Chitterlings

right|thumb|upright=1.3|Chitterlings in broth

thumb|[[Deep-fried pork bung skewers]]

Chitterlings (British English: ; American English: chitlins ) are the intestines eaten as offal. The large intestine is further known as bung. Chitterlings are consumed both as the casing for stuffed food and as a main ingredient. Chitterlings are high in fat and collagen; depending on preparation and cut, they can range in texture from very tender and gelatinous to springy.

Terminology

thumb|[[Anatomical diagram of the intestines and anterior mesenteric artery (red) of a bovine; the caecum, colon and terminal colon (rectum) are all different cuts of bovine bung.]]

'Chitterlings' is an English-language culinary umbrella term for both the small and large intestine. Large intestine can be specifically called 'bung.' The large intestine of common livestock is divided into the caecum, colon and rectum. In Western butchery, the caecum is split into the 'cap' side on the far end and the 'afterend' leading into the ileum and colon; the colon and rectum are called the 'middles and 'fatend' respectively. The bung cap is typically the widest cut of bung, and the fatend the smoothest; the middles has a ribbed texture from the haustra.

A 1743 English cookery book The Lady's Companion: or, An Infallible Guide to the Fair Sex contained a recipe for "Calf's Chitterlings" which was essentially a bacon and offal sausage in a calf's intestine casing. The recipe explained the use of calves', rather than the more usual pigs', intestines with the comment that "[these] sort of... puddings must be made in summer, when hogs are seldom killed". This recipe was repeated by the English cookery writer Hannah Glasse in her 1784 cookery book Art of Cookery.

Linguist Paul Anthony Jones has written, "in the late 1500s a chitterling was an ornate type of neck ruff, so called because its frilled edge looked like the folds of a slaughtered animal's entrails".

Preparation

Chitterlings must be stringently cleaned to avoid contamination, particularly by the orofecal pathogens Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella; it necessitates rigorous washing to remove any feces, which also reduces the natural odor of ammonia. The mucosa may be removed by extended boiling; industrially, the mucosa may be separated and used for producing heparin. Cooks may further sterilize the bung and reduce the ammonia stench by boiling it in an acid like vinegar before further preparation.

Regional traditions

As pigs are a common source of meat in many parts of the world, the dish known as chitterlings can be found in most pork-eating cultures. Chitterlings made from pig intestines are popular in many parts of Europe, and are also eaten in the southern United States.

Europe

Balkans, Greece, and Turkey

Kokoretsi, , or are usually prepared and stuffed, then grilled on a spit. In several countries such as Turkey, Greece, Albania, and Bulgaria, lamb intestines are widely used. In Turkish cuisine, the intestines are often chopped and cooked with oregano, peppers, and other spices.

France

are a traditional dish in Gironde. They are made of pigs' small intestines, boiled in bouillon, then grilled on a fire of grapevine cane. This is considered an expensive delicacy.

Andouillette is a type of sausage, found especially in Troyes, which is made predominantly of pig chitterlings.

Andouille is another kind of French chitterlings sausage found especially in Brittany and Normandy.

Saucisson is a type of sausage, which traditionally uses chitterlings both as a packaging and as an ingredient.

Spain

are a traditional dish in Madrid. The dish consists of sheep's small intestines, spleen, and pancreas, fried in their own fat in such a manner that they form small spirals. The dish is served hot, often with French fries. Few establishments today serve , as this is considered to be more of a speciality than a common dish. It is most commonly served during festivals.

: A traditional dish from Cuenca is , braided sheep's intestines rolled on a vine branch and usually broiled, but also sometimes fried, and sometimes smoked, usually served hot as an appetizer or tapa. A similar dish from La Rioja is , and from the province of Aragon, , all made with sheep's intestines and served as tapas.

