Church architecture refers to the architecture of Christian buildings, such as churches, chapels, convents, and seminaries.

It has evolved over the two thousand years of the Christian religion, partly by innovation and partly by borrowing other architectural styles as well as responding to changing beliefs, practices and local traditions. From Early Christianity to the present, the most significant objects of transformation for Christian architecture and design were the great churches of Byzantium, the Romanesque abbey churches, Gothic cathedrals and Renaissance basilicas with their emphasis on harmony. These large, often ornate and architecturally prestigious buildings were dominant features of the towns and countryside in which they stood. However, far more numerous were the parish churches in Christendom, the focus of Christian devotion in every town and village. While a few are counted as sublime works of architecture to equal the great cathedrals and churches, the majority developed along simpler lines, showing great regional diversity and often demonstrating local vernacular technology and decoration. Buildings were at first from those originally intended for other purposes but, with the rise of distinctively ecclesiastical architecture, church buildings came to influence secular ones which have often imitated religious architecture. In the 20th century, the use of new materials, such as steel and concrete, has had an effect upon the design of churches.

The history of church architecture divides itself into periods, and into countries or regions and by Christian denomination. The matter is complicated by the fact that buildings put up for one purpose may have been re-used for another, that new building techniques may permit changes in style and size, that changes in liturgical practice may result in the alteration of existing buildings and that a building built by one religious group may be used by a successor group with different purposes.

Church floorplans in the Western Christian tradition, at present, generally include the entrance of the church opening into a narthex; the narthex contains one or more doors into the nave of the church, and the altar is located in the chancel. Historically, chancel rails separate the nave from the chancel, though they are not universal in all churches now.

Origins and development of the church building

The simplest church building comprises a single meeting space, built of locally available material and using the same skills of construction as the local domestic buildings. Such churches are generally rectangular, but in African countries where circular dwellings are the norm, vernacular churches may be circular as well. A simple church may be built of mud brick, wattle and daub, split logs or rubble. It may be roofed with thatch, shingles, corrugated iron or banana leaves. However, church congregations, from the 4th century onwards, have sought to construct church buildings that were both permanent and aesthetically pleasing. This had led to a tradition in which congregations and local leaders have invested time, money and personal prestige into the building and decoration of churches.

Within any parish, the local church is often the oldest building and is larger than any pre-19th-century structure except perhaps a barn. The church is often built of the most durable material available, often dressed stone or brick. The requirements of liturgy have generally demanded that the church should extend beyond a single meeting room to two main spaces, one for the congregation and one in which the priest performs the rituals of the Mass. To the two-room structure is often added aisles, a tower, chapels, and vestries and sometimes transepts and mortuary chapels. The additional chambers may be part of the original plan, but in the case of a great many old churches, the building has been extended piecemeal, its various parts testifying to its long architectural history.

Beginnings

In the first three centuries of the Early Livia Christian Church, the practice of Christianity was illegal and few churches were constructed. In the beginning, Christians worshipped along with Jews in synagogues and in private houses. After the separation of Jews and Christians, the latter continued to worship in people's houses, known as house churches. These were often the homes of the wealthier members of the faith. Saint Paul, in his first letter to the Corinthians writes: "The churches of Asia send greetings. Aquila and Prisca, together with the church in their house, greet you warmly in the Lord."

Some domestic buildings were adapted to function as churches. One of the earliest of adapted residences is at Dura Europos church, built shortly after 200 AD, where two rooms were made into one, by removing a wall, and a dais was set up. To the right of the entrance a small room was made into a baptistry.

Some church buildings were specifically built as church assemblies, such as that opposite the emperor Diocletian's palace in Nicomedia. Its destruction was recorded thus:

<blockquote>When that day dawned, in the eighth consulship of Diocletian and seventh of Maximian, suddenly, while it was yet hardly light, the prefect, together with chief commanders, tribunes, and officers of the treasury, came to the church in Nicomedia, and the gates having been forced open, they searched everywhere for an idol of the Divinity. The books of the Holy Scriptures were found, and they were committed to the flames; the utensils and furniture of the church were abandoned to pillage: all was rapine, confusion, tumult. That church, situated on rising ground, was within view of the palace; and Diocletian and Galerius stood as if on a watchtower, disputing long whether it ought to be set on fire. The sentiment of Diocletian prevailed, who dreaded lest, so great a fire being once kindled, some part of the city might he burnt; for there were many and large buildings that surrounded the church. Then the Pretorian Guards came in battle array, with axes and other iron instruments, and having been let loose everywhere, they in a few hours leveled that very lofty edifice with the ground.</blockquote>

