Cuyahoga Valley National Park is a national park of the United States in Ohio that reclaims and preserves the industrial, commercial, and rural landscape along the Cuyahoga River between Akron and Cleveland in Northeast Ohio.
The park
History
thumb|left|upright=0.65|Park map (click on map to enlarge)
Indigenous history
The Hopewell Culture inhabited the area by ~200AD and constructed the Everett Mound near Everett within the park.
No Native American tribes currently have federal recognition in Ohio; however, the former inhabitants of the Cuyahoga Valley were Native Americans. The Wyandot, Iroquois, Ottawa, Ojibwe, Munsee, Potawatomi, Miami, Catawba, and Shawnee all lived in or traversed this area, but the Lenapé Nation, also known as the Lenape’wàk or Delaware Nation, are considered "the Grandfathers" of many Native Nations of the upper Ohio River Valley. They had a democratic and egalitarian sociopolitical structure where leaders (sachem) consulted elders who advocated for the expectations of the people before decisions were made. The Lenapé were actively involved in long-distance trade networks and were highly skilled at creating goods and art such as pottery, stone weaponry, clothing, and baskets. New Jersey, and northern Delaware, through the Ohio River Valley and Cuyahoga Valley, to current residencies primarily in Oklahoma and Ontario, Canada.
Land was vitally important to the Lenapé Nation. The fur trade required large hunting grounds, as did agriculture, which served as their central food source. While being pushed west, the Lenapé turned to each other to form alliances between Lenapé communities to preserve culture, territory, and resources.
The Lenapé’s hunting practices changed with the introduction of the fur trade. After contact with Europeans, the emphasis on hunting began to shift towards the demands of fur production rather than prioritizing sustainability. These trade networks depended on waterways used by indigenous people through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries:
thumb|Portage County 1826
<blockquote>Portage Path was located in modern-day Summit County, Ohio. The trail connected the Cuyahoga and Tuscarawas Rivers and was approximately eight miles in length. American Indians used this path to transport their canoes overland from one river to the other. Using canoes, American Indians could travel by water from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico except for this small section. Today, most of the path is located in the city of Akron, Ohio, although interested parties can follow signs that trace the path between the two rivers. Portage County received its name from Portage Path.</blockquote>
Treaties and conflict
thumb|Treaty of Greenville
The Cuyahoga Valley is no longer inhabited by the Lenapé Nation primarily due to coercive legislative processes and numerous violent conflicts. The 1795 Treaty of Greenville set the Cuyahoga River as the boundary between indigenous peoples' lands and European settlement. In 1805, of land, including the present-day Cuyahoga Valley National Park, was ceded in the Treaty of Fort Industry with a promise of a thousand dollar annual payout to each Native Nation that lost land (the Wyandot, Ottawa, Objibwe, Munsee, Lenapé, Potawatomi, and Shawnee). The treaty also included a clause that allowed for the continuation of indigenous hunting on the ceded land; however, that portion of the treaty was neglected in practice. Other treaties, also took Lenapé land without their full knowledge or consent. Today, the Lenapé Nation is more commonly referred to as the Delaware Nation and has its headquarters in Oklahoma, although there are also populations in Kansas, Wisconsin, and Ontario, Canada, as well as in their ancestral homelands, including Pennsylvania, and a trust fund to the state of Ohio. Kendall's will stipulated that the "property should be perpetually used for park purposes". The area was called Virginia Kendall Park, in honor of his mother. In the 1930s, the Civilian Conservation Corps built much of the park's infrastructure including the Happy Days Lodge and the shelters at Octagon, the Ledges, and Kendall Lake. The Happy Days Lodge, near Peninsula, was constructed from 1938 to 1939 as a camp for urban children.
Park creation
Although the regional parks safeguarded certain places, by the 1960s local citizens feared that urban sprawl would overwhelm the Cuyahoga Valley's natural beauty. An additional concern was the environmental degradation of the Cuyahoga River via factory waste and sewage, along with fires that burned on the river in 1952 and 1969. Citizens joined forces with state and national government staff to find a long-term solution. Finally, on December 27, 1974, President Gerald Ford signed the bill establishing the Cuyahoga Valley National Recreation Area, even as the administration recommended a veto because "The Cuyahoga Valley possesses no qualities which qualify it for inclusion in the National Park System" and the government was already providing funds for outdoor recreation.
