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This page provides supplementary chemical data on carbon dioxide, including aspects of its solid, liquid, gaseous and supercritical phases.
== Material Safety Data Sheet == <!-- KEEP this header, it is linked to from the infobox on the main article page -->
The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions. MSDS for solid carbon dioxide is available from Pacific Dry Ice, inc.
== Structure and properties == <!-- KEEP this header, it is linked to from the infobox on the main article page -->
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: #FFFFFF; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
! | Structure and properties
|-
| Index of refraction, n<sub>D</sub>
| 1.000449 at 589.3 nm and 0 °C<!-- Please omit if not applicable -->
|-
| Dielectric constant, ε<sub>r</sub>
| 1.60 ε<sub>0</sub> at 0 °C, 50 atm <!-- Please omit if not applicable -->
|-
| Average energy per C=O bond
|804.4 kJ/mol at
|-
| Bond length
| C=O 116.21 pm (1.1621 Å)
|-
| Bond angle
| O–C–O: 180° (STP),
|-
| Magnetic susceptibility
| −0.49×10^−6 cm^3/mol
|-
| Surface tension
| 4.34 dyn/cm at 20 °C<br />and equilibrium pressure
|-
| Viscosity of liquid<br />at equilibrium pressure
| 0.0925 mPa·s at 5 °C<br />0.0852 mPa·s at 10 °C<br />0.0712 mPa·s at 20 °C<br />0.0625 mPa·s at 25 °C<br />0.0321 mPa·s at 31.1 °C<br />
|-
|}
== Thermodynamic properties == <!-- KEEP this header, it is linked to from the infobox on the main article page -->
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: #FFFFFF; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
! | Phase behavior
|-
| Triple point
| , 518.5 kPa
|-
| Critical point
| , 7.38 MPa
|-
| Std enthalpy change<br />of fusion, Δ<sub>fus</sub>H<sup><s>o</s></sup>
| 9.019 kJ/mol at triple point
|-
| Entropy change<br />of fusion, Δ<sub>fus</sub>S
| 40 J/(mol·K) at triple point
|-
| Std enthalpy change<br />of vaporization, Δ<sub>vap</sub>H<sup><s>o</s></sup>
| 15.326 kJ/mol at (348 J/g)
|-
| Std entropy change<br />of vaporization, Δ<sub>vap</sub>S<sup><s>o</s></sup>
| 70.8 J/(mol·K)
|-
! | Solid properties
|-
| Std enthalpy change<br />of formation, Δ<sub>f</sub>H<sup><s>o</s></sup><sub>solid</sub>
| −427.4 kJ/mol
|-
| Standard molar entropy,<br />S<sup><s>o</s></sup><sub>solid</sub>
| 51.07 J/(mol·K)
|-
| Heat capacity, c<sub>p</sub>
| 80—150 J/(mol·K) at 220—290 K
|-
! | Gas properties
|-
| Std enthalpy change<br />of formation, Δ<sub>f</sub>H<sup><s>o</s></sup><sub>gas</sub>
| −393.52 kJ/mol
|-
| Standard molar entropy,<br />S<sup><s>o</s></sup><sub>gas</sub>
| 213.79 J/(mol·K)
|-
| Heat capacity, c<sub>p</sub>
|
33.89 J/(mol K) at –75 °C<br />
36.33 J/(mol K) at 0 °C<br />
36.61 J/(mol K) at 15 °C<br />
38.01 J/(mol K) at 100 °C<br />
43.81 J/(mol K) at 400 °C<br />
50.87 J/(mol K) at 1000 °C<br />
56.91 J/(mol K) at 2000 °C<br />
53.01 J/(mol K) at 38 °C, 2457 kPa<br />
60.01 J/(mol K) at 38 °C, 5482 kPa<br />
