Chum salmon

The chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta), also known as dog salmon or keta salmon, is a species of anadromous salmonid fish from the genus Oncorhynchus (Pacific salmon) native to the coastal rivers of the North Pacific and the Beringian Arctic. The English name "chum salmon" comes from the Chinook Jargon term tsəm, meaning "spotted" or "marked"; while keta in the scientific name comes from Russian, which in turn comes from the Evenki language of Eastern Siberia.

In Japan, chum salmon is also known as the , or simply , while historically it was known in kun'yomi as up until the Meiji period. In Greater China, it is known academically as the "hook-snout salmon" (), but is more often called the damaha fish (), which is borrowed from dawa ịmaχa, the Nanai name of the fish used by the Hezhe minority in northern Northeast China.

Description

The body of the chum salmon is deeper than most salmonid species. In common with other species found in the Pacific, the anal fin has 12 to 20 rays, compared with a maximum of 12 in European species. Chum have an ocean coloration of silvery blue green with some indistinct spotting in a darker shade, and a rather paler belly. When they move into fresh water the color changes to dark olive green and the belly color deepens. When adults are near spawning, they have purple blotchy streaks near the caudal peduncle, darker towards the tail. Spawning males typically grow an elongated snout or kype, their lower fins become tipped with white and they have enlarged teeth. Some researchers speculate these characteristics are used to compete for mates.

Sizes

Adult chum salmon usually weigh from with an average length of . The all-tackle world record for chum recognized by the IGFA is and caught by Todd Johansson on July 11, 1995 at Edye Pass (a channel between Prescott and Porcher Islands in the Hecate Strait) in the North Coast region of British Columbia; while the all-tackle length world record is caught by Vicki D. Martin on October 20, 2021 at Wynoochee River in Washington. In North America chum salmon spawn from the Mackenzie River in the Arctic to as far south as the Umpqua River, Oregon, although they were also reported in the San Lorenzo River near Santa Cruz, California in 1915 and the Sacramento River in northern California in the 1950s. In fall 2017 a half dozen chum salmon were counted in Lagunitas Creek about north of San Francisco, California.

In the open ocean, chum salmon stay fairly high on the water column, rarely diving below . Their typical swimming depths are from the surface during the day, and during the night.

Commercial use and value

thumb|Oncorhynchus keta eggs

thumb|Global capture production of Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in thousand tonnes from 1950 to 2022, as reported by the [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]]

The registered total harvest of the chum salmon in the North Pacific in 2010 was some 313,000 tons, corresponding to 91 million fish. Half of the catch was from Japan, and about a quarter each from Russia and the United States. In 2010, the chum salmon harvest was about 34% of the total harvest of all Pacific salmon species by weight.

The chum salmon is the least commercially valuable salmon in North America. Despite being extremely plentiful in Alaska, commercial fishers and sport anglers often choose not to target them because of low market value due to the fact that the chum salmon is the least desirable salmon for human consumption. Recent market developments have increased the demand for chum salmon, due to new markets developed from 1984 to 1994 in Japan and Northern Europe. They are a traditional source of dried salmon.

Conservation

thumb|left|Artificially-incubated chum salmon

Two populations of chum salmon have been listed under the Endangered Species Act as threatened species. These are the Hood Canal Summer Run population and the Lower Columbia River population.

Description

Sizes

Commercial use and value

Conservation

Susceptibility to diseases

Notes

References

External links