From house church to church

From the first to the early fourth centuries most Christian communities worshipped in private homes, often secretly. Some Roman churches, such as the Basilica of San Clemente in Rome, are built directly over the houses where early Christians worshipped. Other early Roman churches are built on the sites of Christian martyrdom or at the entrance to catacombs where Christians were buried.

thumb|[[Saint Peter's church, Vienne (Isère)|Saint Peter's church, Vienne, France, built at the end of the 5th century as an episcopal burial church in the form of an ancient basilica]]

With the victory of the Roman emperor Constantine at the Battle of Milvian Bridge in 312 AD, Christianity became a lawful and then the privileged religion of the Roman Empire. The faith, already spread around the Mediterranean, now expressed itself in buildings. Christian architecture was designed to correspond to the civic and imperial forms of ancient Roman architecture, because the architects and building craftsmen mastered these forms. The Aula regia, the typical audience hall of imperial palaces with a throne apse, became the model for aisleless churches (later developed into hall churches), whereas the Basilica building type, with a higher central nave flanked by two or more lower longitudinal aisles, commonly used for market halls in the Roman era, became the most widespread building type for churches in the East and West, sometimes with galleries and clerestories. While civic basilicas mostly had no apses, or sometimes apses at either end, the Christian basilica usually had a single apse (like the aula regia) where the bishop and presbyters sat in a dais behind the altar. While pagan basilicas had as their focus a statue of the emperor, Christian basilicas focused on the altar as place of the Eucharist. Central buildings, often modeled on Roman official buildings, with circular (rotunda - like the Pantheon, Rome), oval, square, cruciform, hexagonal, octagonal, nonagonal or higher polygonal building shapes, also served as models, for example for the 6th century Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna. The Roman temple, on the other hand, was only suitable as a design for smaller chapels, as it only had a small cella inside, to which only the priests had access, but not the congregation, as in Christian churches.

The first very large Christian churches were built in Rome in the early 4th century: Old St. Peter's Basilica, Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, San Giovanni in Laterano, Santa Maria Maggiore, and in the early 5th century Santa Sabina (which of Rome's ancient churches has most faithfully preserved its original appearance).

In Ravenna, the temporary ruler's residence shortly before and after the fall of the Roman Empire (476), many early Christian churches were not only newly built but have also been preserved to this day: In the 5th century the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia and the Baptistery of Neon were built and in the 6th century the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe, Basilica of San Vitale, the Arian Baptistery and the Archbishop's Chapel.

In addition to such new church buildings, a number of ancient temples or civil buildings were later converted into churches, especially after the fall of the Roman Empire, for instance the Pantheon, Rome, the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, Rome, Sant'Adriano al Foro, Rome (the former Curia Julia), the Mausoleum of Constantina, Rome, Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri (the former frigidarium and tepidarium of the Baths of Diocletian), Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, Rome (a former Imperial aula), Santa Balbina, Rome (the hall of a private palace of Lucius Fabius Cilo), the Cathedral of Syracuse (a Greek temple), the Temple of Minerva, Assisi, the Maison carrée in Nîmes, France (a former temple), the Baptistère Saint-Jean in Poitiers, France (a former civil building).

The early churches distinguished themselves from pagan temples by the simplicity in their execution; a lot of brickwork and little marble, no plastic arts, no “moving” scenes. The glass mosaics were suggestive (poster function) but made of comparatively cheap material. Depictions of saints like those in Ravenna were deliberately not lifelike, but rather “disembodied”. The outer walls were only lightened up by the partially large windows. It was only later that the upper part of the facade was decorated with mosaics. In much later eras were these basilicas more richly decorated, with magnificent Renaissance ceilings and marble walls, pompous statues and stucco, such as the still standing Roman ones, Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, San Giovanni in Laterano, Santa Maria Maggiore. The Ravenna Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe still gives a relatively authentic impression, with the original columns, mosaics and the open beamed ceiling as well as the exterior.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="130">

File:Roma - Basilica di Santa Balbina all'Aventino - 2024-09-18 14-05-48 001.jpg|Santa Balbina, Rome (the former hall of a private palace of the 2nd century)

File:Rom, Basilika Santa Sabina, Außenansicht.jpg|Santa Sabina, Rome (built in the early 5th century)

File:

File:Sant'Apollinare in Classe Ravenna 02-87-edit.jpg|Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna (built in the early 6th century)

File:Basilica of San Vitale.jpg|Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna (early 6th century)

</gallery>

Characteristics of the early Christian church building

thumb|350px|Plan of Old [[St Peter's Basilica, showing atrium (courtyard), narthex (vestibule), central nave with double aisles, a bema for the clergy extending into a transept, and an exedra or semi-circular apse.]]

