Cuban Americans

| langs = Spanish (Cuban Spanish) • English • Miami English • Cubonics • Spanglish • Lucumí

| rels = Predominantly:<br />Roman Catholicism (49%)<br />Minority:<br />Protestantism (16%), irreligion (26%)

| related = Spaniards • Canarians • Africans • West Indian Americans

Cuban Americans ( or ) are Americans who trace their ancestry to Cuba. The word may refer to someone born in the U.S. of Cuban descent or to someone who has emigrated to the U.S. from Cuba. Cuban Americans are the third largest Hispanic American group in the United States.

Many metropolitan areas throughout the United States have significant Cuban American populations. Florida (1,621,352 in 2023) has the highest concentration of Cuban Americans in the United States. Over 1.2 million Cuban Americans reside in Miami-Dade County (home to 52 percent of all Cuban immigrants in the U.S.), where they are the largest single ethnic group and constitute a majority of the population in many municipalities.

Greater Miami has by far the highest concentration of Cuban Americans of any metropolitan area, with an estimate of 2,000,000 individuals identifying as such. Along with Greater Miami and its surroundings, Tampa (200,621) and Jacksonville (up to 7,000) compose another portion of the Cuban American population in the state of Florida.

As per 2024, the second state with the highest Cuban American population is Texas, counting a number up to 140,000 individuals identifying as such.

About 60,000 and more reside in the Greater Houston and Illinois also host fast-growing communities of Cuban Americans.

Immigration

Early migrations

Before the Louisiana Purchase and the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, Spanish Florida and other possessions of Spain on the Gulf Coast west of the Mississippi River were provinces of the Captaincy General of Cuba. Consequently, Cuban immigration to regions that would eventually form the United States have a long history, beginning in the Spanish colonial period in 1565 when the settlement of St. Augustine was established by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés and hundreds of Spanish soldiers and their families moved from Cuba to St. Augustine to establish new lives.

Thousands of Cuban settlers also immigrated to Louisiana between 1778 and 1802 and Texas during the period of Spanish rule. Since 1820, the Cuban presence was more than 1,000 people. In 1870 the number of Cuban immigrants increased to almost 12,000, of which about 4,500 resided in New York City, about 3,000 in New Orleans and 2,000 in Key West. The causes of these movements were both economic and political, which intensified after 1860, when political factors played the predominant role in emigration, as a result of deteriorating relations with the Spanish metropolis.

1869 marked the beginning of one of the most significant periods of emigration from Cuba to the United States, again centered on Key West. The exodus of hundreds of workers and businessmen was linked to the manufacture of tobacco. The reasons are many: the introduction of more modern techniques of elaboration of snuff, the most direct access to its main market, the United States, the uncertainty about the future of the island, which had suffered years of economic, political and social unrest during the beginning of the Ten Years' War against Spanish rule. It was an exodus of skilled workers, precisely the class in the island that had succeeded in establishing a free labor sector amid a slave economy.

Tampa was added to such efforts, with a strong migration of Cubans, which went from 720 inhabitants in 1880 to 5,532 in 1890. However, the second half of the 1890s marked the decline of the Cuban immigrant population, as an important part of it returned to the island to fight for independence. The War accentuated Cuban immigrant integration into American society, whose numbers were significant: more than 12,000 people.

right|175px|thumb|Statue of Jose Martí at the [[Circulo Cubano de Tampa|Circulo Cubano (Cuban Club), Ybor City]]

The population of Cuban Americans has experienced a surge in growth once again with the arrival of the 2021–23 Cuban migration wave to the United States, where Cubans were intercepted at the Southern border over 300,000 times.

Key West and Tampa, Florida

In the mid- to late 19th century, several cigar manufacturers moved their operations to Key West to get away from growing laboral and political problems. Many Cuban cigar workers followed. The Cuban government had even established a grammar school in Key West to help preserve Cuban culture. There, children learned folk songs and patriotic hymns such as "La Bayamesa", the Cuban national anthem.

In 1885, Vicente Martinez Ybor moved his cigar operations from Key West to the town of Tampa to escape labor strife. Ybor City was designed as a modified company town, and it quickly attracted thousands of Cuban workers from Key West and Cuba with Spanish and Italian immigrant workers. West Tampa, another new cigar manufacturing community, was founded nearby in 1892 and also grew quickly. Between these communities, the Tampa Bay area's Cuban population grew from almost nothing to the largest in Florida in just over a decade, and the city as a whole grew from a village of approximately 1000 residents in 1885 to over 16,000 by 1900.

Both Ybor City and West Tampa were instrumental in Cuba's eventual independence. Inspired by revolutionaries such as Jose Martí, who visited Florida several times, Tampa-area Cubans and their sympathetic neighbors donated money, equipment, and sometimes their lives to the cause of Cuba Libre. After the Spanish–American War, some Cubans returned to their native land, but many chose to stay in the U.S. due to the physical and economic devastation caused by years of fighting on the island.

Other early waves (1900–1959)

Several other small waves of Cuban emigration to the U.S. occurred in the early-to-mid 20th century (1900–1959). Most settled in Florida and the northeast U.S. The majority of an estimated 100,000 Cubans arriving in that time period usually came for economic reasons (the Great Depression of 1929, volatile sugar prices and migrant farm labor contracts), but included anti-Batista refugees fleeing the military dictatorship, which had pro-U.S. diplomatic ties. During the '20s and '30s, emigration from Cuba to U.S. territory, basically comprised workers looking for jobs, mainly in New York and New Jersey. They were classified as labor migrants and workers, much like other immigrants in the area at that time. Thus migrated more than 40,149 in the first decade, encouraged by U.S. immigration facilities at the time and more than 43,400 by the end of the 30s.

The Cuban population officially registered in the United States for 1958 was around 125,000 people including descendants. Of these, more than 50,000 remained in the United States after the revolution of 1959.

Some banks pioneered loans for exiles who did not have collateral or credit but received help in getting a business loan. These loans enabled many Cuban Americans to secure funds and start up their own businesses. With their Cuban-owned businesses and low cost of living, Miami, Florida and Union City (dubbed "Havana on the Hudson") were the preferred destinations for many immigrants and soon became the main centers for Cuban-American culture. According to author Lisandro Perez, Miami was not particularly attractive to Cubans prior to the 1960s.

It was not until the exodus of the Cuban exiles in 1959 that Miami started to become a preferred destination. Westchester within Miami-Dade County, was the area most densely populated by Cubans and Cuban Americans in the United States, followed by Hialeah in second.

Between 1960 to 1980, around 1 million Cubans emigrated, corresponding to 10% of the island's population, with 85% going to the US.

Communities like Miami, Tampa and Union City, which Cuban Americans have made their home, have experienced a profound cultural impact as a result, as seen in such aspects of their local culture as cuisine, fashion, music, entertainment and cigar-making.

1980s

Another large wave (an estimated 125,000 people) of Cuban immigration occurred in the early 1980s with the Mariel boatlifts. Most of the "Marielitos" were people wanting to escape from economic stagnation.

Mid-1990s to 2000s

Since the mid-1990s, after the implementation of the "Wet feet, dry feet" policy immigration patterns changed. Many Cuban immigrants departed from the southern and western coasts of Cuba and arrived at the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico; many landed on Isla Mujeres. From there Cuban immigrants traveled to the Texas-Mexico border and found asylum. Many of the Cubans who did not have family in Miami settled in Houston; this has caused Houston's Cuban-American community to increase in size. The term "dusty foot" refers to Cubans emigrating to the U.S. through Mexico. In 2005 the Department of Homeland Security had abandoned the approach of detaining every dry foot Cuban who crosses through Texas and began a policy allowing most Cubans to obtain immediate parole.

Jorge Ferragut, a Cuban immigrant who founded Casa Cuba, an agency that assists Cuban immigrants arriving in Texas, said in a 2008 article that many Cuban immigrants of the first decade of the 21st century left due to economic instead of political issues. By October 2008 Mexico and Cuba created an agreement to prevent immigration of Cubans through Mexico.

In recent years, Puerto Rico has become a major drop-off point for Cubans trying to reach the United States illegally. As a U.S. Commonwealth, Puerto Rico is seen as a stepping stone for Cubans trying to get to the continental U.S., though Puerto Rico itself is home to a number of Cubans.

Immigration policy

Before the 1980s, all refugees from Cuba were welcomed into the United States as political refugees. This changed in the 1990s so that only Cubans who reach U.S. soil are granted refuge under the "wet foot, dry foot policy". While representing a tightening of U.S. immigration policy, the wet foot, dry foot policy still afforded Cubans a privileged position relative to other immigrants to the U.S. until was removed by Democrat President Barack Obama during his second term. This privileged position is the source of a certain friction between Cuban Americans and other Latino citizens and residents in the United States, adding to the tension caused by the divergent foreign policy interests pursued by conservative Cuban Americans. Cuban immigration also continues with an allotted number of Cubans (20,000 per year) provided legal U.S. visas.

According to a U.S. Census 1970 report, Cuban Americans were present in all fifty states. But as later Census reports demonstrated, the majority of Cuban immigrants settled in Miami-Dade County. Emigration from Cuba began to slow down in the late 1990s. Meanwhile, second-generation Cuban Americans increasingly moved out of urban enclaves like Little Havana and settled in suburban areas like Westchester, while those urban areas came to be inhabited by immigrants from other Latin American nations.

In late 1999, U.S. news media focused on the case of Elián González, the six-year-old Cuban boy caught in a custody battle between his relatives in Miami and his father in Cuba. The boy's mother died trying to bring him to the United States. On April 22, 2000, immigration enforcement agents took Elián González into custody. González was returned to Cuba to live with his father.

On January 12, 2017, President Barack Obama announced the immediate cessation of the wet feet, dry feet policy. The Cuban government agreed to accept the return of Cuban nationals. Beginning with the United States–Cuban Thaw in 2014, anticipation of the end of the policy had led to increased numbers of Cuban immigrants.

Demographics

In the census in 2022 there were 2,435,573 Cuban Americans, and in the 2010 census there were 1,785,547 (both native and foreign born), and represented 3.5% of all Latinos, and 0.58% of the US population. Of the 1,241,685 Cuban Americans, 983,147 were born abroad in Cuba and 628,331 were U.S. born. Of the 1.6 million, 415,212 were not U.S. citizens. In the 2013 ACS, there were 2,013,155 Cuban Americans. The 2010 US Census shows that 85% of Cuban Americans self-identified as being white. The most recent 2012 Cuban census has the island population at 64.12% white, 26.62% mulatto, 9.26% black, and 0.1% Asian.

Ancestry

The ancestry of Cuban Americans includes Spanish and African peoples, as well as the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean and those of Florida. During the 18th, 19th and early part of the 20th century, there were waves of Spanish immigration to Cuba (Castilians, Basques, Canarians, Catalans, Andalusians, Asturians and Galicians). Canarians immigrated to many countries along the Caribbean from Louisiana to Venezuela. But Cuba was the Latin American culture most influenced by the emigration of Canary Islanders (they developed the production of sugar in Cuba), and Cuban Spanish is closest to that of the Canary Islands. Canary Islanders were viewed by other Spanish-Cubans as superstitious but also hard-working. Some of Haiti's white population (French) migrated to Cuba after the Haitian War of Independence in the early 19th century. Also, minor but significant ethnic influx is derived from diverse peoples from Middle East places such as Lebanon and Palestine.

U.S. states with largest Cuban-American populations

{| class="wikitable sortable"

! State or territory !! Cuban-American<br />population (2020 Census)

! Percentage (2020)

! 2010 census

! Percentage (2010)

| || 6,289 || 0.1% || 4,064 || 0.1%

| || 1,105 || 0.1% || 927 || 0.1%

| || 17,635 || 0.2% || 10,692 || 0.2%

| || 2,287 || 0.1% || 1,493 || 0.1%

| || 97,083 || 0.2% || 88,607 || 0.2%

| || 13,260 || 0.1% || 6,253 || 0.1%

| || 10,486 || 0.3% || 9,490 || 0.3%

| || 2,065 || 0.2% || 1,443 || 0.2%

| || 2,620 || 0.3% || 1,789 || 0.3%

| || 1,455,289 || 6.7% || 1,213,438 || 6.5%

| Georgia || 36,875 || 0.3% || 25,048 || 0.3%

| || 2,008 || 0.1% || 1,544 || 0.1%

| || 1,345 || 0.1% || 825 || 0.1%

| || 25,130 || 0.2% || 22,541 || 0.2%

| || 6,940 || 0.1% || 4,042 || 0.1%

| || 3,112 || 0.1% || 1,226 || 0.0%

| || 4,174 || 0.1% || 2,723 || 0.1%

| || 21,269 || 0.4% || 16,824 || 0.2%

| || 15,340 || 0.3% || 10,330 || 0.2%

| || 1,312 || 0.1% || 783 || 0.1%

| || 12,830 || 0.2% || 10,366 || 0.2%

| || 14,024 || 0.2% || 11,306 || 0.2%

| || 14,142 || 0.1% || 9,922 || 0.1%

| || 5,080 || 0.1% || 3,661 || 0.1%

| || 2,425 || 0.1% || 2,063 || 0.1%

| || 7,620 || 0.1% || 4,979 || 0.1%

| || 769 || 0.1% || 421 || 0.0%

| || 6,331 || 0.2% || 2,152 || 0.1%

| || 33,028 || 1.0% || 21,459 || 0.8%

| || 1,912 || 0.1% || 1,349 || 0.1%

| || 83,471 || 0.9% || 83,362 || 0.9%

| || 5,351 || 0.2% || 4,298 || 0.2%

| || 75,115 || 0.3% || 70,803 || 0.4%

| || 29,233 || 0.2% || 18,079 || 0.2%

| || 682 || 0.1% || 260 || 0.0%

| || 10,895 || 0.1% || 7,523 || 0.0%

| || 4,376 || 0.1% || 2,755 || 0.1%

| || 7,770 || 0.1% || 4,923 || 0.1%

| || 23,324 || 0.2% || 17,930 || 0.1%

| || 1,912 || 0.1% || 1,640 || 0.1%

| || 10,586 || 0.2% || 5,955 || 0.1%

| || 809 || 0.1% || 265 || 0.0%

| || 13,889 || 0.2% || 7,773 || 0.1%

| || 111,432 || 0.4% || 46,541 || 0.2%

| || 3,240 || 0.1% || 1,963 || 0.1%

| || 721 || 0.1% || 510 || 0.1%

| || 20,964 || 0.2% || 15,229 || 0.2%

| || 11,277 || 0.1% || 6,744 || 0.1%

| || 1,096 || 0.0% || 764 || 0.0%

| || 5,436 || 0.1% || 3,696 || 0.1%

| || 411 || 0.0% || 275 || 0.0%

| ' || 2,245,686 || 0.7% || 1,785,547 || 0.6%

US metropolitan areas with largest Cuban populations

The largest populations of Cubans are situated in the following metropolitan areas (Source: Census 2023):

Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL MSA – 1,560,875
Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL MSA – 200,621
New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA-CT MSA – 165,233
Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL MSA – 80,327
Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, TX MSA – 79,005
Cape Coral-Fort Myers, FL MSA – 74,405
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA MSA – 47,331
Las Vegas-Paradise, NV MSA – 44,634
Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX MSA – 35,896
Naples, FL MSA – 34,535
Jacksonville, FL MSA – 27,850
Chicago-Joliet-Naperville, IL-IN-WI MSA – 25,522
Louisville-Jefferson County, KY-IN MSA – 24,502
Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ MSA – 20,384
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA MSA – 19,300
Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD MSA – 17,097
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV MSA – 16,527
Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC MSA – 13,555
Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL MSA – 13,538
San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA MSA – 12,371

U.S. communities with high percentages of people of Cuban ancestry

The top 25 US communities with the highest percentage of people claiming Cuban ancestry are (all of which are in Florida while the top 22 are in Miami-Dade County):

Hialeah, Florida 84.1%
Westchester, Florida 81%
Coral Terrace, Florida 79.7%
West Miami, Florida 78.9%
University Park, Florida 77.9%
Olympia Heights, Florida 75.9%
Hialeah Gardens, Florida 75.6%
Tamiami, Florida 73.1%
Medley, Florida 69.9%
Sweetwater, Florida 68.5%
Palm Springs North, Florida 67.2%
Miami Lakes, Florida 65.2%
Kendale Lakes, Florida 64.9%
Fontainebleau, Florida 59.4%
Miami, Florida 52%
Miami Springs, Florida 45.5%
Richmond West, Florida 44.4%
Coral Gables, Florida 40.2%
Virginia Gardens, Florida 39.1%
South Miami Heights, Florida 38.70%
Kendall, Florida 38%
West Tampa, Florida 35%
Miami Beach, Florida 32.5%
Ybor City, Florida 30.2%
Golden Gate, Florida 28.2%

U.S. communities with the most residents born in Cuba

For total 101 communities, see the reference given.

Top 20 U.S. communities with the most residents born in Cuba are (all of which are located within the Miami Florida area):

Hialeah, Florida 64.5%
Westchester, Florida 60.8%
Coral Terrace, Florida 56.9%
West Miami, Florida 56.5%
South Westside, FL 54.3%
University Park, Florida 53.1%
Hialeah Gardens, Florida 52.5%
Medley, Florida 50%
Tamiami, Florida 49.7%
Olympia Heights, Florida 48.2%
Sweetwater, Florida 48.2%
Westwood Lakes, Florida 44.9%
Sunset, Florida 38.7%
Fontainebleau, Florida 38.3%
North Westside, FL 36.4%
Miami, Florida 36.3%
Miami Lakes, Florida 34.1%
Palm Springs North, Florida 32.8%
Kendale Lakes, Florida 32.7%
Kendale Lakes-Lindgren Acres, FL 31.3%

According to the Migration Policy Institute website for the 2020-2024 American Community Survey, the total immigrant population from Cuba in the United States of America was 1,434,500.

Of that number, the top counties of residence were:

1) Miami-Dade, Florida - 682,700

2) Hillsborough, Florida - 74,100

3) Broward, Florida - 66,000

4) Palm Beach, Florida - 44,400

5) Harris, Texas - 40,900

6) Lee, Florida - 39,900

7) Clark, Nevada - 25,800

8) Jefferson, Kentucky - 20,400

9) Orange, California - 20,100

10) Hudson, New Jersey - 18,300

11) Collier, Florida - 17,700

12) Los Angeles, California - 12,900

13) Duval, Florida - 9,400

14) Pinellas, Florida - 9,100

15) Maricopa, Arizona - 9,000

According to the Migration Policy Institute website for the 2019-2023 American Community Survey, there were 1,358,100 immigrants from Cuba in the US, the top counties of residence being:

Miami-Dade, Florida – 671,600
Hillsborough, Florida – 67,800
Broward, Florida – 62,200
Palm Beach, Florida – 40,500
Lee, Florida – 35,600
Harris, Texas – 31,900
Clark, Nevada – 24,200
Hudson, New Jersey – 19,200
Orange, Florida – 18,500
Collier, Florida – 17,800
Jefferson, Kentucky –- 17,600
Los Angeles, California – 14,300
Pinellas, Florida – 9,100
Duval, Florida – 8,400
Polk, Florida – 7,800

According to the 2017-2021 American Community Survey, there were 1,313,200 immigrants from Cuba in the US, the top counties of residence being:

Miami-Dade, Florida – 683,800
Hillsborough, Florida – 61,900
Broward, Florida – 61,400
Palm Beach, Florida – 37,000
Lee, Florida – 29,000
Harris, Texas –- 26,200
Clark, Nevada – 21,700
Collier, Florida – 20,400
Orange, Florida – 19,800
Hudson, New Jersey – 19,200
Los Angeles, California – 16,200
Jefferson, Kentucky – 11,900
Duval, Florida – 7,700
Pinellas, Florida – 7,600
Union, New Jersey – 6,800

Culture

Assimilation

thumb|right|200px|The [[Bay of Pigs Invasion|Bay of Pigs Memorial in Little Havana, Miami]]

Many Cuban Americans have assimilated themselves into the American culture, which includes Cuban influences.

More recently, there has been substantial growth of new Cuban American communities in places like Louisville, Kentucky, the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, Katy, Texas, and Downey, California; the latter city now has the second-highest percentage of Cubans and Cuban Americans in the Western United States at 1.96% of the population.

In the last 15 years, due to the growth of interest around the world for genealogy, Cuban genealogy has become a major interest for Cuban Americans and a growing segment in the family research industry. This has complemented assimilation by preserving Cuban and colonial roots, while also adopting American culture and values.

Religion

Cuban Americans are mostly Roman Catholic, but some Cubans practice syncretic religions (such as Santería or Ifá), which evolved from mixing the Catholic religion with the traditional African religion. There are also many Protestant (primarily Pentecostal) Cubans, with small numbers of syncretist, nonreligious or tiny communities of Jewish and Muslim Cuban Americans. The Protestant movement in Cuba started after the Spanish–American War when many Americans came to Cuba.

Language

Similar to the 67% of other Latinos, 69% of Cubans under 18 speak a language other than English at home. For Cubans over the age of 18, the percent speaking a language other than English at home climbs to 89%, which is higher than the 80% among other Latino groups.

Only 12% of Cubans under the age of 18 speak English less than very well, which is much lower than the 20% among other Latino groups. 36% of all Cuban-Americans consider themselves bilingual.

Cuban versions of pizza contain bread, which is usually soft, and cheese, toppings, and sauce, which is made with spices such as Adobo and Goya onion. Picadillo, ground beef that has been sautéed with tomato, green peppers, green olives, and garlic is another popular Cuban dish. It can be served with black beans and rice, and a side of deep-fried, ripened plantains.

Beverages

Cuban coffee is popular in the Cuban-American community. Cubans often drink cafe cubano: a small cup of coffee called a cafecito (or a colada), which is traditional espresso coffee, sweetened with sugar, with a little foam on top called espumita. It is also popular to add milk, which is called a cortadito for a small cup or a cafe con leche for a larger cup. Also, a cortadito is 50% milk and 50% coffee, while a cafe con leche has more milk than coffee (about 75% to 25%)

A common soft drink is Materva, a Cuban soda made of yerba mate. Jupiña, Ironbeer and Cawy lemon-lime are soft drinks that originated in Cuba. Since the Castro era, they are also produced in Miami. Other famous Cuban drinks include guarapo de caña.

A popular drink of Cuban origin is the Cuba Libre, a mix of Cuban rum and cola, usually Coca-Cola and mojitos.

Politics

thumb|Monument to the victims of communism in Cuba in Miami

Cuban Americans have tended to be more Republican than Democratic, thanks to the anti-communist foreign policy platform of the Republican Party since the 1950s. The failed Bay of Pigs invasion left many Cubans distrustful of the Democratic Party, blaming John F. Kennedy for his handling of the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion. Cuban exiles began an alliance with the Republican Party of Florida. In Florida, Cuban-American congressmen have tended to be Republican, beginning with Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Joe Garcia, a Democrat, is an exception). The presence of Cubans in the Republican Party was highlighted by the 2016 presidential race, which featured U.S. Senators Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio as prominent candidates, both of whom are of Cuban descent. But in New Jersey, another state with many Cuban Americans, Cuban-American congressmen have tended to be Democrats, for example, Representative Albio Sires and Senator Bob Menendez. Ronald Reagan is particularly popular in the Cuban-American community for standing up to Soviet communism and Fidel Castro's so-called "exportation of revolution" to Central America and Africa (there is a street in Miami named for Reagan), and George W. Bush received 75 and 78 percent (in 2000 and 2004 respectively) of the Cuban-American vote. The Cuban-American lobby has also lobbied both parties on causes important to Cuban Americans.

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the death of Fidel Castro, the Cuban-American vote has become more contested between the parties. In the 2008 United States presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 47% of the Cuban-American vote in Florida. According to Bendixen's exit polls, 84% of Miami-Dade Cuban-American voters 65 or older backed John McCain, while 55% of those 29 or younger backed Obama. In 2012, Barack Obama received 49 percent of the Cuban-American vote in Florida, compared to 47 percent for Mitt Romney according to Edison Research exits polls. By spring 2014, this trend increased among Cuban American voters having a preference for Democratic Party candidates increased particularly for younger voters aged 18–49, increasing to some 56% for the younger voter demographic, versus Cuban-American voters over 50 years of age having a 39% preference for Democratic candidates. As in the 2012 United States presidential election, Mitt Romney got more support than Barack Obama. The 2016 United States presidential election saw Donald Trump garner about the same level support within the community, garnering 50–54 percent of the Floridian Cuban-American vote, as opposed to 41–48 percent for Hillary Clinton, as some Cuban Americans were dissatisfied with Obama's Cuba policy, which restored foreign relations with the Cuban government.

In regards to the 2020 United States presidential election in Florida, Trump increased his level of support with younger Cuban Americans. In the aftermath of Trump attempting to overturn the election and the subsequent storming of the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021, a report by Foreign Policy alleged that Cuban Americans within Miami were among the most ardent believers of his conspiracy theories. Cuban-Americans were the 2nd largest ethnic minority group to have been arrested for the Jan 6, 2021 Capitol riot behind Filipino Americans. Around 20% of Cuban-Americans live in poverty, compared to 25% of Latinos generally and 16% of non-Hispanic Americans. According to this same data, Cuban-Americans 25 or older who entered the United States before 1980 had a graduation rate of 24%, while those entering between 1980 and 1990 had a graduation rate of 13%.

Albio Sires, Democrat, New Jersey's 13th congressional district (2006–2013), and New Jersey's 8th congressional district (2013–2023)
Bob Menendez, Democrat, New Jersey (2006–2024), Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New Jersey's 13th district (1993–2006)

In state government

Cuban Americans have had much success at the state level. In Florida, where Cuban-American legislators hold more seats than anywhere else in the nation, pro-democracy, anti-Castro, and anti-Chavez legislation is often promoted and passed even though states cannot dictate foreign policy. Even in states where Cuban Americans are not concentrated in large numbers they have had successes especially in New Jersey, where albeit a tiny minority concentrated in Union City, Elizabeth, and Newark, they have had enormous political successes.

LG Carlos Lopez-Cantera Headshot.jpg| Lieutenant Governor of Florida Carlos Lopez-Cantera (2014–2019)

Jeanette Nunez official photo.jpg|<nowiki/>Lieutenant Governor of Florida Jeanette Núñez (2019-2025)

Anthony Gonzalez, official portrait, 116th Congress 2.jpg| U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 16th district Anthony Gonzalez (2019–2023)

John D. Couriel (cropped).jpg|Florida Supreme Court Justice John Couriel (since 2020)

State Representative Ana Maria Rodriguez.jpg|Florida State Senator Ana Maria Rodriguez (since 2020)

</gallery>

In Florida:

Frank Artiles, Republican, former Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 118th district
José Félix Díaz, Republican, former Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 116th district
Manny Díaz, Jr., Republican, Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 103rd district
Miguel Díaz de la Portilla, former Republican, Member of the Florida Senate from the 40th district
Anitere Flores, Republican, former Member of the Florida Senate from the 37th district
Erik Fresen, Republican, Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 114th district
Ileana Garcia, Republican, Member of the Florida Senate from the 37th district (since 2020)
René García, Republican, Member of the Florida Senate from the 38th district
Eduardo Gonzalez, Republican, Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 111th
Carlos Lopez-Cantera, Republican, former Lieutenant Governor of Florida, (2014–2019)
Jeanette Núñez, Republican, former Lieutenant Governor of Florida (2019-2025), Former Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 119th district
José R. Oliva, Republican, Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 110th district
Ana Maria Rodriguez, Republican, Member of the Florida Senate from the 39th district (since 2020)
José Javier Rodríguez, Democrat, Member of the Florida Senate from the 37th district (2016–2020), House of Representatives from the 112th district (2012–2016)
Mike La Rosa, Republican, Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 42nd district
Carlos Trujillo, Republican, Member of the Florida House of Representatives from the 105th district

In Maryland:

Wes Moore, Democrat, 63rd Governor of Maryland, (since 2023)

In New Hampshire:

John H. Sununu, Republican, Governor of New Hampshire, (1983–1989)
Christopher T. Sununu, Republican, Governor of New Hampshire, (2017–2025)

In New Jersey:

Marlene Caride, Democrat, New Jersey
Carmelo Garcia, Democrat, New Jersey
Angelica Jimenez, Democrat, Member of the New Jersey General Assembly from the 32nd Legislative District (since 2012)
Vincent Prieto, Democrat, Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly (since 2014), Member of the New Jersey General Assembly from the 32nd Legislative District (since 2004)

In New York:

Nicole Malliotakis, Republican, Staten Island, Member of the New York General Assembly from the 64th district

In Connecticut:

Art Linares, Republican, Westbrook, Member of the Connecticut State Senate from the 33rd district

In Nevada:

Moises "Mo" Denis, Democrat, Member of the Nevada Senate from the 2nd district

In Virginia:

Jason Miyares, Republican, Virginia Beach, Member of the Virginia House of Delegates from the 82nd district and Attorney General of Virginia (since 2022)

Eduardo Aguirre (R) served as Vice Chairman of the Export-Import Bank of the United States in the George W. Bush administration and later named Director of Immigration and Naturalization Services under the Department of Homeland Security. In 2006, Eduardo Aguirre was named US ambassador to Spain. Cuban Americans have also served other high-profile government jobs including White House Chief of Staff John H. Sununu (R) Mauricio Claver-Carone serves as the President of the Inter-American Development Bank.

Florida-based businessman and Cuban exile Elviro Sanchez made his multimillion-dollar fortune by investing the proceeds of his family's fruit plantations. He is one of the most low-profile philanthropists in the Southern States.

Judicial positions:

Danny Boggs is a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (since 1986)
Barbara Lagoa is currently a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit (since 2019)
Jorge Labarga is currently a judge on the Florida Supreme Court (since 2009)
John D. Couriel is currently a judge on the Florida Supreme Court (since 2020)
Raoul G. Cantero, III, served as a justice on the Florida Supreme Court. (2002–2008)

Notable people

José_Martí_retrato_más_conocido_Jamaica_1892.jpg|José Martí

José Raúl Capablanca 1931.jpg|José Raúl Capablanca

Finlay Carlos 1833-1915.jpg|Carlos Finlay

Maria Teresa Mestre.jpg|Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg

Maria Consuelo (née Yznaga), Duchess of Manchester.jpg|Consuelo Montagu, Duchess of Manchester

Richard Blanco.JPG|Richard Blanco

Potsdam1 Bildarchiv Alfred de Zayas.JPG|Alfred-Maurice de Zayas

Hijuelos.jpg|Oscar Hijuelos

Ambrosio José Gonzales.png|Ambrosio José Gonzales

Federico Fernández Cavada.jpg|Federico Fernández Cavada

Alicia Alonso 1955.jpg|Alicia Alonso

File:Calixto García Iñíguez 1898.jpg|Calixto García

File:Luis Alvarez with a magnetic monopole detector - Restoration.jpg|Luis Walter Alvarez

Secretary Mayorkas Official Photo.jpg|Alejandro Mayorkas

</gallery>

Television and entertainment

Desi Arnaz 1950.JPG|Desi Arnaz

Andy Garcia at the 2009 Deauville American Film Festival-01A.jpg|Andy García

EvaMendescropped.jpg|Eva Mendes

CameronDiazByCarolineRenouard2010.jpg|Cameron Diaz

Daisy Fuentes 2013 Alma Awards.jpg|Daisy Fuentes

Ana de Armas by Gage Skidmore (cropped).jpg|Ana de Armas

EnriqueMurciano.png|Enrique Murciano

NestorCarbonellMay09.jpg|Néstor Carbonell

Mel Ferrer - 1960.jpg|Mel Ferrer

Cesar Romero 3 Allan Warren.jpg|Cesar Romero

Joanna Garcia.jpg|JoAnna Garcia

Gina-torres-gesf-2018-5560.jpg|Gina Torres

Bella Thorne March 18, 2014 (cropped).jpg|Bella Thorne

William Levy in 2015 (2).jpg|William Levy

CUN2008 Oscar party Christina Milian.jpg|Christina Milian

Cesar Evora.jpg|César Évora

Danny Pino by Gage Skidmore.jpg|Danny Pino

Marilyn Milian by Gage Skidmore.jpg|Marilyn Milian

David Gallagher.jpg|David Gallagher

Cristina Saralegui 2001.jpg|Cristina Saralegui

Raúl De Molina.jpg|Raúl De Molina

Lili Estefan at 2014 MIFF.jpg|Lili Estefan

Raúl Esparza SDCC 2014.jpg|Raúl Esparza

Estelita Rodriguez.jpg|Estelita Rodriguez

Genesis Rodriguez (close-up).jpg|Genesis Rodriguez

Carlos Ponce en 2019.jpg|Carlos Ponce

</gallery>

Singers, songwriters and musicians

File:Celia Cruz 1cropped.jpg|Celia Cruz

File:Gloria Estefan in Narciso Rodriguez 01.jpg|Gloria Estefan

File:171207 Camila Cabello for MTV International (cropped).png|Camila Cabello

File:Arturo Sandoval photo.jpg|Arturo Sandoval

File:Sammy Davis Jr 1989 (cropped).jpg|Sammy Davis Jr.

File:Pitbull the rapper in Sydney, Australia (2012).jpg|Pitbull

File:LecuonaE.jpg|Ernesto Lecuona

File:Rosita Fornés en casa de Los Chirinos.jpg|Willy Chirino

File:Gloria Estefan and Emilio Estefan at 2014 MIFF edited.jpg|Emilio Estefan

File:Jon Secada Headshot.jpg |Jon Secada

File:Cypress Hill @ Metro City (29 9 2010) (5106185121).jpg|B-Real

File:Bebo Valdés - 2008 (cropped).jpg|Bebo Valdés

File:Chris Cab at Mizzou.jpg|Cris Cab

File:Jencarlos Canela.jpg|Jencarlos Canela

File:FatJoeApr2011.jpg|Fat Joe

File:Olga guillot.jpg|Olga Guillot

File:Trio Corrente Paquito D'Rivera Horizonte 2015 4578.jpg|Paquito D'Rivera

File:Cypress Hill - Sen Dog - Nova Rock - 2016-06-11-17-19-37-0002.jpg|Sen Dog

</gallery>

Athletes

File:Al Montoya - Winnipeg Jets.jpg|Al Montoya

File:Dara Torres 2crop.jpg|Dara Torres

File:Ryan Lochte at 2013 Zajac.jpg|Ryan Lochte

File:Amy Rodriguez 2010.jpg|Amy Rodriguez

File:KikoAlonso.jpg|Kiko Alonso

File:Tino Martinez 2015.jpg|Tino Martinez

File:Cody Rhodes, April 2024 (cropped).jpg|Cody Rhodes

File:Luis Gonzalez by Gage Skidmore.jpg|Luis Gonzalez

File:Dolf Luque, Cincinnati NL (baseball) LCCN2014709351 (cropped).jpg|Dolf Luque

File:TSM350 2015 - Aric Almirola - Stierch 2.jpg|Aric Almirola

File:Willy Miranda.jpg|Willy Miranda

File:Reggie Otero 1963.png|Reggie Otero

File:J. D. Martinez on July 2, 2012.jpg|J. D. Martinez

File:Bronson Arroyo 2011.jpg|Bronson Arroyo

File:Aroldis Chapman on June 4, 2016 (2).jpg|Aroldis Chapman

File:Brook Lopez NJ Nets.jpg|Brook Lopez

File:Robin Lopez Hornets 2.jpg|Robin Lopez

File:John Carlos, Tommie Smith, Peter Norman 1968cr.jpg|John Carlos

File:Puig US16 (38) (29236398233).jpg|Monica Puig

File:Luis Tiant 1965.jpeg|Luis Tiant

File:J. P. Arencibia on September 1, 2015.jpg|J. P. Arencibia

File:Alex Avila 2013.jpg|Alex Avila

File:Frank Mir.jpg|Frank Mir

File:Jose_Canseco_2009.jpg|Jose Canseco

File:Tony Perez All Star Parade 2008.jpg|Tony Pérez

File:Yoenis Céspedes on September 10, 2014.jpg|Yoenis Céspedes

File:José Fernández on March 17, 2016.jpg|José Fernández

File:Orlando Hernández.jpg|Orlando Hernández

File:Liván Hernández 2010.jpg|Liván Hernández

File:Jorge Posada 2009.jpg|Jorge Posada

File:2026-0117 Fernando Mendoza.jpeg|Fernando Mendoza

</gallery>

Notes

References

External links

Cuban American National Foundation (CANF)
Cuban American National Council (CNC)
Andres Schipani, "Expats Flock to Cuba as U.S. Reforms Spark A Party", The Observer, May 31, 2009
The Cuban Heritage Collection at the University of Miami
"Cubans in Miami, an historical perspective"
Center for Cuban Studies (CCS), providing resource materials to educational and cultural institutions.

Cuban Americans

Immigration

Early migrations

Key West and Tampa, Florida

Other early waves (1900–1959)

1980s

Mid-1990s to 2000s

Immigration policy

Demographics

Ancestry

U.S. states with largest Cuban-American populations

US metropolitan areas with largest Cuban populations

U.S. communities with high percentages of people of Cuban ancestry

U.S. communities with the most residents born in Cuba

Culture

Assimilation

Religion

Language

Beverages

Politics

In state government

Notable people

Television and entertainment

Singers, songwriters and musicians

Athletes

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links