Circleville is a city in Pickaway County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. The city is situated along the Scioto River 25 miles (40 km) south of Columbus. The population was 13,927 at the 2020 census.
Circleville is named after its original layout created in 1810, which was based upon the circular Hopewell tradition earthwork within which the city was built. This earthwork measured in diameter, and was constructed in the early centuries of the Common Era. The county courthouse was built in the center of the innermost circle.
In the late 1830s, for various reasons, residents requested authorisation from the state legislature to change Circleville's layout to a standard grid format. This was accomplished by the mid-1850s. All traces of the Hopewell earthwork were destroyed, although hundreds of other monuments of its kind still remain in the Ohio Valley.
History
Early history
thumb|left|Map of Circleville's original layout
By the mid-18th century, the Lenape (Delaware Indians) were pushed west from Pennsylvania by European settlers flowing into the colony. The Lenape were given permission by the Wyandot people to settle in the Ohio country. One of their settlements was Maguck, a small village built before 1750 on the banks of the Scioto River. Modern Circleville was built to the north of this site.
Frontier explorer Christopher Gist was the first recorded European explorer of the Circleville area. On January 20, 1751, Gist visited Maguck, which had a small population of about 10 families. He wrote in his journal that he had stayed in the town for four days. Between the time of the establishment of the United States and of the city's settlement, the land was owned by the US federal government (As opposed to other land in the county, which was part of the Virginia Military District).
<!--The land became part of Washington Township, which only legally split from Circleville between March and May 1833, after a lengthy petition and appeal process. There is no connection between the family and Adolf Hitler, whose surname was defined much later.
Establishment
On January 12, 1810, Pickaway County was established by order of the Ohio General Assembly. On February 19 of that year, the assembly appointed David Bradford, George Jackson, and John Pollock to choose the location for the county seat. The men ventured across the county and inspected numerous sites. The Hopewell fortifications were still intact at this time, and were selected as the site for Circleville's construction. A history of the county published in 1880 suggests that the men thought the site location would spur the preservation and maintenance of the Hopewell mounds. The group was subsequently assigned appointed director Daniel Dreisbach to oversee them on July 25. Dreisbach was to purchase the land, determine lots, and distribute them. At the time, the land was owned by Jacob Zeiger, Zeiger Jr., and Samuel Watt; Dreisbach purchased 200 acres for a sum of $800 to $900.
The first sale of property in the new town was followed with a celebration: a barbecue, and the manufacture of a several-hundred-pound wheel of cheese, which was transported to the barbecue on a sled. A competition for the honor of constructing the first house also took place. By 1827, the town had a population of 725 people, 102 individual houses, a courthouse, jail, government office building, a private and public school, one church, nine stores, three pharmacies, three groceries, and a market house. All buildings were made with brick, except the jail, which was made out of stone.
The Hopewell circles were documented by Caleb Atwater, a resident and historian who was considered an early archeologist; the earthworks were illustrated by Plate 5 of his Description of the Antiquities Discovered in the State of Ohio and Other Western States, a 160-page report he published in 1820 in the first volume of the Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society.-->
Squaring the circle
Over time, residents grew dissatisfied with Circleville's unusual layout. Some believed the design was kept only due to "childish sentimentalism", while others complained that the lots were irregular and inconvenient, and that a circular plan wasted space that could otherwise be used to generate revenue. Additionally, the space around the central courthouse had become unpresentable. People from the countryside would hitch their horses around the courthouse, which would draw hogs and domestic animals to the area and surrounding city. The southeast corner was the first to be altered later in March, followed by the northwest quarter in September. The northeast corner was only squared in 1849, and the southwest was reformed in 1856. This process required intense construction work, such as destroying, moving, or constructing buildings and grading and repaving roads. Due to these changes, no traces of the original earthworks remain aside from a section of elevated ground at the corner of Pickaway and Franklin streets.
On October 13, 1999, an F-3 tornado hit the city, set off by a squall line moving through the region. The tornado touched down on the north side of town, dealing considerable damage to a barber's shop and a masonry building. A furniture store also received a hole in its roof, and it was reported that items from inside the store were sucked out. Damage to nearby buildings occurred as the tornado moved east across the north-central part of town. The tornado moved into a residential area in the Northwood Park neighborhood, destroying several homes and damaging trees and vehicles.
