The Cape lion was a lion Panthera leo melanochaita population in South Africa's Natal and Cape Provinces that has been locally extinct since the mid-19th century. The type specimen originated at the Cape of Good Hope and was described in 1842.

The Cape lion was once considered a distinct lion subspecies. However, phylogeographic analysis has shown that lion populations in Southern and East Africa are closely related. In 2017, the subspecies Panthera leo melanochaita was recircumscribed to include all lion populations in Southern and East Africa. Genetic analysis published in 2023 suggests that Cape lions were not particularly distinctive from other Southern African lion populations.

Taxonomy

thumb|Drawing titled 'Kaapsche Leeuw en Leeuwin (Felis leo capensis)', published in [[Brehms Tierleben, 1927]]

Felis (Leo) melanochaita was a black-maned lion specimen from the Cape of Good Hope that was described by Ch. H. Smith in 1842. Vratislav Mazák hypothesized that it evolved geographically isolated from other populations by the Great Escarpment. Based on the analysis of 357 lion samples from 10 countries, it is thought that lions migrated from Southern to East Africa during the Pleistocene and Holocene.

  • the Naturalis Biodiversity Center has a mounted specimen and two Cape lion skulls;
  • the Natural History Museum, London and the Paris Museum of Natural History each have a mounted Cape lion;

Characteristics

The type specimen of the Cape lion was described as very large with black-edged ears and a black mane extending beyond the shoulders and under the belly.

Lions approaching were shot south of the Vaal River. 19th century authors claimed that the Cape lion was bigger than the Asiatic lion.

Results of a long-term study indicate that the colour of lion manes is influenced by climatic variables and varies between individuals. Manes are darker and longer in cool seasons, with a 2023 study finding that the colour of Cape lion manes exhibited the same dark-light colour variation found in other lions and that mane colour was not a distinctive characteristic of this population.

In captivity

In 2000, specimens asserted to be descendants of the Cape lion were found in captivity in Russia, and two of them were brought to South Africa. South African zoo director John Spence reportedly was long fascinated by stories of these grand lions scaling the walls of Jan van Riebeeck's Fort de Goede Hoop in the 17th century. He studied van Riebeeck's journals to discern the Cape lion's features, which included a long black mane, black in their ears, and reportedly a larger size. He believed that some Cape lions might have been taken to Europe and interbred with other lions. His 30-year search led to his discovery of black-maned lions with features of the Cape lion at the Novosibirsk Zoo in Siberia, in 2000. Besides having a black mane, the specimen that attracted Spence had a "wide face and sturdy legs". Novosibirsk Zoo's population, which had 40 cubs over a 30-year period, continues, and Spence, aided by the Schönbrunn Zoo in Vienna, was allowed to bring two cubs back to Tygerberg Zoo. Back in South Africa, Spence explained that he hoped to breed lions that at least looked like Cape lions, and to have DNA testing done to establish whether or not the cubs were descendants of the original Cape lion. However, Spence died in 2010 and the zoo closed in 2012, with the lions expected to go to Drakenstein Lion Park.

See also

  • Asiatic lion
  • Barbary lion
  • Wild cats in Africa: African leopard African golden cat Caracal Serval African wildcat Sand cat Cheetah Black-footed cat

References

  • Cat Specialist Group: African lion
  • The Cape Lions of the Museum Wiesbaden, Germany
  • The Cape lions from the Kalahari in Museum Wiesbaden
  • South Africa: Lion cubs thought to be Cape lions
  • Ansichtskarte / Postkarte Antwerpen Anvers Flandern, Jardin Zoologique, Lion du Cap in Antwerp (Antwerpen)
  • Cape lion at Hagenbeck Zoo