United Kingdom

Chitterlings were common peasant food in medieval England, and remained a staple of the diet of low-income families right up until the late nineteenth century and not uncommon into the mid-twentieth century. Thomas Hardy wrote of chitterlings in his novel Tess of the D'Urbervilles, when the father of a poor family, John Durbeyfield, talks of what he would like to eat:

<blockquote>Tell 'em at home that I should like for supper—well, lamb's fry if they can get it; and if they can't, black-pot; and if they can't get that, well, chitterlings will do.</blockquote>

It illustrates that chitterlings were the poorest choice of poor food. George Sturt, writing in 1919 details the food eaten by his farming family in Farnborough when he was a child (probably around 1830):

<blockquote>During the winter they had chance to weary of almost every form and kind of pig-meat: hog's puddings, gammons, chitterlings, souse, salted spareribs—they knew all the varieties and welcomed any change. Mutton they almost never tasted: but sometimes they had a calf's head; sometimes even, though less often, a joint of veal.</blockquote>

Chitterlings are the subject of a song by 1970s Scrumpy and Western comedy folk band, The Wurzels, who come from the southwest of England.

Latin America and the Caribbean

People in the Caribbean and in Latin America eat chitterlings. (in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay) or (in Chile) (from the Quechua , meaning 'intestine') is the cow's small intestine used as a foodstuff. Other name variations from country to country are (Paraguay), or (Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico), (Brazil, Peru, Panama and Costa Rica), , or (Colombia), (Venezuela), (Ecuador), (Jamaica), and (Mexico).

Jamaica

In Jamaica, chitterlings are usually prepared in a number of ways. Usually the intestines of a goat are used as part of the ingredients of Mannish water or goat belly soup. Sometimes goat head may be included and may simply be called goat head soup, even though most of the ingredients do not constitute goat head alone. The intestines of a cow are usually prepared as a stew in one of three ways. The most popular would be curried tripe and beans where the intestines are cooked down with butter beans and curry powder. A similar stew is also made with butter beans but without the curry powder. Less common is a stew that is prepared with red kidney beans instead of butter beans and with no curry powder. In this latter case the stew has a very dark red colour and usually has a thick consistency. In most cases, chitterlings are commonly eaten with white rice, though rice and peas may be preferred.

Mexico

In Mexico, are very popular served as a in tacos. They are cleaned, boiled, sliced, and then fried until crispy. They are often served with a spicy, tangy tomatillo-based salsa. In Guadalajara, along with the traditional preparation for tacos, they are often prepared as a dish, served with a specialized sauce in a bowl and accompanied by a stack of tortillas, additional complementary sauces, limes, and salt.

United States

Asia and Australasia

Chitterlings are also eaten as a dish in many East Asian cuisines.

China

Both large and small intestine (typically pig) is eaten throughout China. Large intestine is called , literally 'fat intestine' because it is fatty. Small intestine is called , literally 'pig powder intestine' because it contains a white, pasty or powdery substance called chyme. The character or 'pig' is added at the beginning to disambiguate. This is because in Cantonese cuisine, there is a dish called cheong fun which uses intestine-shaped noodles.

Large intestine is typically chopped into rings and has a stronger odor than small intestine. It is added to stir-fry dishes and soups. It is also slow-cooked or boiled and served as a standalone dish. It releases oil that may be visible in the dish. Small intestine is normally chopped into tubes and may be simply boiled and served with a dipping sauce. Preparation techniques and serving presentations for both small and large intestine vary greatly within the country.

Japan

Offal dishes in Japan, known as or , often incorporate chitterlings as a core ingredient. Horumonyaki is Japanese cuisine grilled meat (yakiniku) that features chitterlings; bung is called (, ).

Korea

In Korea, chitterlings () are grilled or used for stews () in Korea. When they are grilled, they are often accompanied by various seasonings and lettuce leaves (to wrap). Stew is cooked with various vegetables and seasonings.

Philippines

In the Philippines, intestines in a culinary sense are known as isaw, while the more generic term is bituka. Pig intestines ( or ) are used in dishes such as dinuguan (pig blood stew). Isaw is also often eaten grilled on skewers as street food. Chicken intestines ( or ) are also used. Pig intestines are also prepared in a similar manner to pork rinds, known locally as chicharon. Two distinct types of these are called and , differing in the part of the intestine used.