thumb|upright|[[Indian God of Peace, Saint Paul City Hall and Ramsey County Courthouse, Saint Paul, Minnesota]]

Carl Milles (; 23 June 1875 – 19 September 1955) was a Swedish sculptor. He was married to artist Olga Milles (née Granner) and brother to Ruth Milles and half-brother to the architect Evert Milles. Carl Milles sculpted the Gustaf Vasa statue at the Stockholm Nordic Museum, the Poseidon statue in Gothenburg, the Orpheus group outside the Stockholm Concert Hall, and the Fountain of Faith in Falls Church, Virginia. His home near Stockholm, Millesgården, became his resting place and is now a museum.

Biography

He was born as Carl Wilhelm Emil Andersson, son of lieutenant August Emil Sebastian "Mille" Andersson and his wife Walborg Alfhild Maria Tisell, at Lagga outside Uppsala in 1875. In 1897 he made what he thought would be a temporary stop in Paris on his way to Chile, where he was due to manage a school of gymnastics. However, he remained in Paris, where he studied art, working in Auguste Rodin's studio and slowly gaining recognition as a sculptor. In 1904 he and Olga moved to Munich.

Two years later they settled in Sweden, buying property on Herserud Cliff on Lidingö, a large island near Stockholm. Millesgården was built there between 1906 and 1908 as the sculptor's private residence and workspace. It was turned into a foundation and donated to the Swedish people in 1936.

In 1931, American publisher George Gough Booth brought Milles to Cranbrook Educational Community, in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, to serve as his sculptor in residence. Part of Booth's arrangement with his principal artists was that they were expected to create major commissions outside the Cranbrook environment.

thumb|upright|Sculpture at Fort Christina

In 1938, for the 300th anniversary of the founding of New Sweden, the country commissioned a sculpture by Milles featuring a replica of the Kalmar Nyckel, the ship which originally brought the Swedish colonists to America. The sculpture is located at Fort Christina in Wilmington, Delaware, near the landing site where the colonists arrived in 1638.

American works

In America he is best known for his fountains. Milles' fountain group The Wedding of the Waters in St. Louis symbolizes the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers merging just upstream. Commissioned in 1936 and unveiled in May 1940 to a crowd of about 3000 people, the fountain caused a local uproar because of its playful, irreverent, naked, and nearly cartoonish figures, and because Milles had conceived the group as a wedding party. Local officials insisted that the name be changed to The Meeting of the Waters.

Outside Detroit's Frank Murphy Hall of Justice is a Carl Milles statue, The Hand of God, which was sculpted in honor of Frank Murphy, Detroit Mayor, Michigan Governor, and United States Supreme Court Associate Justice. The statue was placed on a pedestal with the help of sculptor Marshall Fredericks. The statue was commissioned by the United Automobile Workers, and paid for by individual donations from UAW members. The Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research, an annual award for research on entrepreneurship, consists of a replica statuette of The Hand of God and a prize of 100,000 euros.

Milles' sculptures sometimes offended American sensibilities, and he had a 'fig leaf' maker on retainer.

