Canton 10 (, , ) is a federated state and one of the ten cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the largest canton by area and eighth by population. The local government seat is in Livno, while the assembly is in Tomislavgrad. It is divided into five municipalities: Bosansko Grahovo, Drvar, Glamoč, Kupres, Tomislavgrad and one city, Livno.
The canton was established in 1996, following the Washington Agreement of 1994, which ended the Croat-Bosniak War. The majority of the population is ethnically Croat, living in the southern part of the canton, while the second-largest Serbs live in the northern part.
During the Bosnian War, the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) controlled the southern parts of the canton, while other parts, mostly in the north, were controlled by the Serb Army of Republika Srpska until 1994 when they were re-taken by the HVO with the support from the Croatian Army. Per the Washington Agreement, the territories were incorporated into the Croat-Bosniak Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. From 1996 to 2005, only Croats and Bosniaks were considered to be constituent nations within the canton, but since 2005, the Serbs are included among the constituent nations as well and are mentioned as such before the less numerous Bosniaks.
Name, symbols and language
In Croatian, the term županija is used, while in Serbian and Bosnian, the term is kanton. The canton is officially referred to by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina as Canton 10 ( or Županija 10). The local government refers to it as the Herzeg-Bosnia County and uses that name in the local constitution. This name was declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court of the Federation because the name is a characteristic shared by all the cantons in the sense that all of them are within Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The coat of arms of the canton under its constitution is a variant of the historical Croatian coat of arms. The flag is a horizontal tricolour of red, white and blue, with the coat of arms in the middle. These symbols were used by the former Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia. The West Herzegovina Canton also uses this flag and coat of arms. Their use as the official symbols of the canton was deemed unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court of the Federation, because "they only represented one constituent nation".
Since 2005, the constitution lists the "languages spoken by Croats, Serbs and Bosniaks" as the official languages, without naming them, with both the Latin and the Cyrillic script having equal status. Most of the present-day area of Herzeg-Bosnia County belonged to the then-Travnik area in 1922, while the smaller northern parts belonged to the Bišćan area. After the introduction of the January 6 dictatorship and the division of the state into banovinas in 1929, most of the Croatian areas of Herzeg-Bosnia county became part of Primorska banovina with headquarters in Split, while the northern Serbian areas were annexed to Vrbas banovina, with headquarters in Banja Luka. With the creation of Croatian Banovina in 1939, all of Primorska Banovina became part of it, including the majority of Croat areas of Canton 10.
After the creation of the NDH and its administrative division, most of the area of today's Herzeg-Bosnia County was part of the Great Parish of Pliva and Rama with its seat in Jajce, while the smaller northern part belonged to the Great Parish of Krbava and Psata with its seat in Bihać. After the defeat of the Axis powers in 1945, the area of Herzeg-Bosnia County became part of the then-federal unit of SFR Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. During the democratic process, most of the Croatian municipalities in the county, Kupres, Livno and Tomislavgrad, became part of the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia.
With the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the northern and western part of Herzeg-Bosnia County under the leadership of the SDS, the Serb majority areas sided with the Army of Republika Srpska killing Croats and Bosniaks in Drvar, Grahovo, Glamoč, attacking Kupres and shelling Livno and surrounding settlements. After the formation of HVO military units, first, the Kupres area was liberated. Croats and Bosniaks formed the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina through the Washington Agreement, which included the entire area of Herzeg-Bosnia County under HVO control, and a little later, in the summer of 1995, HVO and HV defeated Serb forces decisively. They attacked and captured Grahovo, Glamoč and Drvar, which, together with other victories of the HVO, HV and the RBiH Army, created the conditions for the signing of the Dayton Peace Agreement. After the war, Herzeg-Bosnia was self-abolished in 1996 and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was organized into counties. Herzeg-Bosnia County was the largest county in FBiH when it was created.
The Constitution of Herzeg-Bosnia Canton was adopted by the Cantonal Assembly on 19 December 1996.
Geography
thumb|Đuličan, Canton 10
The total area of the canton is approximately , a tenth of the surface of Bosnia-Herzegovina and c. 19% of the Federation. The region is located between Dalmatia to the west, Una-Sana Canton to the north, Central Bosnia Canton to the east and West Herzegovina Canton and Herzegovina-Neretva Canton to the south and southeast.
