City region - WikiHQ

City region is a term used by urbanists, economists and urban planners to refer to how one or more core cities are linked to a hinterland by functional ties, such as economic, housing-market, commuting, marketing or retail catchment factors. This concept emphasizes the importance of these functional relationships in understanding urban areas and their surrounding regions, often providing more insightful perspectives than the arbitrary boundaries assigned to administrative bodies.

Global perspective

Using Geographic information system (GIS) technology, city-regions have been mapped globally, revealing significant interconnectedness among urban centers and their surrounding areas. The Nature Cities article “Worldwide Delineation of Multi-Tier City–Regions” classified over 30,000 urban centers into four tiers—town, small, intermediate, and large city—based on population size and mapped their catchment areas based on travel time rather than administrative boundaries. Travel time is used to reflect daily commuting patterns within a 1-hour limit and less frequent activities up to a 3-hour limit. This publicly available dataset shows that 3.2 billion people have physical access to multiple tiers within an hour, and 4.7 billion within three hours.

Functional urban areas

A related concept to city-regions or metropolitan areas is Functional Urban Areas (FUA), which link high-density urban centres with at least 50 thousand people plus their surrounding commuting zones. The Global Human Settlement – Functional Urban Areas (GHS-FUA) dataset, developed by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC), delineates FUAs based on population distribution and commuting patterns for the reference year of 2015. The web-platform OECD Regions and Cities Data Visualisation is a tool for visualizing the FUAs and their populations.

Market Saturation & Utilization Core-Based Statistical Areas Mapping Tool

In the United States, the concept of city regions is reflected in the classification of Core-Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs), defined by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). CBSAs encompass Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas and are designed to capture economic and social integration between an urban core and surrounding counties, primarily through commuting patterns. A Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) includes at least one urbanized area with a population of 50,000 or more, approximating the idea of a one-hour city region and illustrating the functional reach of major urban centers.

To support analysis and planning, several interactive resources provide access to CBSA boundaries and related data. The U.S. Census Bureau publishes official delineation files and reference maps that define CBSAs, metropolitan divisions, and combined statistical areas, which can be downloaded or viewed online. For more dynamic exploration, ArcGIS Online hosts interactive feature layers and web maps based on TIGER/Line shapefiles, allowing users to visualize CBSA boundaries, filter by metropolitan or micropolitan status, and integrate these layers into custom dashboards. Specialized tools also exist for sector-specific applications: the CMS Market Saturation and Utilization Tool offers CBSA-level maps for health service utilization and provider density, while the GSA CBSA Lookup Tool enables map-based navigation of awarded services and vendors by CBSA.

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the city regional agenda began to be seen as an alternative to the regional assemblies in England that were favoured as a partial answer to the West Lothian question but rejected in a referendum by voters in North East England in November 2004. The concept of city regions and their development features heavily in The Northern Way, a collaborative development plan between the three northernmost English regional development agencies. An embryonic city regional framework exists in the form of the Passenger Transport Executive and the Core Cities Group. The October 2006 Local Government White Paper did not contain firm proposals for city-region-wide authorities however.

The New Local Government Network proposed the creation of city regions as part of on-going reform efforts, while a report released by the IPPR's Centre for Cities proposed the creation of four large city-regions based on Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool and Greater Manchester. The strong economy of Edinburgh and its hinterland (Forth Valley, Fife, West Lothian, Midlothian and East Lothian) means it has been named as one of Europe's fasting growing city-regions.

Also in 2006, the OECD published a number of studies on city regions, including an assessment profile of the Newcastle-Gateshead city region and a review of numerous city regions across the world.

In July 2007, HM Treasury published its Review of sub-national economic development and regeneration, which stated that the government would allow those city regions that wished to work together to form a statutory framework for city regional activity, including powers over transport, skills, planning and economic development. Under the government's Transport Innovation Fund, city regions can band together to pilot forms of road pricing, such as the Greater Manchester congestion charge considered by councils in Greater Manchester (but later rejected by referendum). In the April 2009 Budget, the government announced that Greater Manchester and Leeds would be the first two city regions with formal powers. While this was later discontinued as a result of the May 2010 general election, the Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government did agree to the creation of the Greater Manchester Combined Authority in 2011, with all other proposals and the regional development agencies being subsumed into the local enterprise partnerships.

France

Since January 2010 municipalities, departments and cities can combine into a larger body known as a Metropole. The first Metropole in France, Nice-Cote-d'Azur was created in 2011. In 2014 the government of Jean-Marc Ayrault passed a bill that moved away from the voluntary nature and made it mandatory for all Metropolitan areas of over 600,000 inhabitants to become Metropoles as of January 1, 2015. The first 3 mandatory Metropoles are;

Greater Paris
Aix-Marseille-Provence
Lyon

Metropoles take over certain determined responsibilities from the State, other sub-national bodies or quasi-public bodies. Once devolved to the Metropole these responsibilities are the sole responsibility of the Metropole. In addition to assuming responsibility for certain policy Metropoles also take over responsibility for tax collection.

Poland

Metropolis GZM

Spain

Community of Madrid

Thailand

Bangkok Metropolitan Region

Italy

Metropolitan cities of Italy, previously Provinces of Italy, including Metropolitan City of Rome

Netherlands

A plusregio (also called stadsregio) is a regional public body of several Dutch municipalities in an urban area which statutory tasks are assigned under Chapter XI of the "Wet gemeenschappelijke regelingen".

Afghanistan

Five major city regions have been identified in Afghanistan based on functional relationships. These center around Kabul and the four regional hub cities of Herat, Kandahar, Mazari-i-Sharif and Jalalabad. It is estimated that the five city regions comprise approximately one third of the total Afghan population.

References

Bibliography

Allen J. Scott (ed.) (2001) Global City-Regions: Trends, Theory Policy, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

External links

CityMayors feature on English city regions 1
CityMayors feature on English city regions 2
NLGN report Seeing the Light? Next Step for City Regions (PDF)
Centre for Cities 'City Leadership' report
Defining City Regions - Warwick Podcast
FAO City-Region Explorer Platform