183.1 J/(mol K) at 38 °C, 8653 kPa<br />
|-
| Heat capacity ratio
| a = 363.96 L<sup>2</sup> kPa/mol<sup>2</sup><br />b = 0.04267 liter per mole
|-
| Equilibrium with carbon monoxide<br />
CO + O<sub>2</sub> → CO<sub>2</sub>
K = <math chem>\frac{[\ce{CO2}]}{[\ce{CO}][\ce{O2}]^{1/2</math>
pK = log<sub>10</sub> K
|
pK = 45.0438 at T = 298.16 K<br />
pK = 25.0054 at T = 500 K<br />
pK = 16.5383 at T = 700 K<br />
pK = 11.8409 at T = 900 K<br />
pK = 8.8583 at T = 1100 K<br />
pK = 6.7989 at T = 1300 K<br />
pK = 5.2943 at T = 1500 K
|}
Solubility in water at various temperatures
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border: 1px solid #C0C090; background-color: #F8EABA"
|- bgcolor="#D0D0D0" align="center"
| colspan="3" | Aqueous Solubility of CO<sub>2</sub> at 101.3 kPa (1 atm) partial pressure
|-
|
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style=" background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
|-
| Temperature|| <sup>‡</sup>Dissolved<br />CO<sub>2</sub> volume<br />per volume H<sub>2</sub>O || grams CO<sub>2</sub> per<br />100 ml H<sub>2</sub>O
|-
| 0 °C || 1.713 || 0.3346
|-
| 1 °C || 1.646 || 0.3213
|-
| 2 °C || 1.584 || 0.3091
|-
| 3 °C || 1.527 || 0.2978
|-
| 4 °C || 1.473 || 0.2871
|-
| 5 °C || 1.424 || 0.2774
|-
| 6 °C || 1.377 || 0.2681
|-
| 7 °C || 1.331 || 0.2589
|-
| 8 °C || 1.282 || 0.2492
|-
| 9 °C || 1.237 || 0.2403
|-
| 10 °C || 1.194 || 0.2318
|-
| 11 °C || 1.154 || 0.2239
|-
| 12 °C || 1.117 || 0.2165
|-
| 13 °C || 1.083 || 0.2098
|-
| 14 °C || 1.050 || 0.2032
|-
| 15 °C || 0.98819 || 0.1970
|-
| 16 °C || 0.985 || 0.1903
|-
| 17 °C || 0.956 || 0.1845
|}
| bgcolor="#F8EABA"|
|
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
|-
| Temperature|| <sup>‡</sup>Dissolved<br />CO<sub>2</sub> volume<br />per volume H<sub>2</sub>O || grams CO<sub>2</sub> per<br />100 ml H<sub>2</sub>O
|-
| 18 °C || 0.928 || 0.1789
|-
| 19 °C || 0.902 || 0.1737
|-
| 20 °C || 0.878 || 0.1688
|-
| 21 °C || 0.854 || 0.1640
|-
| 22 °C || 0.829 || 0.1590
|-
| 23 °C || 0.804 || 0.1540
|-
| 24 °C || 0.781 || 0.1493
|-
| 25 °C || 0.759 || 0.1449
|-
| 26 °C || 0.738 || 0.1406
|-
| 27 °C || 0.718 || 0.1366
|-
| 28 °C || 0.699 || 0.1327
|-
| 29 °C || 0.682 || 0.1292
|-
| 30 °C || 0.655 || 0.1257
|-
| 35 °C || 0.592 || 0.1105
|-
| 40 °C || 0.530 || 0.0973
|-
| 45 °C || 0.479 || 0.0860
|-
| 50 °C || 0.436 || 0.0761
|-
| 60 °C || 0.359 || 0.0576
|}
|-
|}
- <small><sup>‡</sup>Second column of table indicates solubility at each given temperature in volume of CO<sub>2</sub> as it would be measured at 101.3 kPa and 0 °C per volume of water. </small>
- The solubility is given for "pure water", i.e., water which contain only CO<sub>2</sub>. This water is going to be acidic. For example, at 25 °C the pH of 3.9 is expected (see carbonic acid). At less acidic pH values, the solubility will increase because of the pH-dependent speciation of CO<sub>2</sub>.
