Cappadocian Greek (, also known as Cappadocian is a dialect of Modern Greek, originally spoken in Cappadocia (modern-day Central Turkey) by the descendants of the Byzantine Greeks of Anatolia. The language originally diverged from Medieval Greek after the late medieval migrations of the Turks from Central Asia into what is now Turkey began cutting the Cappadocians off from the rest of the Greek-speaking Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. As a result of the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923, all remaining speakers (known in Turkey as Rûm, and referred to now as Cappadocian Greeks) were forced to emigrate to Greece where they were resettled in various locations, primarily in Central and Northern Greece. The Cappadocians were encouraged to shift to Standard Modern Greek as part of their integration into Greece, and their language was thought to be extinct since the 1960s. In June 2005, Mark Janse (Ghent University) and Dimitris Papazachariou (University of Patras) discovered Cappadocians in Central and Northern Greece who could still speak their ancestral language fluently. Many are middle-aged, third-generation speakers who take a very positive attitude towards the language, as opposed to their parents and grandparents. The latter are much less inclined to speak Cappadocian and more often than not switch to Standard Modern Greek.
thumb|left|260px|Anatolian Greek dialects until 1923. [[Modern Greek#Demotic|Demotic in yellow. Pontic in orange. Cappadocian in green, with green dots indicating individual Cappadocian Greek villages in 1910.]]
thumb|Original Cappadocian homeland
History and research
By the fifth century AD, the last of the Indo-European native languages of Asia Minor ceased to be spoken, replaced by Koine Greek. At the same time, the communities of central Anatolia were becoming actively involved in the affairs of the then Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire, and some (now Greek-speaking) Cappadocians, such as Maurice Tiberius (r. 582–602) and Heraclius (r. 610 to 641), would even rise to become emperors.
Cappadocian Greek first began to diverge from the Medieval Greek common language of the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire six centuries later, Among all Greek dialects, Cappadocian Greek is the one most influenced by Turkish, but unlike Standard Modern Greek, it would not be influenced by Venetian or French, which entered Modern Greek during the Frankokratia period, when those groups began ruling in Greece following the Fourth Crusade's sacking of Byzantine Constantinople.
The earliest records of the language are in the macaronic poems of Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi (1207–1273), who lived in Iconium (Konya), and some ghazals by his son Sultan Walad. Interpretation of the Greek language texts is difficult as they are written in Arabic script, and in Rumi's case without vowel points; Dedes' edition (Δέδες) is the most recent edition.
By the early 20th century, many Cappadocians had shifted to Turkish altogether (written with the Greek alphabet). Where Greek was maintained (numerous villages near Kayseri, including Misthi, Malakopea, Prokopion, Karvali, and Anakou), it became heavily influenced by the surrounding Turkish. However, there are next to no written documents in Medieval or early Modern Cappadocian, as the language was, and still essentially is, a spoken language only. Those educated to read and write, such as priests, would do so in the more classicising literary Greek. The earliest outside studies of spoken Cappadocian date from the 19th century, but are generally not very accurate.
One of the first documented studies was Modern Greek in Asia Minor: A study of dialect of Silly, Cappadocia and Pharasa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1916), by Richard MacGillivray Dawkins (1871–1955), then a fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge and later the first Bywater and Sotheby Professor of Byzantine and Modern Greek Language and Literature at the University of Oxford, based on fieldwork conducted by the author in Cappadocia in 1909–1911. This included the Silliot Greek and Pharasiot Greek dialects spoken in Sille, Konya and Pharasa respectively.
After the population exchange, several Cappadocian dialects have been described by collaborators of the Center for Asia Minor Studies (Κέντρον Μικρασιατικών Σπουδών) in Athens: Uluağaç (I.I. Kesisoglou, 1951), Aravan (D. Phosteris & I.I. Kesisoglou, 1960), Axo (G. Mavrochalyvidis & I.I. Kesisoglou, 1960) and Anaku (A.P. Costakis, 1964), resulting in a series of grammars.
In the 21st century, the study of Cappadocian has seen a revival following the pioneering work on Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988) by Sarah Grey Thomason and Terrence Kaufman, and a series of publications on various aspects of Cappadocian linguistics by Mark Janse, professor at Roosevelt Academy, who has also contributed a grammatical survey of Cappadocian to a forthcoming handbook on Modern Greek dialects edited by Christos Tzitzilis (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki).
The discovery of Cappadocian speakers by Janse and Papazachariou will result in the release of a new dictionary and a compilation of texts.
Cappadocian Greek is well-known from the linguistic literature as being one of the first well-documented cases of language death, and in particular the significant admixture of non-Indo-European linguistic features into an Indo-European language. This process was pronounced in southwestern Cappadocia, and included the introduction of vowel harmony and verb-final word order.
Characteristics
The Greek element in Cappadocian is to a large extent Byzantine, e.g. or 'door' from (Ancient and) Byzantine Greek (Modern Greek , from Italian), or 'I did' from Byzantine Greek (Modern Greek ). Other, pre-Byzantine, archaisms are the use of the possessive adjectives , etc. from Ancient Greek , etc. and the formation of the imperfect by means of the suffix from the Ancient Greek (Ionic) iterative suffix . Turkish influence appears at every level. The Cappadocian sound system includes the Turkish vowels , , , and the Turkish consonants , , , , , , , although some of these are also found in modern Greek words as a result of palatalization.
Cappadocian noun morphology is characterized by the emergence of a generalized agglutinative declension and the progressive loss of grammatical gender distinctions, e.g. 'the (neuter) woman (feminine)', genitive , plural , genitive (Ulağaç). Another Turkish feature is the morphological marking of definiteness in the accusative case, e.g. 'wolf (nominative / unmarked indefinite accusative)' vs. 'wolf (marked definite accusative)'.
Some South Cappadocian varieties—most notably Ulağaç Cappadocian (UC)—show complete neutralization of grammatical gender in the noun phrase: the neuter definite article do (sg.) and da (pl.) and neuter adjective forms are used with all nouns regardless of their historical gender, i.e. a genderless determiner phrase.
For example:
{| class="wikitable"
! Form !! Ulağaç Cappadocian !! Gloss !! English
|-
| Singular || do kalon do andra || the.good.N the.man.M || ‘the good man’
|-
| Singular || do kalon do neka || the.good.N the.woman.F || ‘the good woman’
|-
| Singular || do kalon do pei || the.good.N the.child.N || ‘the good child’
|-
| Plural || da kalan da andres || the.good.N.PL the.men.M || ‘the good men’
|-
| Plural || da kalan da nekes || the.good.N.PL the.women.F || ‘the good women’
|-
| Plural || da kalan da peija || the.good.N.PL the.children.N || ‘the good children’
|}
Kesisoglou (1951) already notes the generalized use of do/da in UC; later analyses document and discuss the system in detail.