The natural and geographical features of this area are diverse, ranging from fertile and vast fields and vast pastures, rivers and lakes to centuries-old deciduous and evergreen forests, and provide abundant opportunities for life and economic development based on agricultural production, livestock and the timber industry. The ecologically clean and unspoiled nature, the mild continental climate, the geographical position and the proximity and good transport connections with neighboring Croatia, i.e. its gateway to the world, Central Dalmatia, and the connection with the whole of Herzegovina, are important factors for economic progress in this area.
Topography
thumb|Glamoč Field
The mountainous terrain of the region is a part of the Dinaric Alps, linked from a fold and thrust belt dating from the late Jurassic period, itself part of the Alpine orogeny, extending southeast from the southern Alps. The Dinarides form part of a chain of mountains that stretch across southern Europe and isolate Pannonian Basin from the Mediterranean Sea. The highest mountain of the Tropolje Dinarides is Mount Vran, located on the border of the municipalities of Tomislavgrad and Jablanica with the peak called Veliki Vran (Great Vran) at .
{|class="wikitable"
! colspan=4|Highest mountains of Tropolje
|-
! Mountain
! Peak
! Elevation
! Coordinates
|- align=center
| Vran || Veliki Vran || ||
|- align=center
| Vran || Mali Vis || ||
|- align=center
| Cincar || Cincar || ||
|- align=center
| Vran || Crno Brdo || ||
|- align=center
| Vran || Mali Vran || ||
|- align=center
| Vran || Bijela Glava || ||
|- align=center
| Vitorog || Veliki Vitorog || ||
|- align=center
| Golija || Veliki Vrh || ||
|- align=center
| Vran || Priorac || ||
|- align=center
| Šator || Veliki Šator || ||
|}
Subdivision
thumbnail|Municipalities of the Canton|300px
Canton 10 includes five municipalities: Drvar, Bosansko Grahovo, Glamoč, Kupres, and Tomislavgrad and one township: Livno.
{| style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-spacing: 3px; background-color: #f8f9fa; color: black; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; line-height: 1.5em;"
! colspan="10" style="text-align:center;" |Municipalities of Canton 10
|-
!rowspan=23 width:150|<br />
200px|Livno<br />Livno<br />
200px|Tomislavgrad<br />Tomislavgrad
!style="text-align:center;background:#f5f5f5;"|Rank
!style="text-align:center;background:#f5f5f5;"|Municipalities of Canton 10
!style="text-align:center;background:#f5f5f5;"|Population
!style="text-align:center;background:#f5f5f5;"|Governed territory
!rowspan=23 width:150|
200px|Drvar<br />Drvar<br />
200px|Kupres<br />Kupres
|-
|style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;" | 1 || style="text-align:left;" | Livno ||34,133||
|-
|style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;" | 2 || style="text-align:left;" | Tomislavgrad ||31,592||
|-
|style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;" | 4 || style="text-align:left;" | Drvar ||7,036||
|-
|style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;" | 3 || style="text-align:left;" | Kupres ||5,057||
|-
|style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;" | 5 || style="text-align:left;" | Glamoč ||3,860||
|-
|style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;" | 6 || style="text-align:left;" | Bosansko Grahovo ||2,449||
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#f5f5f5;" |Source: 2013 Census
|}
Governance
The canton is governed by the Government of Canton 10 (; ; ). The current government is a coalition led by the Croatian National Shift.
Government
The Government of the Canton 10 is led by the prime minister who has one deputy and it consists of seven ministries. The ministries have different seats, with two ministries being seated in Tomislavgrad, and the rest in Livno.