Vapor pressure of solid and liquid
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
|-
! | T in °C || −134.3<sub>(s)</sub> !! −119.5<sub>(s)</sub> !! −108.6<sub>(s)</sub> !! −100.2<sub>(s)</sub> !! −85.7<sub>(s)</sub> !! −78.2<sub>(s)</sub> !! −69.1<sub>(s)</sub> !! −56.7 !! −39.5 !! −18.9 !! 5.9 !! 22.4
|-
| | P in mm Hg || 1 || 10 || 40 || 100 || 400 || 760 || 1520 || 3800 || 7600 || 15200 || 30400 || 45600
|-
| | P in atm (2sf, derived from mm Hg) || 0.0013 || 0.013 || 0.053 || 0.13 || 0.53 || 1.0 || 2.0 || 5.0 || 10 || 20 || 40 || 60
|-
| | P in kPa (derived from mm Hg / atm) || 0.13 || 1.3 || 5.3 || 13 || 53 || 101.325 || 202.65 || 506.625 || 1013.25 || 2026.5 || 4053 || 6079.5
|}
Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. Annotation "(s)" indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid. Otherwise temperature is equilibrium of vapor over liquid. For kPa values, where datum is whole numbers of atmospheres exact kPa values are given, elsewhere 2 significant figures derived from mm Hg data.<br />
thumb|587px|left|log of Carbon Dioxide vapor pressure. Uses formula <math>\scriptstyle \ln P_\text{mmHg} = \ln \frac{760}{101.325} - 24.03761 \ln(T + 273.15) - \frac{7062.404}{T + 273.15} + 166.3861 + 3.368548 \times 10^{-5} (T + 273.15)^2</math> obtained from CHERIC
Phase diagram
350px
Liquid/vapor equilibrium thermodynamic data
The table below gives thermodynamic data of liquid CO<sub>2</sub> in equilibrium with its vapor at various temperatures. Heat content data, heat of vaporization, and entropy values are relative to the liquid state at 0 °C temperature and 3483 kPa pressure. To convert heat values to joules per mole values, multiply by 44.095 g/mol. To convert densities to moles per liter, multiply by 22.678 cm<sup>3</sup> mol/(L·g). Data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 44th ed. pages 2560–2561, except for critical temperature line (31.1 °C) and temperatures −30 °C and below, which are taken from Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. page 1463.
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
|- bgcolor="#D0D0D0" align="center"
| colspan="9" | Carbon dioxide liquid/vapor equilibrium thermodynamic data
|-
! Temp.<br />°C !! P<sub>vap</sub><br />Vapor<br />pressure<br />kPa !! H<sub>liq</sub><br />Heat<br />content<br />liquid<br />J/g !! H<sub>vap</sub><br />Heat<br />content<br />vapor<br />J/g !! Δ<sub>vap</sub>H<sup><s>o</s></sup><br />Heat of<br />vapor-<br />ization<br />J/g !! ρ<sub>vap</sub><br />Density<br />of vapor<br />g/cm<sup>3</sup> !! ρ<sub>liq</sub><br />Density<br />of liquid<br />g/cm<sup>3</sup> !! S<sub>liq</sub><br />Entropy<br />liquid<br />J/mol-°C !! S<sub>vap</sub><br />Entropy<br />vapor<br />J/mol-°C
|-
| −56.6 || 518.3 || || || || || 1.179 || ||
|-
| −56.0 || 531.8 || || || || || 1.177 || ||
|-
| −54.0 || 579.1 || || || || || 1.169 || ||
|-
| −52.0 || 629.6 || || || || || 1.162 || ||
|-
| −50.0 || 683.4 || || || || || 1.155 || ||
|-
| −48.0 || 740.6 || || || || || 1.147 || ||
|-
| −46.0 || 801.3 || || || || || 1.139 || ||
|-
| −44.0 || 865.6 || || || || || 1.131 || ||
|-
| −42.0 || 933.8 || || || || || 1.124 || ||