The church building as we know it grew out of a number of features of the Ancient Roman period:

  • The house church
  • The atrium
  • The narthex
  • The basilica
  • The bema
  • The mausoleum: centrally planned building
  • The cruciform ground plan: Latin or Greek cross
  • Crossing
  • Lantern tower

Atrium

When early Christian communities began to build churches they drew on one particular feature of the houses that preceded them, the atrium, or courtyard with a colonnade surrounding it. Most of these atriums have disappeared. A fine example remains at the Basilica of San Clemente in Rome and another was built in the Romanesque period at Sant'Ambrogio, Milan. The descendants of these atria may be seen in the large square cloisters that can be found beside many cathedrals, and in the huge colonnaded squares or piazza at the Basilicas of St Peter's in Rome and St Mark's in Venice and the Camposanto (Holy Field) at the Cathedral of Pisa.

Narthex

The narthex is the space in the church through which the faithful can enter the nave.

Basilica

Early church architecture did not draw its form from Roman temples, as they did not have large internal spaces where worshipping congregations could meet. It was the Roman basilica used for meetings, markets, and courts of law that provided a model for the large Christian church and that gave its name to the Christian basilica.

Both Roman basilicas and Roman bath houses had at their core a large vaulted building with a high roof, braced on either side by a series of lower chambers or a wide arcaded passage. An important feature of the Roman basilica was that at either end it had a projecting exedra, or apse, a semicircular space roofed with a half-dome. This was where the magistrates sat to hold court. It passed into the church architecture of the Roman world and was adapted in different ways as a feature of cathedral architecture.

The earliest large churches, such as the Cathedral of San Giovanni in Laterano in Rome, consisted of a single-ended basilica with one apsidal end and a courtyard, or atrium, at the other end. As Christian liturgy developed, processions became part of the proceedings. The processional door was that which led from the furthest end of the building, while the door most used by the public might be that central to one side of the building, as in a basilica of law. This is the case in many cathedrals and churches.

Bema

As numbers of clergy increased, the small apse which contained the altar, or table upon which the sacramental bread and wine were offered in the rite of Holy Communion, was not sufficient to accommodate them. A raised dais called a bema, a concept taken from synagogue architecture, formed part of many large basilican churches. In the case of St. Peter's Basilica and San Paolo Fuori le Mura (St Paul's outside the Walls) in Rome, this bema extended laterally beyond the main meeting hall, forming two arms so that the building took on the shape of a T with a projecting apse. From this beginning, the plan of the church developed into the so-called Latin Cross which is the shape of most Western Cathedrals and large churches. The arms of the cross are called the transept.

Mausoleum

One of the influences on church architecture was the mausoleum. The mausoleum of a noble Roman was a square or circular domed structure which housed a sarcophagus. The Emperor Constantine built for his daughter Costanza a mausoleum which has a circular central space surrounded by a lower ambulatory or passageway separated by a colonnade.

Santa Costanza's burial place became a place of worship as well as a tomb. It is one of the earliest church buildings that was central, rather than longitudinally planned. Constantine was also responsible for the building of the circular, mausoleum-like Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, which in turn influenced the plan of a number of buildings, including that constructed in Rome to house the remains of the proto-martyr Stephen, San Stefano Rotondo and the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna.

Ancient circular or polygonal churches are comparatively rare. A small number, such as the Temple Church, London were built during the Crusades in imitation of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre as isolated examples in England, France, and Spain. In Denmark such churches in the Romanesque style are much more numerous. In parts of Eastern Europe, there are also round tower-like churches of the Romanesque period but they are generally vernacular architecture and of small scale. Others, like St Martin's Rotunda at Visegrad, in the Czech Republic, are finely detailed.

The circular or polygonal form lent itself to those buildings within church complexes that perform a function in which it is desirable for people to stand, or sit around, with a centralized focus, rather than an axial one. In Italy, the circular or polygonal form was used throughout the medieval period for baptisteries, while in England it was adapted for chapter houses. In France, the aisled polygonal plan was adopted as the eastern terminal and in Spain, the same form is often used as a chapel.

Other than Santa Costanza and San Stefano, there was another significant place of worship in Rome that was also circular, the vast Ancient Roman Pantheon, with its numerous statue-filled niches. This too was to become a Christian church and lend its style to the development of Cathedral architecture.

