General Charles Pelot Summerall (March 4, 1867 – May 14, 1955) was a senior United States Army officer. He commanded the 1st Infantry Division in World War I, was Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1926 to 1930, and was President of The Citadel between 1931 and 1953.
Childhood and education
Summerall was born in Blounts Ferry, Columbia County, Florida, on March 4, 1867, and attended the Porter Military Academy in South Carolina from 1882 to 1885. After graduation, he worked as a school teacher for three years. In 1888 he enrolled in the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York, graduating in June 1892. His classmates included numerous men who would later attain general officer rank, such as Julian Robert Lindsey, Tracy Campbell Dickson, Frank W. Coe, William Ruthven Smith, James Ancil Shipton, Louis Chapin Covell, Preston Brown, George Blakely, Robert Mearns, Peter Weimer Davison, Howard Russell Hickok, Henry Howard Whitney, John E. Woodward, John McAuley Palmer and George Columbus Barnhardt.
Early career
Commissioned as a second lieutenant, Summerall was assigned to the 1st Infantry Regiment, transferring to the 5th Artillery Regiment in March 1893. He performed garrison duty in California from 1893 to 1895, then served at Fort Hamilton, New York from 1895 to 1898. During the Spanish–American War, he was assigned to the Department of the Gulf as aide to the commander, Major General William Montrose Graham, and as an engineer officer in 1898 to 1899, receiving promotion to first lieutenant in March 1899.
Summerall participated with his unit in the Philippine Insurrection in 1899 to 1900, and was a member of the China Relief Expedition in 1900 to 1901, participating in the attack on Peking. He was promoted to captain and assigned to the 106th Coast Artillery Company in July 1901. He served at Forts Walla Walla and Lawton, in Washington state, commanding the latter post in 1901 to 1902. He was on duty at Camp Skagway and was in charge of preliminary work at Fort Seward in Alaska. He commanded Fort Flagler in 1902 to 1903, and then was transferred to the 3rd Field Artillery Battery with duty at Camp Thomas and Fort Myer in 1903 to 1905. Summerall's actions on November 10–11 resulted in over eleven hundred American casualties. Some have criticized the allied operations in the final days of the war, including those ordered by Summerall, as causing unnecessary loss of life, but they are more understandable in the context of previous failed peace attempts and rumors. Marshal Ferdinand Foch, the Allied Supreme Commander, warned General John Joseph "Blackjack" Pershing, Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) on the Western Front, on November 5: "It can happen that the enemy may spread rumors that an armistice is signed in order to deceive us. There is none. Let no one cease hostilities of any sort without information from the Marshal, Commander-In-Chief."
According to historian Niall Ferguson, Major General Summerall was equally capable of issuing orders that violated the laws and customs of war, as when he ordered U.S. Marine Corps officer Elton Mackin, "Way up there to the north is a railhead... Go cut it for me. And when you cut it, you will go hungry if you try to feed the prisoners you will take... Now I say, and you remember me on this, on those three ridges, take no prisoners." General Thomas T. Handy, discussing the impact of "real leaders", said "I remember old man Summerall, 5th Corps, way back in World War I. His personality was felt all the way down through it."
War correspondent Thomas Johnson wrote: "To command the V Corps in the place of General Cameron, came the epitome of a military leader, daring and careful, ruthless and inspiring, a Christian and a fighter, whose officers and men worshipped him, Major-General Charles P. Summerall of the 1st Division." He later observes "Summerall was spiritually a Civil war corps commander, mentally a scientific modern soldier, a twentieth-century Stonewall Jackson. He could deliver an exhortation to make men cry and curse and beg to get at the Germans."