|-
| −40.0 || 1005.7 || || || || || 1.116 || ||
|-
| −38.0 || 1081.9 || || || || || 1.108 || ||
|-
| −36.0 || 1161.8 || || || || || 1.100 || ||
|-
| −34.0 || 1246.2 || || || || || 1.092 || ||
|-
| −32.0 || 1335.1 || || || || || 1.084 || ||
|-
| −30.0 || 1428.6 || || || || || 1.075 || ||
|-
| −28.89 || 1521 || −55.69 || 237.1 || 292.9 || 0.03846 || 1.0306 || −9.48 || 43.41
|-
| −27.78 || 1575 || −53.76 || 237.3 || 291.0 || 0.03987 || 1.0276 || −9.13 || 43.21
|-
| −26.67 || 1630 || −51.84 || 237.6 || 289.4 || 0.04133 || 1.0242 || −8.78 || 43.01
|-
| −25.56 || 1686 || −49.87 || 237.6 || 287.5 || 0.04283 || 1.0209 || −8.45 || 42.78
|-
| −24.44 || 1744 || −47.91 || 237.8 || 285.7 || 0.04440 || 1.0170 || −8.10 || 42.56
|-
| −23.33 || 1804 || −45.94 || 237.8 || 283.6 || 0.04600 || 1.0132 || −7.75 || 42.36
|-
| −22.22 || 1866 || −43.93 || 237.8 || 281.7 || 0.04767 || 1.0093 || −7.40 || 42.14
|-
| −21.11 || 1928 || −41.92 || 237.8 || 279.6 || 0.04938 || 1.0053 || −7.05 || 41.94
|-
| −20.00 || 1993 || −39.91 || 237.8 || 277.8 || 0.05116 || 1.0011 || −6.68 || 41.71
|-
| −18.89 || 2059 || −37.86 || 237.8 || 275.7 || 0.05300 || 0.9968 || −6.31 || 41.49
|-
| −17.78 || 2114 || −35.82 || 237.6 || 273.6 || 0.05489 || 0.9923 || −5.98 || 41.27
|-
| −16.67 || 2197 || −33.73 || 237.6 || 271.2 || 0.05686 || 0.9875 || −5.61 || 41.05
|-
| −15.56 || 2269 || −31.64 || 237.3 || 269.2 || 0.05888 || 0.9829 || −5.26 || 40.83
|-
| −14.44 || 2343 || −29.54 || 237.3 || 266.9 || 0.06098 || 0.9782 || −4.91 || 40.61
|-
| −13.33 || 2418 || −27.41 || 237.1 || 264.5 || 0.06314 || 0.9734 || −4.54 || 40.39
|-
| −12.22 || 2495 || −25.27 || 236.9 || 262.2 || 0.06539 || 0.9665 || −4.17 || 40.15
|-
| −11.11 || 2574 || −23.09 || 236.7 || 259.7 || 0.06771 || 0.9639 || −3.80 || 39.92
|-
| −10.00 || 2654 || −20.90 || 236.4 || 257.3 || 0.07011 || 0.9592 || −3.43 || 39.68
|-
| −8.89 || 2738 || −18.69 || 235.9 || 254.8 || 0.07259 || 0.9543 || −3.06 || 39.46
|-
| −7.78 || 2823 || −16.45 || 235.7 || 252.2 || 0.07516 || 0.9494 || −2.69 || 39.22
|-
| −6.67 || 2910 || −14.18 || 235.2 || 249.4 || 0.07783 || 0.9443 || −2.32 || 38.98
|-
| −5.56 || 2999 || −11.90 || 234.8 || 246.6 || 0.08059 || 0.9393 || −1.94 || 38.74
|-
| −4.44 || 3090 || −9.977 || 234.3 || 243.8 || 0.08347 || 0.9340 || −1.57 || 38.50
|-
| −3.89 || 3136 || −8.410 || 234.1 || 242.4 || 0.08494 || 0.9313 || −1.37 || 38.37
|-
| −2.78 || 3230 || −6.046 || 233.6 || 239.7 || 0.08797 || 0.9260 || −0.98 || 38.12
|-
| −1.67 || 3327 || −3.648 || 232.9 || 236.6 || 0.09111 || 0.9206 || −0.59 || 37.88
|-
| −0.56 || 3425 || −1.222 || 232.4 || 233.6 || 0.09438 || 0.9150 || −0.20 || 37.62
|-
| 0.56 || 3526 || 1.234 || 231.7 || 230.5 || 0.09776 || 0.9094 || 0.20 || 37.36
|-
| 1.67 || 3629 || 3.728 || 231.0 || 227.3 || 0.1013 || 0.9036 || 0.61 || 37.08
|-
| 2.78 || 3735 || 6.268 || 230.4 || 224.0 || 0.1050 || 0.8975 || 1.01 || 36.83
|-
| 3.89 || 3843 || 8.445 || 229.4 || 220.5 || 0.1088 || 0.8914 || 1.42 || 36.55
|-
| 5.00 || 3953 || 11.46 || 228.5 || 217.0 || 0.1128 || 0.8850 || 1.83 || 36.25
|-
| 6.11 || 4067 || 14.13 || 227.6 || 213.4 || 0.1169 || 0.8784 || 2.25 || 35.98
|-