Latin cross and Greek cross

Most cathedrals and great churches have a cruciform groundplan. In churches of Western European tradition, the plan is usually longitudinal, in the form of the so-called Latin Cross, with a long nave crossed by a transept. The transept may be as strongly projecting as at York Minster or not project beyond the aisles as at Amiens Cathedral.

Many of the earliest churches of Byzantium have a longitudinal plan. At Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, there is a central dome, the frame on one axis by two high semi-domes and on the other by low rectangular transept arms, the overall plan being square. This large church was to influence the building of many later churches, even into the 21st century. A square plan in which the nave, chancel and transept arms are of equal length forming a Greek cross, the crossing generally surmounted by a dome became the common form in the Eastern Orthodox Church, with many churches throughout Eastern Europe and Russia being built in this way. Churches of the Greek Cross form often have a narthex or vestibule which stretches across the front of the church. This type of plan was also to later play a part in the development of church architecture in Western Europe, most notably in Bramante's plan for St. Peter's Basilica. During the Middle Ages all wooden churches in Norway (about 1000 in total) were constructed in the stave church technique, but only 271 masonry constructions. After the Protestant reformation when the construction of new (or replacement of old) churches was resumed, wood was still the dominant material but the log technique became dominant. The log construction gave a lower more sturdy style of building compared to the light and often tall stave churches. Log construction became structurally unstable for long and tall walls, particularly if cut through by tall windows. Adding transepts improved the stability of the log technique and is one reason why the cruciform floor plan was widely used during 1600 and 1700s. For instance the Old Olden Church (1759) replaced a building damaged by hurricane, the 1759 church was then constructed in cruciform shape to make it withstand the strongest winds. The length of trees (logs) also determined the length of walls according to Sæther. In Samnanger church for instance, outside corners have been cut to avoid splicing logs, the result is an octagonal floor plan rather than rectangular. The cruciform constructions provided a more rigid structure and larger churches, but view to the pulpit and altar was obstructed by interior corners for seats in the transept. The octagonal floor plan offers good visibility as well as a rigid structure allowing a relatively wide nave to be constructed – Håkon Christie believes that this is a reason why the octagonal church design became popular during the 1700s.

In Ukraine, wood church constructions originate from the introduction of Christianity and continued to be widespread, particularly in rural areas, when masonry churches dominated in cities and in Western Europe.

Regional styles

Church architecture varies depending on both the sect of the faith, as well as the geographical location and the influences acting upon it. Variances from the typical church architecture as well as unique characteristics can be seen in many areas around the globe.

Armenia

England

thumb|[[Westminster Abbey in London]]

The style of churches in England has gone through many changes under the influence of geographical, geological, climatic, religious, social and historical factors. One of the earliest style changes is shown in Westminster Abbey, which was built in a foreign style and was a cause for concern for many as it heralded change. before later falling to the greater influence of the Byzantine styles. The early western influences can be seen in two places, the first is a church in Câmpulung, that showcases distinctly Romanesque styles, and the second are the remnants of a church in Drobeta-Turnu Severin, which has features of the Gothic style. There are remnants of the Byzantine inspired architecture in many of the churches, such as the large domed ceilings, extensive stonework, and a maximizing of space to be used for religious iconography on walls and such. Texas in itself was a religious hotbed, and so ecclesiastical architecture developed at a faster pace than in other areas. Looking at the Antebellum period, (1835–1861) Church architecture shows the values and personal beliefs of the architects who created them, while also showcasing Texan cultural history.

thumb|[[Enda Mariam Cathedral, Asmara|Enda Mariam Cathedral in Asmara, Eritrea. ]]

The next period, beginning in the second half of the first millennium AD and lasting into the 16th century, includes both structures built of conventional materials, and those hewn from rock. Although most surviving examples of the first are now found in caves, Thomas Pakenham discovered an example in Wollo, protected inside the circular walls of later construction. An example of these built-up churches would be the church of Yemrehana Krestos, which has many resemblances to the church of Debre Damo both in plan and construction.

The other style of this period, perhaps the most famous architectural tradition of Ethiopia, are the numerous monolithic churches. This includes houses of worship carved out of the side of mountains, such as Abreha we Atsbeha, which although approximately square the nave and transepts combine to form a cruciform outline – leading experts to categorize Abreha we Atsbeha as an example of cross-in-square churches. Then there are the churches of Lalibela, which were created by excavating into "a hillside of soft, reddish tuff, variable in hardness and composition". Some of the churches, such as Biete Amanuel and the cross-shaped Bete Giyorgis, are entirely free-standing with the volcanic tuff removed from all sides, while other churches, such as Biete Gabriel-Rufael and Biete Abba Libanos, are only detached from the living rock on one or two sides. All of the churches are accessed through a labyrinth of tunnels.