After Congress authorized the land acquisition, it was left under the direction of Superintendent William C. Birdsell of the National Park Service and the Army Corps of Engineers . Under the direction of Birdsell, homes were either purchased outright, or given a scenic/preservation easement. There was no comprehensive plan to guide the land acquisition program, so the responsibility of choosing whether homes were to be purchased or preserved was solely Birdsell's decision. Birdsell's continually changing priorities frustrated local residents as land acquisition plans changed, and his management style was criticized by the National Park Service's Midwest Regional Office during a 1978 operational evaluation report (OER), citing his poor human-resource management skills, low staff morale, and Birdsell's inability to delegate.
National Park Service
The National Park Service acquired the Krejci Dump in 1985 to include as part of the recreation area. They requested a thorough analysis of the site's contents from the Environmental Protection Agency. After the survey identified extremely toxic materials, the area was closed in 1986 and designated a superfund site under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980. Litigation was filed against potentially responsible parties: Ford, General Motors, Chrysler, 3M, Waste Management, Chevron, Kewanee Industries, and Federal Metals. Only 3M would not agree to a settlement, and the company lost at trial. Removal of toxic materials began in 1987 with of contaminated soils and debris removed by 2012, and restoration completed by 2015.
The area was redesignated a national park by Congress on October 11, 2000, The park is administered by the National Park Service. The David Berger National Memorial in Beachwood, a Cleveland suburb, is also managed through Cuyahoga Valley National Park.
The Richfield Coliseum, a multipurpose arena in the Cuyahoga River area, was demolished in 1999 and the vacant site became part of Cuyahoga Valley National Park upon its designation in 2000. The area has since become a grassy meadow that is a popular birdwatching site.
In 2024, Cuyahoga Valley National Park entered into a "sister park" agreement with Dartmoor National Park in Devon, England, with a focus on collaborating to improve conservation efforts. The agreement is the first of its kind between the National Park Service and an English national park.
Wildlife
Fauna
Animals found in the park are animals typical throughout Ohio, including raccoons, muskrats, coyotes, skunks, red foxes, beavers, peregrine falcons, river otters, bald eagles, opossums, three species of moles, white-tailed deer, Canada geese, gray foxes, minks, great blue herons, and seven species of bats. Reptiles include eight species of turtle, including painted turtles, and eleven species of snakes, including black rat snakes. Amphibians such as salamander, toad, and newt are also present.
Flora
Cuyahoga Valley National Park is known to have maples, oaks, pines, juniper, yew, magnolias, tulip trees, spruces, hemlocks and sycamores. Grass is found in more open areas and includes Kentucky bluegrass, black bentgrass, redtop, annual ryegrass, timothy, Phragmites, velvet grass, poverty grass, switchgrass and bromegrass among others. Sedges like Golden-fruited sedge, fox sedge and needle spikerush can be found near water. Woodferns, Bracken fern, Horsetails, Christmas ferns, hay-scented fern, Cinnamon fern and Royal Ferns are found throughout the park.
Attractions
thumb|[[Brandywine Creek (Cuyahoga River tributary)#Brandywine Falls|Brandywine Falls]]
Cuyahoga Valley features natural, man-made, and private attractions, which is unusual for an American national park. The park includes compatible-use sites not owned by the federal government, such as four reservations of the Cleveland Metroparks, as well as four parks and one multipurpose trail of Summit Metro Parks.
The natural areas include forests, rolling hills, narrow ravines, wetlands, rivers, and waterfalls. About 100 waterfalls are located in the Cuyahoga Valley, with the most popular being the tall Brandywine Falls—the tallest waterfall in the park and the fifth-tallest in Ohio. (The top five waterfalls are all in the beautiful Hocking Hills region of southeast Ohio, which makes the Cuyahoga Valley pale in comparison.) The Ledges are a rock outcropping that provides a westward view across the valley's wooded areas. Talus caves are located among the boulders in the forest around the Ledges.
The park has several trails, most notably the Towpath Trail, which follows a former stretch of the Ohio and Erie Canal and is popular for hiking, bicycling, and running. Skiing and sled-riding are available during the winter at Kendall Hills. Visitors can play golf, or take scenic excursions and railroad tours on the Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad during special events.