  • Gustav Vasa Statue, Nordic Museum, Stockholm, 1905-1907 (painted gypsum) and 1925 (painted oak)
  • Folkung Fountain, Old Square, Linköping, 1924–1927
  • Louis De Geer, Old Square, Norrköping, 1945
  • Sten Sture Monument, Uppsala, 1902–1925
  • Indian God of Peace, City Hall, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 1932–1936
  • Bronze doors, Finance Building, Pennsylvania State Capitol Complex, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1938
  • Diana Fountain, Matchstick Palace, Stockholm, 1927–28
  • Europe and the Bull Fountain, Stora Torg, Halmstad, 1924–1926
  • Exterior sculpted decor of Sweden's Royal Dramatic Theatre, Stockholm, 1903–1908
  • God on the Rainbow, Nacka, 1995 (by Marshall Fredericks, on a 1946 model by Milles for the Headquarters of the United Nations)
  • alt=The Greendale War Memorial which consists of a sculpture of an eagle atop a globe made of granite. The memorial is located on West Boylston Street in Worcester, Massachusetts.|thumb|The Greendale War Memorial on West Boylston Street in Worcester, Massachusetts.Greendale War Memorial for Veterans of All Wars, Worcester, Massachusetts, 1948
  • Man and Nature, lobby of 1 Rockefeller Plaza, Rockefeller Center, New York City, 1937–1941
  • Man and Pegasus, Castle Park, Malmö, 1949
  • Maritime Goddess, Helsingborg, 1921–1923
  • Meeting of the Waters, monumental fountain, St. Louis, Missouri, 1936–1940
  • Monument to Johannes Rudbeckius, Västerås, 1923
  • Numerous works at Cranbrook Educational Community, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, including Mermaids & Tritons Fountain, 1930, Sven Hedin on a Camel, 1932, Jonah and the Whale Fountain, 1932, Orpheus Fountain, 1936.
  • Poseidon Fountain, Götaplatsen, Gothenburg, 1925–1931
  • Saint Martin of Tours (William Volker Memorial Fountain), Kansas City, Missouri, 1950-1955
  • Sjöguden (Sea God), Skeppsbron, Stockholm, 1913
  • Skrattet (The Laugh), portrait of Janken Wiel-Hansen, Millesgården, Lidingö, 1909.
  • Spirit of Transportation, Detroit Civic Center, Detroit, Michigan, 1952
  • Sun Singer, Helgeandsholmen, Stockholm, 1926; replicas in Robert Allerton Park, Monticello, Illinois, and National Memorial Gardens, Falls Church, Virginia
  • Swedish Tercentenary Monument, Fort Christina, Wilmington, Delaware, 1937–38
  • The Archer, in front of Liljevalchs konsthall, Stockholm, 1919
  • The Astronomer, 1939 New York World's Fair, Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, 1938-39 (plaster, destroyed at the Fair's end; later reproduced in smaller-scale bronze)
  • The Four Ages of Economic Exchange, Stockholms Enskilda Bank head office, Stockholm, 1915
  • The Hand of God, Eskilstuna, 1952-1954
  • Two Dancers, 1915, placed on Gothenburg's Götaplatsen in 1952
  • Two plaques on WWJ Building, Detroit, Michigan, 1936
  • Wall reliefs on Racine County Courthouse, Racine, Wisconsin, 1931

<gallery mode="packed" heights="160" caption="Carl Milles sculptures">

File:Poseidon MTV World Stage GBG.jpg|Poseidon, Gothenburg

File:Aenglar 2007.jpg|Angels Playing Music, Millesgården, Stockholm

File:C Milles Boar.jpg|Wild Boar, Millesgården

File:Millesgården 1986.jpg| Millesgården

File:Millesgården 2009b.jpg| Millesgården

File:UT-McClungPlaza.jpg|Europa on the Bull, University of Tennessee, Knoxville

File:Gud Fader 3a.jpg|God Father, Nacka Strand, Nacka

File:Milles Pegasus 2008.jpg|Man and Pegasus, Millesgården

File:Guds hand 2007.jpg|The Hand of God, Millesgården

</gallery>

Sources and references

thumb|Milles' [[Poseidon in Gothenburg, Sweden]]

  • Jonsson, Ann, «D’un mythe à l’autre: L’ 'Europe' de Carl Milles et sa symbolique en Suède», in D'Europe à l'Europe, II. Mythe et identité du XIXe s. à nos jours (colloque de Caen, 1999), éd. Rémy Poignault, Françoise Lecocq et Odile Wattel – de Croizant, Tours, Centre Piganiol, coll. Caesarodunum, n° XXXIII bis, 2000, p.157-162.
  • Kvaran, Einar E., An Annoted Inventory of Outdoor Sculpture in Washtenaw County (Masters Thesis. 1989)
  • Liden, Elisabeth, Between Water and Heaven, Carl Milles Search for American Commissions, (Almqvist & Wiksell International, Stockholm, Sweden 1986)
  • Martenson, Gunilla, A Stockholm Sculpture Garden (New York Times, Dec. 27, 1987)
  • Nawrocki, Dennis and Thomas Holleman, Art in Detroit Public Places, (Wayne State University Press, Detroit, Michigan 1980)
  • Piland & Uguccioni, Fountains of Kansas City, (City of Fountains Foundation 1985)
  • Rogers, Meyric, Carl Milles, An Interpretation of His Work, (Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut 1940)
  • Taylor, Askew, Croze, et al., Milles At Cranbrook, (Cranbrook Academy of Art, 1961)
  • Westbrook, Adele and Anne Yarowsky, Design in America, The Cranbrook Vision 1925–1950, (Detroit Institute)

See also

  • Marshall Fredericks

Notes

  • Carl Milles, Detroit News Rearview Mirror
  • Web sculpture museum