The final period of Ethiopian church architecture, which extends to the present day, is characterized by round churches with conical roofs – quite similar to the ordinary houses the inhabitants of the Ethiopian Highlands live in. Despite this resemblance, the interiors are quite different in how their rooms are laid out, based on a three-part division of:

  1. A maqdas where the tabot is kept, and only priests may enter;
  2. An inner ambulatory called the qiddist used by communicants at mass; and
  3. An outer ambulatory, the qene mehlet, used by the dabtaras and accessible to anyone.

East and Southeast Asia

Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese architectures have been integrated into church building design. Hundreds of timber-framed churches in Northern Vietnam are constructed with traditional methods, exhibiting great cultural and historical values.

During the first decades of the 20th century, a new Sino-Christian church architecture emerged.

Some churches across Southeast Asia have also incorporated traditional architecture, such as the Church of the Sacred Heart, Ganjuran, Java, Indonesia, and the Holy Redeemer Church, Bangkok, Thailand.

;Taiwan

In East Asia, Taiwan is one of several countries famous for its church architecture. The Spanish Fort Santo Domingo in the 17th century had an adjacent church. The Dutch Fort Zeelandia in Tainan also included a chapel. In modern architecture several churches have been inspired to use traditional designs. These include the Church of the Good Shepherd in Shihlin (Taipei), which was designed by Su Hsi Tsung and built in the traditional siheyuan style. The chapel of Taiwan Theological College and Seminary includes a pagoda shape and traditional tile-style roof. Zhongshan and Jinan Presbyterian churches were built during the Japanese era (1895–1945) and reflect a Japanese aesthetic. Tunghai University's Luce Memorial Chapel, designed by IM Pei's firm, is often held up as an example of a modern, contextualized style.

; The Philippines

Spanish, Austronesian, and Chinese construction ideas merged during the Spanish era of the Philippines (late 15th to late 19th century), which is the only Christian-majority nation in the Far East together with the small island nation of East Timor. These traditions had to adapt to the tropical climate and earthquake-prone environment, which resulted in a new types of arquitectura mestiza unique to the archipelago developed over three centuries.

Convents and monasteries were primarily built in the bahay na bato tradition, which had the architectural principle of native Austronesian framework which was improvised with Chinese elements. Stone masonry introduced by Spaniards, and ornaments mostly Classical tradition. Most early churches, though illiterate, with limited knowledge from the cooperation between Spanish friars and Chinese architects with native manpower, drew from Renaissance, Baroque and Mudéjar traditions while complying with the tropical climate and earthquake-prone environment of the islands, resulting in an architectural style known as Filipino Baroque or Earthquake Baroque, characterized by fortress-like thick walls and (buttresses); squat cylindrical, rectangular or octagonal belfries also serving as watch towers; local motifs; and in some extent, Asian guardian lions as grotesques. Though still retaining its unique local characteristics, the styles became more literate as more architects arrived from the other parts of the Spanish Empire, and even started incorporating newer styles such as Neoclassical, Neo-Gothic and Neo-Romanesque.

Gothic era church architecture

Gothic-era architecture, originating in 12th-century France, is a style where curves, arches, and complex geometry are highly emphasized. The defining feature of the style is the pointed (or ogival) arch. It was developed together with rib vaults and flying buttresses to allow for taller structures with larger windows, which were often decorated with tracery and stained glass. These intricate structures, often of immense size, required great amounts of planning, effort and resources; involved large numbers of engineers and laborers; and often took hundreds of years to complete—all of which was considered a tribute to God.

Characteristics

The characteristics of a Gothic-style church are largely in congruence with the ideology that the more breathtaking a church is, the better it reflects the majesty of God. This was accomplished through clever math and engineering in a time period where complex shapes, especially in huge cathedrals, were not typically found in structures. Through this newly implemented skill of being able to design complex shapes churches consisted of namely pointed arches, curved lights and windows, and rib vaults. Since these newly popular designs were implemented with respect to the width of the church rather than height, width was much more desired rather than height.

Art

Gothic architecture in churches had a heavy emphasis on art. Just like the structure of the building, there was an emphasis on complex geometric shapes. An example of this is stained glass windows, which can still be found in modern churches. Stained glass windows were both artistic and functional in the way that they allowed colored light to enter the church and create a heavenly atmosphere. Other popular art styles in the Gothic era were sculptures. Creating lifelike depictions of figures, again with the use of complex curves and shapes. Artists would include a high level of detail to best preserve and represent their subject.