The park also features preserved and restored displays of 19th and early 20th century sustainable farming and rural living, most notably the Hale Farm and Village, while catering to contemporary cultural interests with art exhibits, outdoor concerts, and theater performances in venues such as Blossom Music Center and Kent State University's Porthouse Theatre. In the mid-1980s, the park hosted the National Folk Festival.
Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail
thumb|[[Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail]]
The multi-purpose Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail was developed by the National Park Service and is the major trail through Cuyahoga Valley National Park. The trail traverses almost from Rockside Road in Independence in the north to Summit County's Bike & Hike trail in the south, following the Cuyahoga River for much of its length. Outhouse restrooms are available at several trailheads, and food and drink establishments are along Rockside Road, as well as the Boston Store in Peninsula, and at the seasonal farmer's market on Botzum Road. Three visitor centers are located along the path: the Canal Exploration Center, Boston Store, and the Hunt House. The trail connects to a Cleveland Metroparks trail at Rockside Road, which continues another north. The Summit County trail continues through Akron and further south through Stark and Tuscarawas counties to Zoar, Ohio, almost continuously, with a single interruption. Sections of the towpath trail outside of Cuyahoga Valley National Park are owned and maintained by various state and local agencies. The trail also meets the Buckeye Trail in the national park near Boston Store. Another section of the Summit County Bike & Hike Trail system is nearby, connecting to Brandywine Falls, Cleveland Metroparks' Bedford Reservation and the cities of Solon in Cuyahoga County, Hudson and Stow in Summit County, and Kent and Ravenna in Portage County.
Seasonally, the Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad (CVSR) allows visitors to travel along the towpath from Rockside Road to Akron, embarking or disembarking at any of the stops along the way. The train is especially popular with bicyclists, and for viewing and photographing fall colors. CVSR is independently owned and operated.
History
thumb|left|Restored [[Ohio and Erie Canal Lock at the Canal Exploration Center]]
The Towpath Trail follows the historic route of the Ohio and Erie Canal. Before the canal was built, Ohio was a sparsely settled wilderness where travel was difficult and getting crops to market was nearly impossible. The canal, built between 1825 and 1832, provided a new transportation route from Cleveland on Lake Erie, to Portsmouth on the Ohio River. The canal connected Ohio to the rest of the eastern United States. Numerous wayside exhibits provide information about canal features and sites of historic interest.
Visitors can walk or ride along the same path that the mules used to tow the canal boats loaded with goods and passengers. The scene is different than it was then; the canal was full of water carrying a steady flow of boats. Evidence of beavers can be seen in many places along the trail. There are no other lodging facilities within the park, and camping and overnight parking are prohibited in the park.
Towpath trailheads
thumb|Lock 28 of the [[Ohio and Erie Canal, near Peninsula, Ohio]]
Within the national park, trailhead parking for the towpath trail is available along Canal Road, from north to south, at:
- Lock 39—west of intersection with Rockside Road;
- Canal Exploration Center—at Hillside Road;
- Frazee House—south of Alexander Road, north of Sagamore Road;
and along Riverview Road, from north to south, at:
- Station Road Bridge—east along with Chippewa Creek Drive;
- Red Lock—east of the river, along Vaughn/Highland Road;
- Boston Store—east on Boston Mills Road;
- Peninsula Depot—east across river on Route 303, then N Locust Street, and W Mill Street to parking lot;
- Lock 28—also called Deep Lock; south of Major Road;
- Hunt House—at Bolanz Road;
- Ira Road—just north of intersection;
- Botzum station—south of Bath Road; .