Circleville letters mystery
Starting in 1977, residents began receiving mysterious letters from an unknown source identified only as "Writer". The letters contained threats of violence and supposed blackmail, often as means of coercing the receiver to comply with the Writer's will (e.g., voting for the Writer's preferred candidate in the county election). On January 27, 1983, the Writer hung up a sign visible from the bus route of Circleville School, containing obscenities regarding the 13-year-old daughter of bus driver Mary Gillispie. Upon observation of the sign, Gillispie discovered a booby-trapped box containing a loaded gun, which was rigged to fire upon attempted removal of the sign. Gillispie and her husband Ronald had previously received letters from the Writer accusing her of engaging in an extramarital affair with school superintendent Gordon Massie. Ronald had been killed under mysterious circumstances six years prior, in August 1977.
While the Gillispies' brother-in-law Paul Freshour was sentenced to 10 years in prison for the boobytrap incident in 1984, letters continued to circulate during his imprisonment. It was only after Freshour's release in 1994 that the Writer ceased threatening the residents of Circleville.
As of August 2024, the identity of the Writer remains unknown.
Geography
Circleville is situated on the eastern bank of the Scioto River, and is 25 miles south of Columbus and 22 miles north of Chillicothe.
Calamus Swamp is a 19-acre public reserve located 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from the town.
Climate
Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 census, Circleville had a population of 13,927. The median age was 39.3 years. 22.1% of residents were under the age of 18 and 20.6% of residents were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 95.0 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 91.0 males age 18 and over.
97.2% of residents lived in urban areas, while 2.8% lived in rural areas.
There were 5,625 households in Circleville, of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living in them. Of all households, 39.9% were married-couple households, 19.8% were households with a male householder and no spouse or partner present, and 31.1% were households with a female householder and no spouse or partner present. About 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.
! Race !! Number !! Percent
|-
| White || 12,562 || 90.2%
|-
| Black or African American || 368 || 2.6%
|-
| American Indian and Alaska Native || 56 || 0.4%
|-
| Asian || 98 || 0.7%
|-
| Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander || 3 || <0.1%
|-
| Some other race || 89 || 0.6%
|-
| Two or more races || 751 || 5.4%
|-
| Hispanic or Latino (of any race) || 270 || 1.9%
|}
2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 13,314 people, 5,402 households, and 3,447 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 6,024 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 95.4% White, 1.9% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.1% of the population.
There were 5,402 households, of which 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.2% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.2% were non-families. 30.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.90.
The median age in the city was 39.3 years. 23.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.8% were from 25 to 44; 25.4% were from 45 to 64; and 17.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.9% male and 52.1% female.
2000 census
As of the 2000 census
Circleville is home to the largest DuPont chemical plant in Ohio. Opened in the 1950s, it produces Mylar and Tedlar plastic films, the latter used extensively in the production of photovoltaic modules. PACCAR, a Seattle-based truck manufacturing company, has maintained a large factory for over 35 years.
Sofidel Group, one of the world's largest tissue paper manufacturers, invested $400 million in building a 1.4 million square foot plant on the south side of the city. Once it is operating at full capacity, the plant will employ approximately 700 people. The first roll of paper was produced from the plant in June 2018.
The PPG Industries Circleville plant is the company's center for polymer resin production, primarily for automotive applications. Global Transmission Parts, a distributor of vehicle transmission parts, has its corporate headquarters and main warehouse located east of Circleville on State Route 56.
Other major employers include OhioHealth; Circleville City, Teays Valley Local and Logan Elm Local School districts; Circle Plastics/TriMold LLC; the State of Ohio; and Wal-Mart Stores.
The Clarke-May Museum is run by the Pickaway County Historical Society.
Education
Circleville City School District operates one elementary school, one middle school, and Circleville High School.
Ohio Christian University, an institution affiliated with Churches of Christ in Christian Union, has been in operation at Circleville since 1948.
Circleville has a public library, a branch of the Pickaway County Library.
Notable people
thumb|The Ted Lewis Museum, the last remaining building from the town's circular plan
- Caleb Atwater – known as the "father of Ohio's public school system", the state's first historian, and an early scholar of the ancient Native American mounds and other earthworks in the Ohio Valley
- Rick Clifton – racing driver
- Conchata Ferrell – actress, best known for playing Berta the housekeeper in the CBS sitcom Two and a Half Men
- Genevieve Estelle Jones - ornithologist and illustrator
- Tony Laubach – storm chaser and meteorologist featured on the Discovery Channel
- Ted Lewis – vaudeville performer and bandleader during the Roaring Twenties; a Ted Lewis Museum is located in the city, and a local park bears his name
- Ralph Haswell Lutz (1886–1968) – historian and chair of the board of directors of the Hoover War Library, 1925–1943
- Tiffany McDaniel – author
- Marguerite Courtright Patton – 21st President General of the Daughters of the American Revolution
- Dwight Radcliff – longest serving sheriff in US history
- Kohl Sudduth – actor known for the Jesse Stone series of TV movies