Time periods and styles

The Gothic era, first referred to by historiographer Giorgio Vasari, The birth of Protestantism led to extensive changes in the way that Christianity was practiced (and hence the design of churches).

During the Reformation period, there was an emphasis on "full and active participation". The Evangelical-Lutheran tradition viewed sacred art in a positive manner, and as such Neurburg Castle includes painted ceiling vaults and galleries. The first newly built Protestant church was the court chapel of Neuburg Castle in 1543, followed by the court chapel of Hartenfels Castle in Torgau, consecrated by Martin Luther on 5 October 1544.

In contrast, the Reformed (Calvinist) tradition (including the Continental Reformed and Anglican traditions) took an iconoclastic approach or a limited use to images. Holy Communion tables became wood to emphasise that Christ's sacrifice was made once for all and were made more immediate to the congregation to emphasise man's direct access to God through Christ. Therefore, Catholic churches were redecorated when they became Reformed: Paintings and statues of saints were removed and sometimes the altar table was placed in front of the pulpit, as in Strasbourg Cathedral in 1524. The pews were turned towards the pulpit. Wooden galleries were built to allow more worshippers to follow the sermon. Images and statues were sometimes removed in disorderly attacks and unofficial Calvinist mob actions (in the Netherlands called the Beeldenstorm). Medieval churches were stripped of their decorations, such as the Grossmünster in Zürich in 1524, a stance enhanced by the Calvinist reformation, beginning with its main church, St. Pierre Cathedral in Geneva, in 1535. At the Peace of Augsburg of 1555, which ended a period of armed conflict between Roman Catholic and Protestant forces within the Holy Roman Empire, the rulers of the German-speaking states and Charles V, the Habsburg Emperor, agreed to accept the principle Cuius regio, eius religio, meaning that the religion of the ruler was to dictate the religion of those ruled. In the Netherlands the Reformed church in Willemstad, North Brabant was built in 1607 as the first Protestant church building in the Netherlands, a domed church with an octagonal shape, according to Calvinism's focus on the sermon. The Westerkerk of Amsterdam was built between 1620 and 1631 in Renaissance style and remains the largest church in the Netherlands that was built for Protestants.

thumbnail|The Protestant wooden church in [[Hronsek (Slovakia) was built in 1726.]]

By the beginning of the 17th century, in spite of the cuius regio principle, the majority of the peoples in the Habsburg monarchy had become Protestant, sparking the Counter-Reformation by the Habsburg emperors which resulted in the Thirty Years' War in 1618. In the Peace of Westphalia treaties of 1648 which ended the war, the Habsburgs were obliged to tolerate three Protestant churches in their province of Silesia, where the counter-reformation had not been completely successful, as in Austria, Bohemia and Hungary, and about half of the population still remained Protestant. However, the government ordered these three churches to be located outside the towns, not to be recognisable as churches, they had to be wooden structures, to look like barns or residential houses, and they were not allowed to have towers or bells. The construction had to be accomplished within a year. Accordingly, the Protestants built their three Churches of Peace, huge enough to give space for more than 5,000 people each. Two of them are still existing and have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites. When Protestant troops under Swedish leadership again threatened to invade the Habsburg territories during the Great Northern War, the Habsburgs were forced to allow more Protestant churches within their empire with the Treaty of Altranstädt (1707), however limiting these with similar requirements, the so-called Gnadenkirchen (Churches of Grace). They were mostly smaller wooden structures like the one in Hronsek (Slovakia) of 1726.

In Britain during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it became usual for Anglican churches to display the Royal Arms inside, either as a painting or as a relief, to symbolise the monarch's role as head of the church.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, Protestant churches were built in the Baroque style that originated in Italy, however consciously more simply decorated. Some could still become fairly grand, for instance, St Paul's Cathedral, London, built from 1675, the Katarina Church, Stockholm, built from 1723, St. Michael's Church, Hamburg, built from 1751, or the Dresden Frauenkirche, built between 1726 and 1743 as a sign of the will of the citizen to remain Protestant after their ruler had converted to Catholicism.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="175px">