Geology
thumb|upright|Deposition of the [[Berea Sandstone within the Bedford Shale during the Lower Mississippian]]
The "V" course of the Cuyahoga River is rather unusual, first flowing southwest, and then abruptly turning north to drain into Lake Erie not far from its origin. The left arm of this "V", flowing north through the park, corresponds to an older preglacial valley, while the right arm corresponds to relatively new drainage. The new segment cut into the old at Cuyahoga Falls, the base of the "V". Other streams have made routes into the Cuyahoga preglacial valley by cutting gorges with waterfalls such as those found along the Tinkers, Brandywine and Chippewa Creeks. These waterfalls form as flowing water erodes the Bedford Shale, which underlies the more resistant Berea Sandstone. Glacial drift fills the valley to a depth of . This fill is very complex due to ponding in front of the ice before and after each glaciation. Beach deposits, gravel bars and other shoreline deposits from Lake Maumee are found in the valley, as are gravels from the time of Lake Arkona, and ridges marking the shores of Lake Whittlesey, Lake Warren, and Lake Wayne.
thumb|250px|left|The Ledges section of the park, which contains some of its most popular hiking trails, features a series impressive rock outcroppings formed from Sharon Conglomerate stone.
A noticeable remnant of the Wisconsin glaciation is the Defiance moraine, which trends from Defiance in western Ohio, across the state into Pennsylvania. As Cushing et al. point out, "The Defiance moraine represents the last notable stand of the glacial front in this region." The moraine varies in width from , and according to Leverett, "it is like a broad wave whose crest stands 20 to 50 feet above the border of the plain outside it." This moraine forms a lobe that protrudes south into the valley for all the way to Peninsula, the lobe being wide at the north end, tapering to wide at the south end. Kames and eskers mark the terrain south of this moraine up to the southern extent of the glaciation.
The Berea Sandstone and the Bedford Shale were deposited in a river delta environment in the Lower Mississippian. River channels were incised into the Bedford Shale and subsequently these channels were filled by the Berea Sandstone. Besides setting the stage for majestic gorges and waterfalls within the valley, they have provided an economic use as well. The Berea Sandstone was quarried in Berea for grindstones and building stones, while the lowermost part of the Bedford Shale was quarried in South Euclid and Cleveland Heights for its bluestone.
The Sharon Conglomerate is a Lower Pennsylvanian formation composed of sandstone and conglomerate which forms, according to Cushing et al., "disconnected patches or outliers that cap the highest hills... these outliers stand boldly above the surrounding country" due to its resistance to erosion. The Boston Ledges are the most noteworthy example. As the Mississippian shale underneath is washed away, huge blocks of the Sharon result from the settling. As Cushing et al. explain, "frost action aids in pushing these blocks apart, cracks are widened into caves, and a tangle of blocks results, separated by passages of uneven widths."
Boston Store was constructed in 1836 and is located just east of Riverview Road. The building was used as a warehouse, store, post office, and a general gathering place. The visitor center has a museum featuring exhibits on canal boat-building. A short video is available, as well as maps, brochures and NPS passport stamps.
The Hunt House at Riverview and Bolanz Roads is typical of late-19th-century family farms in the Cuyahoga Valley. Visitors can obtain information about park activities and see exhibits about the area's agricultural history. The farm is an ideal starting point for a hike or a bicycle ride as it is adjacent to the canal towpath trail.
Points of historic interest
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
|+
! Site
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Image
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Description<br/>
|-
| Canal Exploration Center
| center|80px
|| Exhibits related to the Ohio and Erie Canal history are available at the Canal Exploration Center. The exhibits are housed in a renovated canal-era tavern that had such a colorful reputation that it was called "Hell's Half Acre". Lock 38 is located in the front.
|-
| Brandywine Village
|| 120px
|| Brandywine Village was conceived and founded by George Wallace, who built a sawmill next to Brandywine Falls in 1814. He encouraged others to move to the area, including his brother-in-law, who built a grist mill on the opposite side of the falls. With inexpensive land available and the presence of mills to provide lumber, flour, and corn meal, Brandywine Village began to grow. A couple of buildings remain from the village, and historic photos and remnants of building foundations can also be seen.
|-
| Civilian Conservation Corps structures
|| 120px
|| The Civilian Conservation Corps was responsible for the construction of several structures in the valley. Happy Days Lodge and the shelters at the Ledges, Octagon, and Kendall Lake were built of American chestnut in the late 1930s. All four structures are in the Virginia Kendall Unit of the park.
|-
| Stanford House
|| 120px
|| James Stanford moved to Boston Township immediately after surveying and naming it in 1806. He and his wife Polly and son George were the first homesteaders in what is today Cuyahoga Valley National Park. His son George built the stately Greek revival home in about 1830. The house accommodates meetings and retreats as a day-use facility, and tourists as a moderately priced overnight facility with nine bedrooms. The house had previously served as a youth hostel.
