align=center
|align=left| Nigeria
|3||0||1||2||2||5||1
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With four points each (one win and two draws), Czechoslovakia and Kuwait qualified for the quarterfinals.
Quarterfinals
- July 27, 1980 : Czechoslovakia - Cuba 4-0 (4-0)
Semifinals
- July 29, 1980 : Czechoslovakia - Yugoslavia 2-0 (2-0) at Dynamo Stadium, Moscow
Final
- August 2, 1980 : Czechoslovakia - East Germany 1-0 (0-0) Loujniki Stadium, Moscow
Roster
- Stanislav Seman
- Luděk Macela
- Josef Mazura
- Libor Radimec
- Zdeněk Rygel
- Petr Němec
- Ladislav Vízek
- Jan Berger
- Jindřich Svoboda
- Luboš Pokluda
- Werner Lička
- Rostislav Václavíček
- Jaroslav Netolička
- Oldřich Rott
- František Štambachr
- František Kunzo
Gymnastics
Handball
Women's Tournament
- Jana Kuťková
Hockey
;Women's team competition
- Preliminary Round Robin
- Lost to Soviet Union (0-2)
- Drew with Zimbabwe (2-2)
- Defeated India (2-1)
- Defeated Austria (5-0)
- Defeated Poland (1-0) → Image:Med 2.png Silver Medal
- Team Roster:
- Jarmila Králíčková
- Berta Hrubá
- Iveta Šranková
- Lenka Vymazalová
- Jiřina Křížová
- Jiřina Kadlecová
- Jiřina Čermáková
- Marta Urbanová
- Květa Petříčková
- Marie Sýkorová
- Ida Hubáčková
- Milada Blažková
- Jana Lahodová
- Alena Kyselicová
- Jiřina Hájková
- Viera Podhányiová
Judo
Modern pentathlon
Three male pentathletes represented Czechoslovakia in 1980.
Men's Individual Competition:
- Milan Kadlec — 5229 pts, 8th place
- Jan Bártů — 5158 pts, 16th place
- Bohumil Starnovský — 4952 pts, 26th place
<br>
Men's Team Competition:
- Kadlec, Bártů, and Starnovský — 15339 pts, 6th place
Rowing
Sailing
Shooting
Swimming
Men's 200m Freestyle
- Petr Adamec
- Final — 1:55.84 (→ did not advance)
- Radek Havel
- Final — 1:55.07 (→ did not advance)
Men's 400m Freestyle
- Daniel Machek
- Final — 3:55.66 (→ 5th place)
Men's 100m Backstroke
- Miloslav Rolko
- Final — 57.74 (→ 4th place)
Men's 400m Individual Medley
- Miloslav Rolko
- Final — 4:26.99 (→ 6th place)
- Daniel Machek
- Final — 4:29.86 (→ 8th place)
<br>
Women's 100m Breaststroke
- Irena Fleissnerová
- Heats — 1:13.35 (→ did not advance)
Women's 200m Breaststroke
- Irena Fleissnerová
- Final — 2:33.23 (→ 5th place)
Volleyball
;Men's team competition
- Preliminary round (group A)
- Lost to Soviet Union (1-3)
- Lost to Italy (2-3)
- Lost to Bulgaria (0-3)
- Defeated Cuba (3-2)
- Classification Matches
- 5th/8th place: Lost to Brazil (0-3)
- 7th/8th place: Lost to Cuba (1-3) → 8th place
- Team Roster
- Dušan Prieložný
- Pavel Valach
- Vlado Sirvoň
- Ján Repák
- Josef Novotný
- Jaroslav Šmid
- Vlastimil Lenert
- Jaroslav Kopet
- Ján Cifra
- Pavel Řeřábek
- Josef Pick
- Cyril Krejčí
- Head coaches: Pavel Schenk and Zdeněk Václavík