St Pauls aerial (cropped).jpg|St Paul's Cathedral, London

NZ7 3396 (52484317561).jpg|Katarina Church, Stockholm

Hamburg St Michaelis 07.jpg|St. Michael's Church, Hamburg

Dresden Germany Exterior-of-Frauenkirche-04.jpg|Frauenkirche, Dresden

</gallery>

Protestant Baroque, for example English Baroque architecture, appears overall more rational than the ornamentally dynamic, emotionally charged and dramatic variant of Southern European Baroque. For example, Christopher Wren's façade of St Paul's Cathedral differs significantly from Borromini's sweeping Roman Baroque.

thumb|Interior of [[Ludwigskirche in Saarbrücken (1762)]]

Some churches were built with a new and genuinely Protestant alignment: the transept became the main church while the nave was omitted, for instance at the Ludwigskirche in Saarbrücken of 1762; this building scheme was also quite popular in Switzerland, with the largest being the churches of Wädenswil (1767) and Horgen (1782). A new Protestant interior design scheme was established in many German Lutheran churches during the 18th century, following the example of the court chapel of Wilhelmsburg Castle of 1590: The connection of altar with baptismal font, pulpit and organ in a vertical axis. The central painting above the altar was replaced with the pulpit.

Neo-Lutheranism in the early 19th century criticized this scheme as being too profane. The German Evangelical Church Conference, therefore, recommended the Gothic language of forms for church building in 1861. Gothic Revival architecture began its triumphal march. With regard to Protestant churches, it was not only an expression of historism, but also of a new theological programme which put the Lord's supper above the sermon again. The Berlin Cathedral is a triumphal Lutheran cathedral built in 1893 by Emperor Wilhelm II in high Neo-Renaissance style.

thumb|[[Ringkirche in Wiesbaden (1892–94)]]

Around 1880, two decades after the Neo-Gothic recommendation, liberal Lutherans and Calvinists expressed their wish for a new genuinely Protestant church architecture, conceived on the basis of liturgical requirements. The spaces for altar and worshippers should no longer be separated from each other. Accordingly, churches should not only give space for service, but also for social activities of the parish. Churches were to be seen as meeting houses for the celebrating faithful. The Ringkirche in Wiesbaden was the first church realised according to this ideology in 1892–94, albeit still in neo-Gothic form. The unity of the parish was expressed by an architecture that united the pulpit and the altar in its circle, following early Calvinist tradition. In modern architecture, especially from the 1950s and 1960s until today, many churches were built according to these specifications. These protestant ideas have also had an impact on modern Catholic church architecture: When St. Hedwig's Cathedral in Berlin was rebuilt after the Second World War, a similar arrangement was chosen, which was also retained in the most recent redesign of its interior. Many new Catholic churches now also follow this program.

Modernism

The idea that worship was a corporate activity and that the congregation should be in no way excluded from sight or participation derives from the Liturgical Movement. Simple one-room plans are almost of the essence of modernity in architecture. In France and Germany between the first and second World Wars, some of the major developments took place. The Église Notre-Dame du Raincy near Paris by Auguste Perret is cited as the starting point of process, not only for its plan but also for the materials used, reinforced concrete.

Under Romano Guardini's leadership, the chapel at Rothenfels Castle became the heart of the liturgical movement, which anticipated key ideas of the Second Vatican Council. Inspired by the Dessau Bauhaus and his studying under the master builder Hans Poelzig in Berlin, the architect Rudolf Schwartz designed the interiors as well as many of the furnishings of the castle chapel. Schwarz became hugely influential on later church building, not only in Europe but also in the United States of America. Schloss Rothenfels was a large rectangular space, with solid white walls, deep windows and a stone pavement. It had no decoration. The only furniture consisted of a hundred little black cuboid moveable stools. For worship, an altar was set up and the faithful surrounded it on three sides.

Corpus Christi in Aachen was Schwartz's first parish church and adheres to the same principles, very much reminiscent of the Bauhaus movement of art. Externally it is a plan cube; the interior has white walls and colourless windows, a langbau i.e. a narrow rectangle at the end of which is the altar. It was to be, said Schwartz not 'christocentric' but 'theocentric'. In front of the altar were simple benches. Behind the altar was a great white void of a back wall, signifying the region of the invisible Father. The influence of this simplicity spread to Switzerland with such architects as Fritz Metzger and Dominikus Böhm.

thumb|Model of [[Notre Dame du Haut by Le Corbusier (1954)]]

thumb|Notre Dame du Haut: The open altar facing east and an outer pulpit

After the Second World War, Metzger continued to develop his ideas, notably with the church of St. Franziskus at Riehen near Basel, Switzerland (1950). Another notable building is the chapel Notre Dame du Haut at Ronchamp by Le Corbusier (1954) with an open altar facing east and an outer pulpit. Similar principles of simplicity and continuity of style throughout can be found in the United States, in particular at the Roman Catholic Abbey church of St. Procopius, in Lisle, near Chicago (1971).