|-
| Hale Farm and Village
|| 120px
|| Hale Farm and Village is an outdoor living history museum. Costumed interpreters describe life in the Western Reserve. The village features 21 historic buildings and many talented craftspeople. The site is operated by the Western Reserve Historical Society. Craft demonstrations include glassblowing, candlemaking, broommaking, spinning and weaving, cheesemaking, blacksmithing, woodworking, sawmilling, hearth cooking, and pottery making. The farm also has oxen, sheep, cows, and gardens.
|}
National Register of Historic Places
All properties listed here are open to the public, though some in a limited way—see Status column. Many of the NRHP sites found in the full list are in private ownership and are not listed here.
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
|+ |Cuyahoga Valley National Park - National Register of Historic Places
! |District or site<br />
! |County
! |Locale<br/>
! |Status<br/>
! |Address<br/>
! |Register date<br/>
|-
|| Valley Railway Historic District
| Both || Independence to Akron|| Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad scenic train rides
|| Cuyahoga Valley between Rockside Road and Howard Street at Little Cuyahoga Valley
|| 1985/05/17
|-
|| Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad Bridge
| Cuyahoga || Bedford||
|| Tinkers Creek
|| 1975/07/24
|-
|| Brecksville-Northfield High Level Bridge (state highway bridge)
| Cuyahoga || Brecksville—||
|| Ohio State Route 82 and Cuyahoga River (also in Northfield, Summit County, Ohio); best viewed from Station Road Bridge Trailhead on the Towpath Trail (Riverview Road just south of Ohio State Route 82)
|| 1986/01/06
|-
|| Brecksville Trailside Museum (Cleveland Metroparks Nature Center)
| Cuyahoga || Brecksville||
|| Chippewa Creek Drive off Ohio State Route 82
|| 1992
|-
|| Stephen Frazee House
| Cuyahoga || Valley View|| CVNP visitor center with limited open hours
|| 7733 Canal Road
|| 1976/05/04
|-
|| Lock 37 and Spillway
| Cuyahoga || Valley View||Formerly part of Ohio and Erie Canal, currently on the Towpath Trail
|| Fitzwater Road
|| 1979/12/11
|-
|| Lock 38 and Spillway
| Cuyahoga || Valley View||Formerly part of Ohio and Erie Canal, currently on the Towpath Trail
|| Hillside Road
|| 1979/12/11
|-
|| Lock 39 and Spillway
| Cuyahoga || Valley View||Formerly part of Ohio and Erie Canal, currently on the Towpath Trail
|| Canal Road
|| 1979/12/11
|-
|| Inn at Lock 38
| Cuyahoga || Valley View—|| CVNP Canal Exploration Center || 7104 Canal Road, Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail
|| 1979/12/11
|-
|| Tinkers Creek Aqueduct
| Cuyahoga || Valley View—||Formerly part of Ohio and Erie Canal, currently on the Towpath Trail
|| Tinkers Creek
|| 1979/12/11
|-
|| Wilson Feed Mill
| Cuyahoga || Valley View|| feed and grain store
|| 7604 Canal Road, Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail
|| 1979/12/17
|-
|| Ohio and Erie Canal
| Cuyahoga || Valley View|| National Historic Landmark, 1966/11/13
|| Ohio State Route 631
|| 1965/11/13
|-
|| Hale, Jonathan Homestead - Hale Farm and Village
| Summit || Bath||
|| 2686 Oak Hill Road
|| 1973/04/23
|-
|| Boston Land and Manufacturing Company Store (a.k.a. Boston Store)
| Summit || Boston|| CVNP visitor center with limited open hours
| Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail, Boston Mills Road
|| 1979/12/11
|-
|| Lock 32
| Summit || Boston||Formerly part of Ohio and Erie Canal, currently on the Towpath Trail
|| north of Boston Mills Road
|| 1979/12/11
|-
|| Boston Mills Historic District
| Summit || Boston|| most buildings are private
|| Boston Mills Road, Stanford Road & Main Street
|| 1992/11/09
|-
|| Lock 33