In World War I, Summerall became embittered by General Joseph T. Dickman. During an attempted attack on Sedan in early November 1918, based on misleading orders by General Pershing, Summerall failed to coordinate with Dickman's I Corps and ordered his subordinate, Brigadier General Frank Parker, who had succeeded him in command of the 1st Division, to attack the city. During the attack, Parker's 1st Division entered Dickman's sector and mixed with two of his divisions and a French unit, causing confusion, delays and friendly fire incidents. Although the episode had no relevant military consequences, Gary Nichols reports, that even after Summerall became chief of staff, he attributed all criticism or resistance he encountered to supporters of Dickman, so "it became almost impossible to criticize him without incurring his wrath."
Post-war career
left|thumb|General Charles P. Summerall with [[Marie of Romania|Queen Marie of Romania on October `9, 1926.]]
Summerall commanded the 1st Division in 1919 to 1921, receiving promotion to brigadier general of the regular army in February 1919 and to major general in April 1920. He commanded the Hawaiian Department from August 1921 to August 1924.
thumb|right|Corps area commanders and division commanders meet with the army chief of staff, Major General Charles P. Summerall, at the War Department, May 1927.
After commanding the Eighth and Second Corps Areas from 1924 to 1926, Summerall was appointed Chief of Staff of the United States Army. He served from 21 November 1926 until 20 November 1930, and was promoted to general in February 1929. During his tenure he directed the formation of a mechanized force and recommended an integrated mobile force of tank, artillery, engineer, and quartermaster elements.
The elite rifle drill team at The Citadel is named The Summerall Guards in his honor. The Citadel's parade field, edged by the cadet barracks and most of the main buildings on campus, is named after him. The Summerall Chapel on the campus of The Citadel, built in 1936, is named for Summerall as well. Summerall Field is the main parade ground on Fort Myer, Virginia, where change of command ceremonies, retirements, the twilight tattoo and other major events are held featuring the 3d Infantry Regiment.
Awards
General Summerall's military awards include the following –
- Distinguished Service Cross
- Distinguished Service Medal
- Silver Star with three oak leaf clusters
- Spanish War Service Medal
- China Campaign Medal
- Philippine Campaign Medal
- Mexican Border Service Medal
- Victory Medal
- Grand Cordon, Order of Polonia Restituta (Poland)
- Grand Officer, Order of the Crown of Belgium
- Grand Officer, Order of Prince Danilo I (Montenegro)
- Commander, Legion of Honor (France)
- Commander, Order of the Crown of Italy
- Order of Military Merit of Cuba
- Croix de Guerre (France) with two Palms
- Military Medal of the Second Class, Republic of Panama
Citations
Summerall's received the Distinguished Service Cross as commanding general of the 1st Division. The citation for the award reads:
In contrast to the official citation, Colonel Conrad S. Babcock, commander of the 28th Infantry Regiment at Berzy-le-Sec, contended that Summerall was not at the front until after the battle.
The citation for Summerall's Distinguished Service Medal is as follows:
Dates of rank
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
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|align="center" |No pin insignia in 1892
|Second lieutenant, Regular Army: June 11, 1892
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|align="center" |13px
|First lieutenant, Regular Army: March 2, 1899
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|align="center" |33px
|Captain, Regular Army: July 1, 1901
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|align="center" |40px
|Major, Regular Army: March 11, 1911
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|align="center" |40px
|Lieutenant colonel, Regular Army: July 1, 1916
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|align="center" |60px
|Colonel, Regular Army: May 15, 1917
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|align="center" |33px
|Brigadier general, National Army: August 5, 1917
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|align="center" |66px
|Major general, National Army: May 26, 1918
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|align="center" |33px
|Brigadier general, Regular Army: February 16, 1919
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|align="center" |66px
|Major general, Regular Army: April 5, 1920
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|align="center" |132px
|General, Temporary: February 23, 1929
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|align="center" |66px
|Major general, Regular Army: November 20, 1930
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|align="center" |132px
|General, Retired list: March 31, 1931
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See also
- The Summerall Guards
References
Bibliography
External links
- World War I: Wasted Lives on Armistice Day by Joseph E. Persico (2005)
- The Citadel Archives: Charles Pelot Summerall Collection
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