A theological principle which resulted in change was the decree Sacrosanctum Concilium of the Second Vatican Council issued in December 1963. This encouraged 'active participation' (in Latin: participatio actuosa) by the faithful in the celebration of the liturgy by the people and required that new churches should be built with this in mind (para 124) Subsequently, rubrics and instructions encouraged the use of a freestanding altar allowing the priest to face the people. The effect of these changes can be seen in such churches as the Roman Catholic Metropolitan Cathedrals of Liverpool and the Brasília, both circular buildings with a free-standing altar.

Different principles and practical pressures produced other changes. Parish churches were inevitably built more modestly. Often shortage of finances, as well as a 'market place' theology suggested the building of multi-purpose churches, in which secular and sacred events might take place in the same space at different times. Again, the emphasis on the unity of the liturgical action, was countered by a return to the idea of movement. Three spaces, one for the baptism, one for the liturgy of the word and one for the celebration of the Eucharist with a congregation standing around an altar, were promoted by Richard Giles in England and the United States. The congregation were to process from one place to another. Such arrangements were less appropriate for large congregations than for small; for the former, proscenium arch arrangements with huge amphitheatres such as at Willow Creek Community Church in Chicago in the United States (which resembles an office building from the outside) have been one answer.

Examples of Brutalist architecture are: The Sanctuary in Velbert, Germany, the Markus Church, Stockholm, Sweden, the Catholic church St Gallus, Lichtensteig, Switzerland (which resembles a tenement from the outside).

<gallery mode="nolines">

Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral at dusk (reduced grain), corrected perspective.jpg|Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral, UK

Catedral Metropolitana de Brasilia.jpg|Cathedral of Brasília

2023-05-Wallfahrtskirche-Maria-Koenigin-des-Friedens-Neviges-4.jpg|Sanctuary in Velbert, Germany

Markuskyrkan_nave.jpg|Markus Church, Stockholm, Sweden

Toggenburg Lichtensteig Katholische Kirche StGallus view from the north2.jpg|Catholic church St Gallus, Lichtensteig, Switzerland

Willow Creek Community Church - 51174324956.jpg|Willow Creek Community Church, Chicago, USA

Willow Creek Church worship 2012.jpg|One of the ever-changing “stage sets” at Willow Creek Church

</gallery>

Postmodernism

As with other Postmodern movements, the Postmodern movement in architecture formed in reaction to the ideals of modernism as a response to the perceived blandness, hostility, and utopianism of the Modern movement. While rare in designs of church architecture, there are nonetheless some notable for recover and renew historical styles and "cultural memory" of Christian architecture. Notable practitioners include Dr. Steven Schloeder, Duncan Stroik, and Thomas Gordon Smith.

The functional and formalized shapes and spaces of the modernist movement are replaced by unapologetically diverse aesthetics: styles collide, form is adopted for its own sake, and new ways of viewing familiar styles and space abound. Perhaps most obviously, architects rediscovered the expressive and symbolic value of architectural elements and forms that had evolved through centuries of building—often maintaining meaning in literature, poetry and art—but which had been abandoned by the modern movement. Church buildings in Nigeria evolved from its foreign monument look of old to the contemporary design which makes it look like a factory.

See also

  • Akron plan
  • Bell-gable
  • Cathedral architecture
  • Church porch
  • Gothic cathedrals and churches
  • Marian and Holy Trinity columns
  • Mathematics and architecture
  • Monastery
  • Oldest churches in the world
  • Polish Cathedral style churches in North America
  • Parish close
  • Religious architecture
  • Protestantism in Germany
  • Tin tabernacle
  • Triumphal arch between nave and altar apse
  • :Category:Church architecture

References

Notes

Bibliography

  • Menachery, George (ed.) The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, 3 volumes: Trichur 1973, Trichur 1982, Ollur 2009; hundreds of photographs on Indian church architecture.
  • 500 Photos.
  • Pevsner, Nikolaus (1951–1974). The Buildings of England (series), Harmondsworth: Penguin.
  • Focusing on modern church architecture, mid-20th-century.
  • Oldest Christian chapel in the Holy Land found
  • EnVisionChurch.org, Commentaries and case studies on modern church building and architecture
  • Photographs of European cathedrals, monasteries and cloisters
  • Digital collection with floor plans, details, sections, and elevations of three Buffalo churches from the University at Buffalo Libraries