| 7.22 || 4182 || 16.85 || 226.5 || 209.7 || 0.1213 || 0.8716 || 2.69 || 35.68
|-
| 8.33 || 4300 || 19.63 || 225.4 || 205.8 || 0.1258 || 0.8645 || 3.12 || 35.39
|-
| 9.44 || 4420 || 22.46 || 224.3 || 201.8 || 0.1306 || 0.8571 || 3.56 || 35.07
|-
| 10.56 || 4544 || 25.36 || 223.1 || 197.7 || 0.1355 || 0.8496 || 4.02 || 34.76
|-
| 11.67 || 4670 || 28.33 || 221.8 || 193.4 || 0.1408 || 0.8418 || 4.48 || 34.45
|-
| 12.78 || 4798 || 31.35 || 220.3 || 188.9 || 0.1463 || 0.8338 || 4.94 || 34.11
|-
| 13.89 || 4929 || 34.49 || 218.8 || 184.3 || 0.1521 || 0.8254 || 5.42 || 33.76
|-
| 15.00 || 5063 || 37.30 || 217.2 || 179.5 || 0.1583 || 0.8168 || 5.92 || 33.41
|-
| 16.11 || 5200 || 41.03 || 215.1 || 174.4 || 0.1648 || 0.8076 || 6.42 || 33.02
|-
| 17.22 || 5340 || 44.48 || 213.6 || 169.1 || 0.1717 || 0.7977 || 6.96 || 32.66
|-
| 18.33 || 5482 || 48.03 || 211.5 || 163.5 || 0.1791 || 0.7871 || 7.49 || 32.25
|-
| 19.44 || 5628 || 51.71 || 209.4 || 157.6 || 0.1869 || 0.7759 || 8.04 || 31.83
|-
| 20.56 || 5776 || 55.61 || 207.0 || 151.4 || 0.1956 || 0.7639 || 8.63 || 31.38
|-
| 21.67 || 5928 || 59.66 || 204.3 || 144.7 || 0.2054 || 0.7508 || 9.24 || 30.90
|-
| 22.78 || 6083 || 63.97 || 201.5 || 137.5 || 0.2151 || 0.7367 || 9.89 || 30.39
|-
| 23.89 || 6240 || 68.58 || 198.4 || 129.8 || 0.2263 || 0.7216 || 10.57 || 29.85
|-
| 25.00 || 6401 || 73.51 || 194.8 || 121.3 || 0.2387 || 0.7058 || 11.31 || 29.24
|-
| 26.11 || 6565 || 78.91 || 190.7 || 111.8 || 0.2532 || 0.6894 || 12.10 || 28.60
|-
| 27.22 || 6733 || 84.94 || 186.0 || 101.1 || 0.2707 || 0.6720 || 12.99 || 27.84
|-
| 28.33 || 6902 || 91.88 || 180.4 || 88.49 || 0.2923 || 0.6507 || 14.00 || 26.95
|-
| 29.44 || 7081 || 100.4 || 173.1 || 72.72 || 0.3204 || 0.6209 || 15.24 || 25.85
|-
| 30.00 || 7164 || 105.6 || 168.4 || 62.76 || 0.3378 || 0.5992 || 16.01 || 25.15
|-
| 30.56 || 7253 || 112.3 || 162.3 || 50.04 || 0.3581 || 0.5661 || 16.99 || 24.24
|-
| 31.1 || 7391 || || || 0.00 || 0.4641 || 0.4641 || ||
|-
! Temp.<br />°C !! P<sub>vap</sub><br />Vapor<br />pressure<br />kPa !! H<sub>liq</sub><br />Heat<br />content<br />liquid<br />J/g !! H<sub>vap</sub><br />Heat<br />content<br />vapor<br />J/g !! Δ<sub>vap</sub>H<sup><s>o</s></sup><br />Heat of<br />vapor-<br />ization<br />J/g !! ρ<sub>vap</sub><br />Density<br />of vapor<br />g/cm<sup>3</sup> !! ρ<sub>liq</sub><br />Density<br />of liquid<br />g/cm<sup>3</sup> !! S<sub>liq</sub><br />Entropy<br />liquid<br />J/mol-°C !! S<sub>vap</sub><br />Entropy<br />vapor<br />J/mol-°C
|}
== Spectral data == <!-- KEEP this header, it is linked to from the infobox on the main article page -->
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: #FFFFFF; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"
! | UV-Vis
|-
| λ<sub>max</sub>
| ? nm
|-
| Extinction coefficient, ε
| ?
|-
! | IR
|-
| Major absorption bands
| 2347 and 667 cm<sup>−1</sup>
(4.26 and 14.99 um)
|-
! | NMR
|-
| Proton NMR <!-- Link to image of spectrum -->
| not applicable
|-
| Carbon-13 NMR <!-- Link to image of spectrum -->
| 125.0
|-
<!-- | Other NMR data
| -->
|-
! | MS
|-
| Masses of main fragments
| <!-- Give list of major fragments -->
|-
|}