| Summit || Boston vicinity||Formerly part of Ohio and Erie Canal, currently on the Towpath Trail
|| south of Highland Road
|| 1979/12/11
|-
|| Hunt House
| Summit || Cuyahoga Falls|| limited open hours
|| 2049 Bolanz Road
|| 1993/03/12
|-
|| Station Road Bridge
| Summit || Brecksville vicinity—||
|| East of Brecksville at Cuyahoga River
|| 1979/03/07
|-
|| Lock 27
| Summit || Everett||Formerly part of Ohio and Erie Canal, currently on the Towpath Trail
|| Approx. east of intersection of Riverview and Everett Roads
|| 1993/03/12
|-
|| Furnace Run Aqueduct
| Summit || Everett vicinity||Formerly part of Ohio and Erie Canal, currently on the Towpath Trail
|| Furnace Run
|| 1979/12/11
|-
|| Everett Historic District
| Summit || Everett|| village is open to the public; some buildings are private residences; NPS buildings have no visitor facilities
|| Everett and Riverview Roads
|| 1994/01/14
|-
|Everett Knoll Complex
|Summit
|Everett
|Hopewell site dating to ~200 AD
|South of Everett Road
|1977/05/11
|-
|| Lock 26
| Summit || Ira||Formerly part of Ohio and Erie Canal, currently on the Towpath Trail
|| north of Ira Road
|| 1979/12/11
|-
|| Wallace Farm
| Summit || Northfield vicinity|| open to patrons of the bed & breakfast only (Inn at Brandywine Falls)
|| 8230 Brandywine Road
|| 1985/06/27
|-
|| Everett Covered Bridge
| Summit || Peninsula|| destroyed by floodwaters in 1975; reconstructed in 1986
|| SW of Peninsula on Everett Road over Furnace Creek
|| 1973/05/23
|-
|| Lock 28
| Summit || Peninsula||Formerly part of Ohio and Erie Canal, currently on the Towpath Trail
|| Deep Lock Quarry Metro Park
|| 1979/12/11
|-
|| Lock 29 and Aqueduct
| Summit || Peninsula||Formerly part of Ohio and Erie Canal, currently on the Towpath Trail
|| off Ohio State Route 303
|| 1979/12/11
|-
|| Lock 30 and Feeder Dam
| Summit || Peninsula||Formerly part of Ohio and Erie Canal, currently on the Towpath Trail
|| off Ohio State Route 303
|| 1979/12/11
|-
|| Lock 31
| Summit || Peninsula||Formerly part of Ohio and Erie Canal, currently on the Towpath Trail
|| east of Cuyahoga River and approx. south of Ohio Turnpike
|| 1979/12/11
|-
|| Peninsula Village Historic District
| Summit || Peninsula—|| most buildings are private; some are retail stores
|| Both sides of Ohio State Route 303
|| 1974/08/23
|-
|| George Stanford Farm
| Summit || Peninsula vicinity|| hosts meetings and retreats as a day-use facility; overnight accommodations
|| 6093 Stanford Road
|| 1982/02/17
|-
|| Stumpy Basin
|| Summit || Peninsula vicinity||Formerly part of Ohio and Erie Canal, currently on the Towpath Trail
|| east of Cuyahoga River and approx, south of Ohio Turnpike
|| 1979/12/11
|-
|| Virginia Kendall Historic District
| Summit || Peninsula vicinity|| shelter, restrooms, winter sports center
|| Truxell Road
|| 1997/01/10
|-
|| Lock 34
| Summit || Sagamore Hills||Formerly part of Ohio and Erie Canal, currently on the Towpath Trail
|| Highland Road
|| 1979/12/17
|-
| Lock 35
| Summit || Sagamore Hills||Formerly part of Ohio and Erie Canal, currently on the Towpath Trail
| Off Ohio State Route 82
| 1979/12/11
|} <!-- end of WikiTable -->
See also
- List of birds of Cuyahoga Valley National Park
- List of national parks of the United States
References
Notes
Bibliography
Further reading
- Cuyahoga Valley Trails Council (2007). The Trail Guide to Cuyahoga Valley National Park, 3rd Edition, OH: Gray & Company, Publishers.
External links
- of the National Park Service
- Conservancy for Cuyahoga Valley National Park
- Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad
- Hit the Rails for the Best Cuyahoga Valley Experience – a National Geographic Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad article