The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of relational database management systems. Please see the individual products' articles for further information. Unless otherwise specified in footnotes, comparisons are based on the stable versions without any add-ons, extensions or external programs.

General information

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-

!

! Maintainer

! First public release date

! Latest stable version

! Latest release date

! License

! Public issues list

|-

! 4D (4th Dimension)

| 4D S.A.S.

| 1984

| v16.0

| 2017-01-10

|

|

|-

! ADABAS

| Software AG

| 1970

| 8.1

|2013-06

|

|

|-

! Adaptive Server Enterprise

| SAP AG

| 1987

| 16.0 SP03 PL07

|2019-06-10

|

|

|-

! Advantage Database Server (ADS)

| SAP AG

| 1992

| 12.0

| 2015

|

|

|-

! Altibase

| Altibase Corp.

| 2000

| 7.1.0.1.2

| 2018-03-02

|

|

|-

! Apache Derby

| Apache

| 2004

| 10.17.1.0

| 2023-11-14

|

|

|-

! ClustrixDB

| MariaDB Corporation

| 2010

| v7.0

| 2015-08-19

|

|

|-

! CockroachDB

| Cockroach Labs

| 2015

| v24.1.0

| 2024-05-20

|

|

|-

! CUBRID

| CUBRID

| 2008-11

| 11.2.3

| 2023-01-31

|

|

|-

! Datacom

| CA, Inc.

| Early 70s

| 14

| 2012

|

|

|-

! IBM Db2

| IBM

| 1983

|

| ;

|

|

|-

! Empress Embedded Database

| Empress Software Inc

| 1979

| 10.20

| 2010-03

|

|

|-

! Exasol

| EXASOL AG

| 2004

| 7.1.1

| 2021-09-15;

|

|

|-

! FileMaker

| FileMaker, Inc., an Apple subsidiary

| 1985-04

| 19

| 2020-05-20

|

|

|-

! Firebird

| Firebird project

| 2000-07-25

|

| ;

|

|

|-

! GPUdb

| GIS Federal

| 2014

| 3.2.5

| 2015-01-14

|

|

|-

! HSQLDB

| HSQL Development Group

| 2001

| 2.6.1

| 2021-10-21

|

|

|-

! H2

| H2 Software

| 2005

| 2.3.232

| 2024-08-12

|

|

|-

! Informix Dynamic Server

| IBM / HCL Technologies

| <span style="display:none">1981????</span>1980

| 15.0.0.1

| 2025-03-15

|

|

|-

! Ingres

| Actian(HCLSoftware)

| 1974

| 12.0.0

| 2024-05-06

|

|

|-

! InterBase

| Embarcadero Technologies

| 1984

| XE7 v12.0.4.357

| 2015-08-12

|

|

|-

! Linter SQL RDBMS

| RELEX Group

| 1990

| 6.0.17.53

| 2018-02-15

|

|

|-

! LucidDB

| The Eigenbase Project

| 2007-01

| 0.9.4

| 2012-01-05

|

|

|-

! MariaDB

| MariaDB Community

| 2010-02-01

|

| ;

|

|

|-

! MaxDB

| SAP AG

| 2003-05

| 7.9.0.8

| 2014

|

|

|-

!SingleStore (formerly MemSQL)

|SingleStore

| 2012-06

| 7.1.11

| 2020-10-12

|

|

|-

! Microsoft Access (JET)

| Microsoft

| 1992

| 16 (2016)

| 2015-09-22

|

|

|-

! Microsoft Visual Foxpro

| Microsoft

| 1984

| 9 (2005)

| 2007-10-11

|

|

|-

! Microsoft SQL Server

| Microsoft

| 1989

|

| ;

|

|

|-

! Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)

| Microsoft

| 2000

| 2011 (v4.0)

|

|

|

|-

! Mimer SQL

| Mimer Information Technology

| 1978

| 11.0.9F

| 2026-02-05

|

|

|-

! MonetDB

| MonetDB Foundation

| 2004

| Dec2025

| 2025-12-16

|

|

|-

! mSQL

| Hughes Technologies

| 1994

| 4.1

| 2017-06-30

|

|

|-

! MySQL

| Oracle Corporation

| 1995-11

|

| ;

|

|

|-

! NexusDB

| NexusDB Pty Ltd

| 2003

| 4.00.14

| 2015-06-25

|

|

|-

! HPE NonStop SQL

| Hewlett Packard Enterprise

| 1987

| SQL/MX 3.4

|

|

|

|-

! NuoDB

| NuoDB

| 2013

| 4.1

| 2020-08

|

|

|-

! Omnis Studio

| TigerLogic Inc

| 1982-07

| 6.1.3 Release 1no

| 2015-12

|

|

|-

! OpenEdge

| Progress Software Corporation

| 1984

| 12.8

| 2024-1

|

|

|-

! OpenLink Virtuoso

| OpenLink Software

| 1998

| 7.2.14

| 2024-11-11

|

|

|-

! Oracle DB

| Oracle Corporation

| 1979-11

|

| ;

|

|

|-

! Oracle Rdb

| Oracle Corporation

| 1984

|

|

|

|

|-

! Paradox

| Corel Corporation

| 1985

| 11

| 2009-09-07

|

|

|-

! Percona Server for MySQL

| Percona

| 2006

|

|

|

|

|-

! Actian Zen (PSQL)

| Actian

| 1982

| v16

| 2024-06-30

|

|

|-

! Polyhedra DBMS

| ENEA AB

| 1993

| 9.0

| 2015-06-24

| , with Polyhedra Lite available as Freeware

|

|-

! PostgreSQL

| PostgreSQL Global Development Group

| 1989-06

| 17.4

| 2025-02-21

|

|

|-

! R:Base

| R:BASE Technologies

| 1982

| 10.0

| 2016-05-26

|

|

|-

! SAP HANA

| SAP AG

| 2010

| 2.0 SPS04

| 2019-08-08

|

|

|-

! solidDB

| UNICOM Global

| 1992

| 7.0.0.10

| 2014-04-29

|

|

|-

! SQL Anywhere

| SAP AG

| 1992

| 17.0.0.48

| 2019-07-26

|

|

|-

! SQLBase

| Unify Corp.

| 1982

| 11.5

| 2008-11

|

|

|-

! SQLite

| D. Richard Hipp

| 2000-09-12

|

| ;

|

|

|-

! SQream DB

| SQream Technologies

| 2014

| 2.1

| 2018-01-15

|

|

|-

! Superbase

| Superbase

| 1984

| Classic

| 2003

|

|

|-

! Superbase NG

| Superbase NG

| 2002

| Superbase NG 2.10

| 2017

|

|

|-

! Teradata

| Teradata

| 1984

| 15

| 2014-04

|

|

|-

! TiDB

| PingCAP Inc.

| 2016

|

| ;

|

|

|-

! UniData

| Rocket Software

| 1988

| 8.2.1

| 2017-07

|

|

|-

! Vector

| Actian(HCLSoftware)

| 2010

| 7.0

| 2024-12-17

|

|

|-

! YugabyteDB

| Yugabyte, Inc.

| 2018

|

|

|

|

|-

! Actian Zen (PSQL)

| Actian

| 1982

| v16

| 2024-06-30

|

|

|-

!

! Maintainer

! First public release date

! Latest stable version

! Latest release date

! License

! Public issues list

|}

Operating system support

The operating systems that the RDBMSes can run on.

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-

!

! Windows

! macOS

! Linux

! BSD

! UNIX

! AmigaOS

! z/OS

! OpenVMS

! iOS

! Android

|-

! 4th Dimension

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! ADABAS

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! Adaptive Server Enterprise

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! Advantage Database Server

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! Altibase

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! Apache Derby

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! ClustrixDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! CockroachDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! CUBRID

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! IBM Db2

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! Empress Embedded Database

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! EXASolution

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! FileMaker

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! Firebird

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! HSQLDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! H2

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! Informix Dynamic Server

|

|

|

|

| (AIX)

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! Ingres

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! InterBase

|

|

|

|

| (Solaris)

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! Linter SQL RDBMS

|

|

|

|

|

|

| Under Linux on IBM Z

|

|

|

|-

! LucidDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! MariaDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! MaxDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! Microsoft Access (JET)

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! Microsoft Visual Foxpro

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! Microsoft SQL Server

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! Mimer SQL

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

|-

! MonetDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! MySQL

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! Omnis Studio

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! OpenEdge

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! OpenLink Virtuoso

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! Oracle

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! Oracle Rdb

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! Actian Zen (PSQL)

|

| (OEM only)

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! Polyhedra

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! PostgreSQL

|

|

|

|

|

| (MorphOS)

| Under Linux on IBM Z

|

|

|

|-

! R:Base

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! SAP HANA

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! solidDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

| Under Linux on IBM Z

|

|

|

|-

! SQL Anywhere

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! SQLBase

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! SQLite

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! SQream DB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! Superbase

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! Superbase NG

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! Teradata

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! TiDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! UniData

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! UniVerse

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! YugabyteDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

!

! Windows

! macOS

! Linux

! BSD

! UNIX

! AmigaOS

! z/OS

! OpenVMS

! iOS

! Android

|}

Fundamental features

Information about what fundamental RDBMS features are implemented natively.

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-

! Database Name

! ACID

! Referential integrity

! Transactions

! Fine-grained locking

! Multiversion concurrency control

! Unicode

! Interface

! Type inference

|-

! 4th Dimension

|

|

|

|

|

|

| GUI & SQL

|

|-

! ADABAS

|

|

|

|

|

|

| proprietary direct call & SQL (via 3rd party)

|

|-

! Adaptive Server Enterprise

|

|

|

| (Row-level locking)

|

|

|API & GUI & SQL

|

|-

! Advantage Database Server

|

|

|

| (Row-level locking)

|

| <sup>4</sup>

| API & SQL

|

|-

! Altibase

|

|

|

| (Row-level locking)

|

|

| API & GUI & SQL

|

|-

! Apache Derby

|

|

|

| (Row-level locking)

|

|

| SQL

|

|-

! ClustrixDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

| SQL

|

|-

! CockroachDB

|

|

|

| (Row-level locking)

|

|

| SQL

|

|-

! CUBRID

|

|

|

| (Row-level locking)

|

|

| GUI & SQL

|

|-

! IBM Db2

|

|

|

| (Row-level locking)

|

|

| GUI & SQL

|

|-

! Empress Embedded Database

|

|

|

|

|

|

| API & SQL

|

|-

! EXASolution

|

|

|

|

|

|

| API & GUI & SQL

|

|-

! Firebird

|

|

|

|

|

|

| API & SQL

|

|-

! HSQLDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

| SQL

|

|-

! H2

|

|

|

|

|

|

| SQL

|

|-

! Informix Dynamic Server

|

|

|

| (Row-level locking)

|

|

| SQL, REST, MQ, and JSON

|

|-

! Ingres

|

|

|

| (Row-level locking)

|

|

| SQL & QUEL

|

|-

! InterBase

|

|

|

|

|

|

| SQL

|

|-

! Linter SQL RDBMS

|

|

| (Except for DDL)

| (Row-level locking)

|

|

| API & GUI & SQL

|

|-

! LucidDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

| SQL

|

|-

! MariaDB

| <sup id="feat_2_back">2</sup>

|

| <sup>2</sup> except for DDL

| (Row-level locking)

|

|

| SQL

|

|-

! MaxDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

| SQL

|

|-

! Microsoft Access (JET)

|

|

|

|

|

|

| GUI & SQL

|

|-

! Microsoft Visual FoxPro

|

|

|

| (Row-level locking SMB2)

|

|

| GUI & SQL

|

|-

! Microsoft SQL Server

|

|

|

| (Row-level locking)

|

|

| GUI & SQL

|

|-

! Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)

|

|

|

|

|

|

| GUI & SQL

|

|-

! Mimer SQL

|

|

|

| (Optimistic locking)

|

|

| API & GUI & SQL

|

|-

! MonetDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

| API & SQL & MAL

|

|-

! MySQL

| <sup id="feat_2_back">2</sup>

| <sup id="feat_3_back">3</sup>

| <sup>2</sup> except for DDL

|

|

| GUI <sup>5</sup> & SQL

|

|-

! OpenEdge

|

| <sup id="feat_6_back">6</sup>

|

| (Row-level locking)

|

|

| GUI & SQL

|

|-

! OpenLink Virtuoso

|

|

|

|

|

|

| API & GUI & SQL

|

|-

! Oracle

|

|

| except for DDL

|

|

| API & GUI & SQL

|

|-

! Oracle Rdb

|

|

|

|

|

|

| SQL

|

|-

! Actian Zen (PSQL)

|

|

|

|

|

|

| API & GUI & SQL

|

|-

! Polyhedra DBMS

|

|

|

| (optimistic and pessimistic cell-level locking)

|

|

| API & SQL

|

|-

! PostgreSQL

|

|

|

| (Row-level locking)

|

|

| API & GUI & SQL

|

|-

! SAP HANA

|

|

|

| (Row-level locking)

|

|

| API & GUI & SQL

|

|-

! solidDB

|

|

|

| (Row-level locking)

|

|

| API & SQL

|

|-

! SQL Anywhere

|

|

|

| (Row-level locking)

|

|

| API & GUI & HTTP(S) (REST & SOAP) & SQL

|

|-

! SQLBase

|

|

|

|

|

|

| API & GUI & SQL

|

|-

! SQLite

|

|

|

| (Database-level locking)

|

|

| API & SQL

|

|-

! Superbase NG

|

|

|

| (Record-level locking)

|

|

| GUI & Proprietary & ODBC

|

|-

! Teradata

|

|

|

| (Hash and Partition)

|

|

| SQL

|

|-

! TiDB

|

|

| except for DDL

|

|

| GUI <sup>5</sup> & SQL

|

|-

! UniData

|

|

|

|

|

|

| Multiple

|

|-

! UniVerse

|

|

|

|

|

|

| Multiple

|

|- class="sortbottom"

! Database Name

!ACID

!Referential integrity

!Transactions

!Fine-grained locking

!Multiversion concurrency control

!Unicode

!Interface

!Type inference

|}

  • <cite id="feat_1">Note (1):</cite> Currently only supports read uncommitted transaction isolation. Version 1.9 adds serializable isolation and version 2.0 will be fully ACID compliant.
  • <cite id="feat_2">Note (2):</cite> MariaDB and MySQL provide ACID compliance through the default InnoDB storage engine.
  • <cite id="feat_3">Note (3):</cite> "For other than InnoDB storage engines, MySQL Server parses and ignores the and syntax in statements." "The clause (as of 8.0.16) supports most core features for all storage engines."
  • <cite id="feat_4">Note (4):</cite> Support for Unicode is new in version 10.0.
  • <cite id="feat_5">Note (5):</cite> MySQL provides GUI interface through MySQL Workbench.
  • <cite id="feat_7">Note (6):</cite> OpenEdge SQL database engine uses Referential Integrity, OpenEdge ABL Database engine does not and is handled via database triggers.

Limits

Information about data size limits.

{| style="text-align: center; width: 95%; font-size:80%" class="wikitable sortable"

|-

! style="width:12em" |

! Max DB size

! Max table size

! Max row size

! Max columns per row

! Max Blob/Clob size

! Max CHAR size

! Max NUMBER size

! Min DATE value

! Max DATE value

! Max column name size

|-

! style="text-align:left" | 4th Dimension

| Limited

|

|

| 65,135

| 200 GB (2 GiB Unicode)

| 200 GB (2 GiB Unicode)

| 64 bits

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Advantage Database Server

| Unlimited

| 16 EiB

|

| 65,135 / (10+ AvgFieldNameLength)

| 4 GiB

|

| 64 bits

|

|

| 128

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Apache Derby

| Unlimited

| Unlimited

| Unlimited

| 1,012 (5,000 in views)

| 2,147,483,647 chars

| 254 (: 32,672)

| 64 bits

| 0001-01-01

| 9999-12-31

| 128

|-

! style="text-align:left" | ClustrixDB

| Unlimited

| Unlimited

| 64 MB on Appliance, 4 MB on AWS

|

| 64 MB

| 64 MB

| 64 MB

| 0001-01-01

| 9999-12-31

| 254

|-

! style="text-align:left" | CUBRID

| 2 EB

| 2 EB

| Unlimited

| Unlimited

| Unlimited

| 1 GB

| 64 bits

| 0001-01-01

| 9999-12-31

| 254

|-

! style="text-align:left" | IBM DB2

| Unlimited

|

|

| 1,012

|

|

| 64 bits

| 0001-01-01

| 9999-12-31

| 128

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Empress Embedded Database

| Unlimited

| 2<sup>63</sup>−1 bytes

| 2 GB

| 32,767

| 2 GB

| 2 GB

| 64 bits

| 0000-01-01

| 9999-12-31

| 32

|-

! style="text-align:left" | EXASolution

| Unlimited

| Unlimited

| Unlimited

| 10,000

|

| 2 MB

| 128 bits

| 0001-01-01

| 9999-12-31

| 256

|-

! style="text-align:left" | FileMaker

| 8 TB

| 8 TB

| 8 TB

| 256,000,000

| 4 GB

| 10,000,000

| 1 billion characters, to , ±

| 0001-01-01

| 4000-12-31

| 100

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Firebird

| Unlimited<sup id="limit_1_back">1</sup>

| ≈32 TB

| 65,536 B

| Depends on data types used

| 32 GB

| 32,767 B

| 128 bits

| 100

| 32768

| 63

|-

! style="text-align:left" | HSQLDB

| 64 TB

| Unlimited<sup id="limit_8_back">8</sup>

| Unlimited<sup id="limit_8_back">8</sup>

| Unlimited<sup id="limit_8_back">8</sup>

| 64 TB<sup id="limit_7_back">7</sup>

| Unlimited<sup id="limit_8_back">8</sup>

| Unlimited<sup id="limit_8_back">8</sup>

| 0001-01-01

| 9999-12-31

| 128

|-

! style="text-align:left" | H2

| 64 TB

| Unlimited<sup id="limit_8_back">8</sup>

| Unlimited<sup id="limit_8_back">8</sup>

| Unlimited<sup id="limit_8_back">8</sup>

| 64 TB<sup id="limit_7_back">7</sup>

| Unlimited<sup id="limit_8_back">8</sup>

| 64 bits

| -99999999

| 99999999

| Unlimited<sup id="limit_8_back">8</sup>

|-

! style="width:16em" |

! Max DB size

! Max table size

! Max row size

! Max columns per row

! Max Blob/Clob size

! Max CHAR size

! Max NUMBER size

! Min DATE value

! Max DATE value

! Max column name size

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Informix Dynamic Server

| ≈0.5 YB<sup id="limit_12_back">12</sup>

| ≈0,5YB<sup id="limit_12_back">12</sup>

| 32,765 bytes (exclusive of large objects)

| 32,765

| 4 TB

| 32,765<sup id="limit_14_back">14</sup>

| 10<sup>125</sup> <sup id="limit_13_back">13</sup>

| 01/01/0001<sup id="limit_10_back">10</sup>

| 12/31/9999

| 128 bytes

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Ingres

| Unlimited

| Unlimited

| 256 KB

| 1,024

| 2 GB

| 32 000 B

| 64 bits

| 0001

| 9999

| 256

|-

! style="text-align:left" | InterBase

|Unlimited<sup id="limit_1_back">1</sup>

| ≈32 TB

| 65,536 B

| Depends on data types used

| 2 GB

| 32,767 B

| 64 bits

| 100

| 32768

| 31

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Linter SQL RDBMS

| Unlimited

| 2<sup>30</sup> rows

| 64 KB (w/o BLOBs),<br />2GB (each BLOB value)

| 250

| 2 GB

| 4000 B

| 64 bits

| 0001-01-01

| 9999-12-31

| 66

|-

! style="text-align:left" | MariaDB

| Unlimited

| MyISAM storage limits: 256 TB;<br />Innodb storage limits: 64 TB;<br />Aria storage limits: ???

| 64 KB<sup id="limit_3_back">3</sup>

| 4,096<sup id="limit_4_back">4</sup>

| 4 GB (longtext, longblob)

| 64 KB (text)

| 64 bits

| 1000

| 9999

| 64

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Microsoft Access (JET)

| 2 GB

| 2 GB

| 16 MB

| 255

| 64 KB (memo field),<br />1 GB ("OLE Object" field)

| 255 B (text field)

| 32 bits

| 0100

| 9999

| 64

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Microsoft Visual Foxpro

| Unlimited

| 2 GB

| 65,500 B

| 255

| 2 GB

| 16 MB

| 32 bits

| 0001

| 9999

| 10

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Microsoft SQL Server

| 524,272 TB (32 767 files × 16 TB max file size)

16ZB per instance

| 524,272 TB

| 8,060 bytes / 2 TB<sup id="limit_6_back">6</sup>

| 1,024 / 30,000(with sparse columns)

| 2 GB / Unlimited (using RBS/FILESTREAM object)

| 2 GB<sup id="limit_6_back">6</sup>

| 126 bits<sup id="limit_2_back">2</sup>

| 0001

| 9999

| 128

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)

| 4 GB

| 4 GB

| 8,060 bytes

| 1024

| 2 GB

| 4000

| 154 bits

| 0001

| 9999

| 128

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Mimer SQL

| Unlimited

| Unlimited

| 16000 (+lob data)

| 252

| Unlimited

| 15000

| 45 digits

| 0001-01-01

| 9999-12-31

| 128

|-

! style="text-align:left" | MonetDB

| Unlimited

| Unlimited

| Unlimited

| Unlimited

| 2 GB

| 2 GB

| 128 bits

| -4712-01-01

| 9999-12-31

| 1024

|-

! style="text-align:left" | MySQL

| Unlimited

| MyISAM storage limits: 256 TB; Innodb storage limits: 64 TB

| 64 KB<sup id="limit_3_back">3</sup>

| 4,096<sup id="limit_4_back">4</sup>

| 4 GB (longtext, longblob)

| 64 KB (text)

| 64 bits

| 1000

| 9999

| 64

|-

! style="text-align:left" | OpenLink Virtuoso

| 32 TB per instance<br />(Unlimited via elastic cluster)

| DB size (or 32 TB)

| 4 KB

| 200

| 2 GB

| 2 GB

| 2<sup>31</sup>

| 0

| 9999

| 100

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Oracle

| (with standard 8k block)<br /> (with max 32k block)<br /> (with max 32k block and BIGFILE option)

| 4 GB × block size<br />(with BIGFILE tablespace)

| 8 KB

| 1,000

| 128 TB

| 32,767 B<sup id="limit_11_back">11</sup>

| 126 bits

| −4712

| 9999

| 128

|-

! style="width:16em" |

! Max DB size

! Max table size

! Max row size

! Max columns per row

! Max Blob/Clob size

! Max CHAR size

! Max NUMBER size

! Min DATE value

! Max DATE value

! Max column name size

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Actian Zen (PSQL)

| 4 billion objects

| 256&nbsp;GB

| 2&nbsp;GB

| 1,536

| 2&nbsp;GB

| 8,000&nbsp;bytes

| 64&nbsp;bits

| 01-01-0001

| 12-31-9999

| 128&nbsp;bytes

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Polyhedra

| Limited by available RAM, address space

| 2<sup>32</sup> rows

| Unlimited

| 65,536

| 4&nbsp;GB (subject to RAM)

| 4&nbsp;GB (subject to RAM)

| 64&nbsp;bits

| 0001-01-01

| 8000-12-31

| 255

|-

! style="text-align:left" | PostgreSQL

| Unlimited

| 32&nbsp;TB

| 1.6&nbsp;TB

| 250–1600 depending on type

| 1&nbsp;GB (text, bytea) stored inline or 4&nbsp;TB using pg_largeobject

| 1&nbsp;GB

| Unlimited

| −4,713

| 5,874,897

| 63

|-

! style="text-align:left" | SAP HANA

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | solidDB

| 256 TB

| 256 TB

| 32 KB + BLOB data

| Limited by row size

| 4 GB

| 4 GB

| 64 bits

| -32768-01-01

| 32767-12-31

| 254

|-

! style="text-align:left" | SQL Anywhere

| 104 TB (13 files, each file up to 8 TB (32 KB pages))

| Limited by file size

| Limited by file size

| 45,000

| 2 GB

| 2 GB

| 64 bits

| 0001-01-01

| 9999-12-31

| 128 bytes

|-

! style="text-align:left" | SQLite

| 128 TB (2<sup>31</sup> pages × 64 KB max page size)

| Limited by file size

| Limited by file size

| 32,767

| 2 GB

| 2 GB

| 64 bits

| No DATE type<sup id="limit_9_back">9</sup>

| No DATE type<sup id="limit_9_back">9</sup>

| Unlimited

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Teradata

| Unlimited

| Unlimited

| 64000 wo/lobs<br />(64 GB w/lobs)

| 2,048

| 2 GB

| 64,000

| 38 digits

| 0001-01-01

| 9999-12-31

| 128

|-

! style="text-align:left" | UniVerse

| Unlimited

| Unlimited

| Unlimited

| Unlimited

| Unlimited

| Unlimited

| Unlimited

| Unlimited

| Unlimited

| Unlimited

|-

!

! Max DB size

! Max table size

! Max row size

! Max columns per row

! Max Blob/Clob size

! Max CHAR size

! Max NUMBER size

! Min DATE value

! Max DATE value

! Max column name size

|}

  • <cite id="limit_1">Note (1):</cite> Firebird 2.x maximum database size is effectively unlimited with the largest known database size >980 GB. Firebird 1.5.x maximum database size: 32 TB.
  • <cite id="limit_2">Note (2):</cite> Limit is 10<sup>38</sup> using <code>DECIMAL</code> datatype.
  • <cite id="limit_3">Note (3):</cite> InnoDB is limited to 8,000 bytes (excluding <code>VARBINARY</code>, <code>VARCHAR</code>, <code>BLOB</code>, or <code>TEXT</code> columns).
  • <cite id="limit_4">Note (4):</cite> InnoDB is limited to 1,017 columns.
  • <cite id="limit_7">Note (7):</cite> When using a page size of 32 KB, and when BLOB/CLOB data is stored in the database file.
  • <cite id="limit_8">Note (8):</cite> Java array size limit of 2,147,483,648 (2<sup>31</sup>) objects per array applies. This limit applies to number of characters in names, rows per table, columns per table, and characters per <code>CHAR</code>/<code>VARCHAR</code>.
  • <cite id="limit_9">Note (9):</cite> Despite the lack of a date datatype, SQLite does include date and time functions, which work for timestamps between 24 November 4714 B.C. and 1 November 5352.
  • <cite id="limit_10">Note (10):</cite> Informix DATETIME type has adjustable range from YEAR only through 1/10000th second. DATETIME date range is 0001-01-01 00:00:00.00000 through 9999-12-31 23:59:59.99999.
  • <cite id="limit_11">Note (11):</cite> Since version 12c. Earlier versions support up to .
  • <cite id="limit_12">Note (12):</cite> The limit refers to the storage limit of a single Informix server instance beginning with v15.0. Informix v12.10 and later versions support using sharding techniques to distribute a table across multiple server instances. A distributed Informix database has no upper limit on table or database size.
  • <cite id="limit_13">Note (13):</cite> Informix DECIMAL type supports up to 32 decimal digits of precision with a range of to . Fixed and variable precision are supported.
  • <cite id="limit_14">Note (14):</cite> The LONGLVARCHAR type supports strings up to 4TB.

Tables and views

Information about what tables and views (other than basic ones) are supported natively.

{| style="text-align: center; width: 95%" class="wikitable sortable"

|-

! style="width:16em" |

! Temporary table

! Materialized view

|-

! style="text-align:left" | 4th Dimension

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | ADABAS

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Adaptive Server Enterprise

| <sup id="tb_1_back">1</sup>

| – see precomputed result sets

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Advantage Database Server

|

| (only common views)

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Altibase

|

| (only common views)

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Apache Derby

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | ClustrixDB

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | CUBRID

| (only CTE)

| (only common views)

|-

! style="text-align:left" | IBM Db2

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Empress Embedded Database

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | EXASolution

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Firebird

|

| (only common views)

|-

! style="text-align:left" | HSQLDB

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | H2

|

| (only common views)

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Informix Dynamic Server

|

| <sup id="tb_2_back">2</sup>

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Ingres

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | InterBase

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Linter SQL RDBMS

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | LucidDB

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | MariaDB

|

| <sup id="tb_4_back">4</sup>

|-

! style="text-align:left" | MaxDB

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Microsoft Access (JET)

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Microsoft Visual Foxpro

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Microsoft SQL Server

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Mimer SQL

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | MonetDB

|

| (only common views)

|-

! style="text-align:left" | MySQL

|

| <sup id="tb_4_back">4</sup>

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Oracle

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Oracle Rdb

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | OpenLink Virtuoso

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Actian Zen (PSQL)

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Polyhedra DBMS

|

| (only common views)

|-

! style="text-align:left" | PostgreSQL

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | SAP HANA

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | solidDB

|

| (only common views)

|-

! style="text-align:left" | SQL Anywhere

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | SQLite

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Superbase

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Teradata

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | UniData

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | UniVerse

|

|

|-

! style="width:16em" |

! Temporary table

! Materialized view

|}

  • <cite id="tb_1">Note (1):</cite> Server provides tempdb, which can be used for public and private (for the session) temp tables.
  • <cite id="tb_2">Note (2):</cite> Materialized views are not supported in Informix; the term is used in IBM's documentation to refer to a temporary table created to run the view's query when it is too complex, but one cannot for example define the way it is refreshed or build an index on it. The term is defined in the Informix Performance Guide.
  • <cite id="tb_4">Note (4):</cite> Materialized views can be emulated using stored procedures and triggers.

Indexes

Information about what indexes (other than basic B-/B+ tree indexes) are supported natively.

{| style="text-align: center; width: 95%; font-size:80%" class="wikitable sortable"

|-

! style="width:16em" |

! R-/R+ tree

! Hash

! Expression

! Partial

! Reverse

! Bitmap

! GiST

! GIN

! Full-text

! Spatial

! Forest of Trees Index

! Duplicate index prevention

|-

! style="text-align:left" | 4th Dimension

|

| style="background:#ffd;"| Cluster

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | ADABAS

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Adaptive Server Enterprise

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Advantage Database Server

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Apache Derby

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | ClustrixDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | CUBRID

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Empress Embedded Database

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | EXASolution

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Firebird

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | HSQLDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | H2

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Informix Dynamic Server

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Ingres

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | InterBase

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Linter SQL RDBMS<sup id="os_10_back">10</sup>

|

| temporary indexes for equality joins

| for some scalar functions like LOWER and UPPER

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | LucidDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | MariaDB

| style="background:#ffd;"| Aria and MyISAM tables and, since v10.2.2, InnoDB tables only

| style="background:#ffd;"| MEMORY, InnoDB,<sup id="idx_5_back">5</sup> tables only

| style="background:#ffd;" | PERSISTENT virtual columns only

|

|

|

|

|

|

| style="background:#ffd;"| Aria and MyISAM tables and, since v10.2.2, InnoDB tables only

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Microsoft Visual Foxpro

|

|

|

|

| <sup id="idx_2_back">2</sup>

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Microsoft SQL Server

| style="background:#ffd;"| Spatial Indexes

| <sup id="idx_4_back">4</sup>

| <sup id="idx_3_back">3</sup>

|

| style="background:#ffd;"|on Computed columns<sup>3</sup>

| style="background:#ffd;"|Bitmap filter index for Star Join Query

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Mimer SQL

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | MonetDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | MySQL

| style="background:#ffd;"| Spatial Indexes

| style="background:#ffd;"| MEMORY, Cluster (NDB), InnoDB,<sup id="idx_5_back">5</sup> tables only

|

|

|

|

|

|

| style="background:#ffd;"| MyISAM tables and, since v5.6.4, InnoDB tables

| style="background:#ffd;"| MyISAM tables and, since v5.7.5, InnoDB tables

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | OpenLink Virtuoso

|

| style="background:#ffd;"| Cluster

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

| (Commercial only)

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Oracle

| &nbsp;<sup id="idx_1_back">11</sup>

| style="background:#ffd;"| Cluster Tables

|

| &nbsp;<sup id="idx_6_back">6</sup>

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Oracle Rdb

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Actian Zen (PSQL)

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Polyhedra DBMS

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | PostgreSQL

|

|

|

|

| <sup id="idx_7_back">7</sup>

|

|

|

|

| style="background:#ffd;"| PostGIS

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | SAP HANA

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | solidDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | SQL Anywhere

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | SQLite

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

| style="background:#ffd;"| SpatiaLite

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | SQream DB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Teradata

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | UniVerse

|

|

| <sup id="idx_3_back">3</sup>

| <sup id="idx_3_back">3</sup>

| <sup id="idx_3_back">3</sup>

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|- |

!

! R-/R+ tree

! Hash

! Expression

! Partial

! Reverse

! Bitmap

! GiST

! GIN

! Full-text

! Spatial

! Forest of Trees Index

! Duplicate index prevention

|}

  • <cite id="idx_1">Note (1):</cite> The users need to use a function from freeAdhocUDF library or similar.
  • <cite id="idx_2">Note (2):</cite> Can be implemented for most data types using expression-based indexes.
  • <cite id="idx_3">Note (3):</cite> Can be emulated by indexing a computed column (doesn't easily update) or by using an "Indexed View" (proper name not just any view works).
  • <cite id="idx_4">Note (4):</cite> Used for InMemory ColumnStore index, temporary hash index for hash join, Non/Cluster & fill factor.
  • <cite id="idx_5">Note (5):</cite> InnoDB automatically generates adaptive hash index entries as needed.
  • <cite id="idx_6">Note (6):</cite> Can be implemented using Function-based Indexes in Oracle 8i and higher, but the function needs to be used in the sql for the index to be used.
  • <cite id="idx_7">Note (7):</cite> A PostgreSQL functional index can be used to reverse the order of a field.
  • <cite id="idx_10">Note (10):</cite> B+ tree and full-text only for now.
  • <cite id="idx_11">Note (11):</cite> R-Tree indexing available in base edition with Locator but some functionality requires Personal Edition or Enterprise Edition with Spatial option.
  • <cite id="idx_12">Note (12):</cite> FOT or Forest of Trees indexes is a type of B-tree index consisting of multiple B-trees which reduces contention in multi-user environments.

Database capabilities

{| style="text-align: center; width: 95%; font-size:80%" class="wikitable sortable"

|-

! style="width:16em" |

! Union

! Intersect

! Except

! Inner joins

! Outer joins

! Inner selects

! Merge joins

! Blobs and clobs

! Common table expressions

! Windowing functions

! Parallel query

! System-versioned tables

|-

! style="text-align:left" | 4th Dimension

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | ADABAS

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Adaptive Server Enterprise

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Advantage Database Server

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Altibase

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Apache Derby

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | ClustrixDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | CUBRID

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Empress Embedded Database

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | EXASolution

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Firebird

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | HSQLDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Informix Dynamic Server

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Ingres

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | InterBase

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Linter SQL RDBMS

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | LucidDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | MariaDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Oracle Rdb

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Actian Zen (PSQL)

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Polyhedra DBMS

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | PostgreSQL

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

| Static

| (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit)

| (32-bit), (64-bit)

| , , ,

| , , , ,

| , , , ,

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | ClustrixDB

| Static

| (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit)

| , (32-bit), (64-bit)

| ,

| , , , ,

|

| , , ,

|

| , , , , ,

|-

! style="text-align:left" | IBM Db2

|

| (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit)

| , ,

|

| , ,

| , ,

| , , ,

|

| , , , ,

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Empress Embedded Database

| Static

| , , or ; , , or ; , , , or ; , , or

| , , or ; , , or ; , or ;

| , , , , or ;

| , , , , , , , , ,

| or ;

| , , , , , ,

|

| 32,

|-

! style="text-align:left" | EXASolution

| Static

| , , , ,

| , ,

| , , ,

| , , , , , , ,

|

| , ,

| ,

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | FileMaker

| Static

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Firebird

|

| , , ,

| ,

| , , (38, 4), (10, 4)

| , , , ,

| ,

| , , (without time zone and with time zone)

|

| , , (38), User defined types (Domains)

|-

! style="width:16em" |

! Type system

! Integer

! Floating point

! Decimal

! String

! Binary

! Date/Time

! Boolean

! Other

|-

! style="text-align:left" | HSQLDB

| Static

| (8-bit), (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit)

| (64-bit)

| ,

| , , ,

| , , ,

| , , ,

|

| (object), , ,

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Informix Dynamic Server

| Static +

| (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit proprietary), (64-bit)

| (32-bit), (64-bit)

| (32 decimal digits float/fixed, range to +),

| , , , , , , ,

| , , ,

| , ,

|

| , , , , , , , , , ,

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Ingres

| Static

| (8-bit), (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit)

| (32-bit), (64-bit)

|

| C, , , , , , ,

| , , ()

| , , , , ,

|

| , , , - (via )

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Linter SQL RDBMS

| Static + Dynamic (in stored procedures)

| (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit)

| (32-bit), (64-bit)

| ,

| , , , ,

| , ,

|

|

| ,

|-

! style="text-align:left" | MariaDB

| Static

| (8-bit), (16-bit), (24-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit)

| (32-bit), (aka ) (64-bit)

|

| , , , , , , ,

| , , ,

| , , ,

| , (aka ) = synonym for

| , , data types (Geometry, Point, Curve, LineString, Surface, Polygon, GeometryCollection, MultiPoint, MultiCurve, MultiLineString, MultiSurface, MultiPolygon)

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Microsoft SQL Server

| Static

| , , ,

| ,

| , , ,

| , , , , ,

| , , , ,

| , , , , ,

|

| , , , , , , , Geometry, Geography, Custom .NET datatypes

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)

| Static

| , , ,

| ,

| , ,

| , ,

| , ,

|

|

| , , , ,

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Mimer SQL

| Static

| , , ,

| , , ,

| ,

| , , , , ,

| , ,

| , , ,

|

| , (including the pre-defined spatial data types location, latitude, longitude and coordinate, and )

|-

! style="text-align:left" | MonetDB

| Static, extensible

| , , , , , , ,

| , , , ,

| ,

| , , , , , , ,

| ,

| , , , , , , , , , ,

|

| , , , , , , data types (), User Defined Types

|-

! style="text-align:left" | MySQL

| Static

| (8-bit), (16-bit), (24-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit)

| (32-bit), (aka ) (64-bit)

|

| , , , , , , ,

| , , ,

| , , ,

| , (aka ) = synonym for

| , , data types (Geometry, Point, Curve, LineString, Surface, Polygon, GeometryCollection, MultiPoint, MultiCurve, MultiLineString, MultiSurface, MultiPolygon)

|-

! style="text-align:left" | OpenLink Virtuoso

| Static + Dynamic

| , ,

| , , ,

| , , , , ,

| , , , , ,

|

| , , ,

|

| , (, ), (User Defined Type), (, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , )

|-

! style="width:16em" |

! Type system

! Integer

! Floating point

! Decimal

! String

! Binary

! Date/Time

! Boolean

! Other

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Oracle

| Static + Dynamic (through )

|

| ,

|

| , , , , , , (deprecated)

| , , (deprecated),

| , (with/without ),

|

| , , , , , XMLType, ,

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Actian Zen (PSQL)

| Static

| , , , , , , ,

| , , ,

| , , , , , ,

| , ,

| , ,

| , ,

|

| , , , ,

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Polyhedra

| Static

| (8-bit), (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit)

| (32-bit), (aka ; 64-bit)

|

| , (aka )

| (aka )

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | PostgreSQL

| Static

| (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit)

| (32-bit), (64-bit)

| ,

| , ,

|

| , (with/without ), (with/without ),

|

| , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , arrays, composites, ranges, custom

|-

! style="text-align:left" | SAP HANA

| Static

| , , ,

| , , , ,

|

| , , ,

| , ,

| , , ,

|

| , , , , , , , , , , , ,

|-

! style="text-align:left" | solidDB

| Static

| (8-bit), (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit)

| (32-bit), (64-bit), (64-bit)

| , (51 digits)

| , , , , ,

| , ,

| , ,

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | SQLite

| Dynamic

| (64-bit)

| (aka , ) (64-bit)

|

| (aka , )

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | SQream DB

| Static

| (8-bit), (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit)

| (32-bit), (aka ) (64-bit)

|

| , ,

|

| , (aka )

|

|

|-

! style="width:16em" |

! Type system

! Integer

! Floating point

! Decimal

! String

! Binary

! Date/Time

! Boolean

! Other

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Teradata

| Static

| (8-bit), (16-bit), (32-bit), (64-bit)

| (64-bit)

| , (38 digits)

| , ,

| , ,

| , , (w/wo )

|

| , , , , , (User Defined Type)

|-

! style="text-align:left" | UniData

| Dynamic

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | UniVerse

| Dynamic

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! |

! Type system

! Integer

! Floating point

! Decimal

! String

! Binary

! Date/Time

! Boolean

! Other

|}

Other objects

Information about what other objects are supported natively.

{| style="text-align: center; width: 95%" class="wikitable sortable"

|-

! style="width:16em" |

! Data domain

! Cursor

! Trigger

! Function<sup id="other_1_back">1</sup>

! Procedure<sup>1</sup>

! External routine<sup>1</sup>

|-

! style="text-align:left" | 4th Dimension

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | ADABAS

|

|

|

| ?

| ?

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Adaptive Server Enterprise

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Advantage Database Server

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Altibase

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Apache Derby

|

|

|

| <sup id="other_2_back">2</sup>

| <sup>2</sup>

| <sup>2</sup>

|-

! style="text-align:left" | ClustrixDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | CUBRID

|

|

|

|

| <sup>2</sup>

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Empress Embedded Database

| via RANGE CHECK

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | EXASolution

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | IBM Db2

| via CHECK CONSTRAINT

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Firebird

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | HSQLDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | H2

|

|

| <sup>2</sup>

| <sup>2</sup>

| <sup>2</sup>

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Informix Dynamic Server

| via CHECK

|

|

|

|

| <sup>5</sup>

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Ingres

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | InterBase

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Linter SQL RDBMS

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | LucidDB

|

|

|

| <sup>2</sup>

| <sup>2</sup>

| <sup>2</sup>

|-

! style="text-align:left" | MariaDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | MaxDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Microsoft Access (JET)

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Microsoft Visual Foxpro

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Microsoft SQL Server

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Mimer SQL

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | MonetDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | MySQL

| <sup>3</sup>

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Oracle

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Oracle Rdb

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | OpenLink Virtuoso

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Actian Zen (PSQL)

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Polyhedra DBMS

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | PostgreSQL

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | SAP HANA

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | solidDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | SQL Anywhere

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | SQLite

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Teradata

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | UniData

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | UniVerse

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! |

! Data domain

! Cursor

! Trigger

! Function<sup id="other_1_back">1</sup>

! Procedure<sup>1</sup>

! External routine<sup>1</sup>

|}

  • <cite id="other_1">Note (1):</cite> Both function and procedure refer to internal routines written in SQL and/or procedural language like PL/SQL. External routine refers to the one written in the host languages, such as C, Java, Cobol, etc. "Stored procedure" is a commonly used term for these routine types. However, its definition varies between different database vendors.
  • <cite id="other_2">Note (2):</cite> In Derby, H2, LucidDB, and CUBRID, users code functions and procedures in Java.
  • <cite id="other_3">Note (3):</cite> ENUM datatype exists. CHECK clause enforced as of 8.0.16.
  • <cite id="other_5">Note (5):</cite> Informix supports external functions written in Java, C, & C++.

Partitioning

Information about what partitioning methods are supported natively.

{| style="text-align: center; width: 95%" class="wikitable sortable"

|-

! style="width:16em" |

! Range

! Hash

! Composite (Range+Hash)

! List

! Expression

! Round Robin

|-

! style="text-align:left" | 4th Dimension

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | ADABAS

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Adaptive Server Enterprise

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Advantage Database Server

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Altibase

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Apache Derby

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | ClustrixDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | CUBRID

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | IBM Db2

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Empress Embedded Database

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | EXASolution

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Firebird

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | HSQLDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | H2

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Informix Dynamic Server

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Ingres

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | InterBase

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Linter SQL RDBMS

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | MariaDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | MaxDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Microsoft Access (JET)

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Microsoft Visual Foxpro

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Microsoft SQL Server

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Mimer SQL

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | MonetDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | MySQL

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Oracle

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Oracle Rdb

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | OpenLink Virtuoso

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Actian Zen (PSQL)

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Polyhedra DBMS

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | PostgreSQL

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | SAP HANA

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | solidDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | SQL Anywhere

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | SQLite

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Teradata

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | UniVerse

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! |

! Range

! Hash

! Composite (Range+Hash)

! List

! Expression

! Round Robin

|}

Access control

Information about access control functionalities.

{| style="text-align: center; font-size: 80%" class="wikitable sortable sort-under"

|-

!

! Native network encryption<sup>1</sup>

! Brute-force protection

! Enterprise directory compatibility

! Password complexity rules<sup>2</sup>

! Patch access<sup>3</sup>

! Run unprivileged<sup>4</sup>

! Audit

!

!

!

!

|-

! style="text-align:left" | 4D

| (with SSL)

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Adaptive Server Enterprise

| (optional; to pay)

|

| (optional ?)

|

| (need to register; depend on which product)

|

|

|

|

| (EAL4+&nbsp;<sup>1</sup>)

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Advantage Database Server

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | CUBRID

| (with SSL)

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | IBM Db2

|

|

| (LDAP, Kerberos...)

|

|

|

|

|

|

| (EAL4+<sup id="ac_6_back">6</sup>)

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Empress Embedded Database

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | EXASolution

|

|

| (LDAP)

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Firebird

|

|

| (Windows trusted authenification)

| (by custom plugin)

| (no security page)

|

|

|

| <sup id="ac_7_back">7</sup>

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | HSQLDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | H2

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Informix Dynamic Server

|

|

| <sup id="ac_10_back">10</sup>

| <sup id="ac_10_back">10</sup>

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Linter SQL RDBMS

| (with SSL)

|

|

| (length only)

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | MariaDB

| (SSL)

|

| (with 5.2, but not on Windows servers)

|

|

|

|

|

| <sup id="ac_8_back">8</sup>

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Microsoft SQL Server

|

|

| (Microsoft Active Directory)

|

|

|

| (From 2008)

|

|

| (EAL4+<sup>11</sup>)

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)

| (not relevant, only file permissions)

| (not relevant)

| (not relevant)

| (not relevant)

|

| (file access)

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Mimer SQL

|

|

|

|

|

| (depending on OS)

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | MySQL

| (SSL with 4.0)

|

| (with 5.5, but only in commercial edition)

|

| (no security page)

|

|

|

| <sup id="ac_8_back">8</sup>

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | OpenLink Virtuoso

|

|

|

| (optional)

| (optional)

|

| (optional)

| (optional)

|

|

| (optional)

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Oracle

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

| (EAL2<sup>1</sup>)

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Actian Zen (PSQL)

|

|

|

|

|

|

| <sup id="ac_12_back">12</sup>

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Polyhedra DBMS

| (with SSL. Optional)

|

|

|

|

|

| <sup id="ac_13_back">13</sup>

|

| <sup>13</sup>

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | PostgreSQL

|

|

| (LDAP, Kerberos...<sup id="ac_9_back">9</sup>)

| (with passwordcheck module)

|

|

| (with pgaudit extension)

|

|

| (EAL2+<sup>1</sup>)

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | SAP HANA

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | solidDB

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | SQL Anywhere

|

|

| (Kerberos)

|

|

|

|

|

|

| (EAL2+<sup>1</sup> as Adaptive Server Anywhere)

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | SQLite

| (not relevant, only file permissions)

| (not relevant)

| (not relevant)

| (not relevant)

| (no security page)

| (file access)

|

|

|

|

|

|-

! style="text-align:left" | Teradata

|

|

| (LDAP, Kerberos...)

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|

|-

!

! Native network encryption<sup>1</sup>

! Brute-force protection

! Enterprise directory compatibility

! Password complexity rules<sup>2</sup>

! Patch access<sup>3</sup>

! Run unprivileged<sup>4</sup>

! Audit

!

!

!

!

|}

  • <cite id="ac_1">Note (1):</cite> Network traffic could be transmitted in a secure way (not clear-text, in general SSL encryption). Precise if option is default, included option or an extra modules to buy.
  • <cite id="ac_2">Note (2):</cite> Options are present to set a minimum size for password, respect complexity like presence of numbers or special characters.
  • <cite id="ac_3">Note (3):</cite> How do you get security updates? Is it free access, do you need a login or to pay? Is there easy access through a Web/FTP portal or RSS feed or only through offline access (mail CD-ROM, phone).
  • <cite id="ac_4">Note (4):</cite> Does database process run as root/administrator or unprivileged user? What is default configuration?
  • <cite id="ac_5">Note (5):</cite> Is there a separate user to manage special operation like backup (only dump/restore permissions), security officer (audit), administrator (add user/create database), etc.? Is it default or optional?
  • <cite id="ac_6">Note (6):</cite> Common Criteria certified product list.
  • <cite id="ac_7">Note (7):</cite> FirebirdSQL seems to only have SYSDBA user and DB owner. There are no separate roles for backup operator and security administrator.
  • <cite id="ac_8">Note (8):</cite> User can define a dedicated backup user but nothing particular in default install.
  • <cite id="ac_9">Note (9):</cite> Authentication methods.
  • <cite id="ac_10">Note (10):</cite> Informix Dynamic Server supports PAM and other configurable authentication. By default uses OS authentication.
  • <cite id="ac_11">Note (11):</cite> Authentication methods.
  • <cite id="ac_12">Note (12):</cite> With the use of Pervasive AuditMaster.
  • <cite id="ac_13">Note (13):</cite> User-based security is optional in Polyhedra, but when enabled can be enhanced to a role-based model with auditing.

Databases vs schemas (terminology)

The SQL specification defines what an "SQL schema" is; however, databases implement it differently. To compound this confusion the functionality can overlap with that of a parent database. An SQL schema is simply a namespace within a database; things within this namespace are addressed using the member operator dot "". This seems to be a universal among all of the implementations.

A true fully (database, schema, and table) qualified query is exemplified as such:

Both a schema and a database can be used to isolate one table, "foo", from another like-named table "foo". The following is pseudo code:

  • vs. (no explicit schema between database and table)
  • vs. (no explicit database prefix)

The problem that arises is that former MySQL users will create multiple databases for one project. In this context, MySQL databases are analogous in function to PostgreSQL-schemas, insomuch as PostgreSQL deliberately lacks off-the-shelf cross-database functionality (preferring multi-tenancy) that MySQL has. Conversely, PostgreSQL has applied more of the specification implementing cross-table, cross-schema, and then left room for future cross-database functionality.

MySQL aliases schema with database behind the scenes, such that and are analogs. It can therefore be said that MySQL has implemented cross-database functionality, skipped schema functionality entirely, and provided similar functionality into their implementation of a database. In summary, PostgreSQL fully supports schemas and multi-tenancy by strictly separating databases from each other and thus lacks some functionality MySQL has with databases, while MySQL does not even attempt to support standard schemas.

Oracle has its own spin where creating a user is synonymous with creating a schema. Thus a database administrator can create a user called PROJECT and then create a table PROJECT.TABLE. Users can exist without schema objects, but an object is always associated with an owner (though that owner may not have privileges to connect to the database). With the 'shared-everything' Oracle RAC architecture, the same database can be opened by multiple servers concurrently. This is independent of replication, which can also be used, whereby the data is copied for use by different servers. In the Oracle implementation, a 'database' is a set of files which contains the data while the 'instance' is a set of processes (and memory) through which a database is accessed.

Informix supports multiple databases in a server instance like MySQL. It supports the syntax as a way to group DDL statements into a single unit creating all objects created as a part of the schema as a single owner. Informix supports a database mode called ANSI mode which supports creating objects with the same name but owned by different users.

PostgreSQL and some other databases have support for foreign schemas, which is the ability to import schemas from other servers as defined in ISO/IEC 9075-9 (published as part of SQL:2008). This appears like any other schema in the database according to the SQL specification while accessing data stored either in a different database or a different server instance. The import can be made either as an entire foreign schema or merely certain tables belonging to that foreign schema. While support for ISO/IEC 9075-9 bridges the gap between the two competing philosophies surrounding schemas, MySQL and Informix maintain an implicit association between databases while ISO/IEC 9075-9 requires that any such linkages be explicit in nature.

See also

  • Relational database management system (includes market share data)
  • List of relational database management systems
  • Comparison of object–relational database management systems
  • Comparison of database administration tools
  • Object database – some of which have relational (SQL/ODBC) interfaces.
  • IBM Business System 12 – an historical RDBMS and related query language.
  • DB-Engine Ranking list

References

  • Comparison of different SQL implementations against SQL standards. Includes Oracle, Db2, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL and PostgreSQL. <small>(8 June 2007)</small>
  • The SQL92 standard
  • DMBS comparison by SQL Workbench