{|class="wikitable"
! Position
! Portfolio
! Seat
! Officeholder
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| colspan=2|Prime Minister
| Livno
| Ivan Vukadin
| width=5px style="background-color: |
| HNP
|-
| Minister
| Finance
| Tomislavgrad
| Ivan Ćubela
| width=5px style="background-color:"|
| HNP
|-
| Minister
| Internal Affairs
| Livno
| Mario Lovrić
| width=5px style="background-color: |
| HNP
|-
| Minister
| Judiciary and Administration
| Livno
| Aleksandar Rodić
| width=5px style="background-color:"|
| SNSD
|-
| Minister
| Economy
| Livno
| Miroslav Jaglica
| width=5px style="background-color:"|
| SPS FBiH
|-
| Minister
| Construction, Urban Development, and Environment
| Livno
| Sead Hadžijahić
| width=5px style="background-color:"|
| SDA
|-
| Minister
| Science, Education, Culture, and Sports
| Livno
| Ante Tadić
| width=5px style="background-color:"|
| HNP
|-
| Minister
| Labour, Healthcare, Social Care, and Refugees
| Tomislavgrad
| Dijana Novković Pećanac
| width=5px style="background-color:"|
| SNSD
|-
| Minister
| Agriculture, Water Management, and Forestry
| Livno
| Božo Perić
| width=5px style="background-color:"|
| HDZ 1990
|-
|}
Cantonal Assembly
thumb|Cantonal Assembly in [[Tomislavgrad]]
The Cantonal Assembly (, Bosnian and ) is the parliament of the Canton 10. It consists of 25 representatives elected by proportional representation for four-year terms of office.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Political party
! colspan="7" | Assembly members
|-
! 2002
! 2006
! 2010
! 2014
! 2018
! 2022
! currently
|-
| bgcolor= |
| Croatian National Shift (HNP)
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" |5
| style="text-align: right" |
|-
| bgcolor= |
| Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ BiH)
| style="text-align: right" | 13
| style="text-align: right" | 5
| style="text-align: right" | 9
| style="text-align: right" | 9
| style="text-align: right" | 8
| style="text-align: right" |5
| style="text-align: right" |
|-
| bgcolor= |
| Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ 1990)
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" | 6
| style="text-align: right" | 4
| style="text-align: right" | 4
| style="text-align: right" | 4
| style="text-align: right" |4
| style="text-align: right" |
|-
| bgcolor= |
| Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD)
| style="text-align: right" | 3
| style="text-align: right" | 5
| style="text-align: right" | 3
| style="text-align: right" | 3
| style="text-align: right" | 3
| style="text-align: right" |2
| style="text-align: right" |
|-
| bgcolor=black |
| Croatian Independent List (HNL)
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" | 2
| style="text-align: right" | 3
| style="text-align: right" |2
| style="text-align: right" |
|-
| bgcolor= |
| Party of Democratic Action (SDA)
| style="text-align: right" | 2
| style="text-align: right" | 2
| style="text-align: right" | 2
| style="text-align: right" | 2
| style="text-align: right" | 2
| style="text-align: right" |2
| style="text-align: right" |
|-
| bgcolor= |
| Social Democratic Party (SDP BiH)
| style="text-align: right" | 1
| style="text-align: right" | 1
| style="text-align: right" | 1
| style="text-align: right" | 1
| style="text-align: right" | 1
| style="text-align: right" |2
| style="text-align: right" |
|-
| bgcolor= |
| Serbian Progressive Party FBiH (SNS)
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" | 1
| style="text-align: right" |1
| style="text-align: right" |
|-
| bgcolor=#FFBB11 |
| Serb National Movement
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" |1
| style="text-align: right" |
|-
| bgcolor= |
| Croatian Republican Party (HRS)
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" | 1
| style="text-align: right" |1
| style="text-align: right" |
|-
| bgcolor= |
| Independent
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" | -
| style="text-align: right" |-
| style="text-align: right" |
|-
| colspan="12" style="text-align: center;" | Sources:
|}
Demographics
thumb|Church of Saint Nicholas Tavelic, a Croatian Franciscan friar
thumb|Ethnic composition of Canton 10 in 2013. Serbs in blue, Croats in orange, Bosniaks in green
right|thumbnail|The Serbian National Folk Dance Ensemble Kolo from Glamoč
According to the 1991 census, 115.682 people inhabited the canton. Croats comprised 51.5%, Serbs comprised 35.7% and Bosnian Muslims comprised 10.4% of the population. Croats overwhelmingly lived in the southeastern part of the canton (Livno, Kupres, Tomislavgrad), while Serbs lived in northwestern (Grahovo, Glamoč, Drvar). There was a significant population migration during the war (1992–95). In 1992, Serb forces captured Kupres and the surrounding area, pushing away most of the non-Serb population. Croats returned at the end of 1994, after their forces had retaken Kupres. After Croat forces captured Grahovo, Glamoč Refugee Croats from other parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina (fleeing Serb or Bosniak forces) settled in the abandoned area previously inhabited by the Serbs. After the war, under UN and peace implementation forces' pressure, Serb refugees returned to their homes.
In 2013, Canton's population included approximately 77% Croats, 13% Serbs and 9.6% Bosniaks; all other ethnicities combined made up the remaining <0.4%. Canton 10 had the largest share of ethnic Serbs in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, their number has steadily decreased since the conclusion of the Bosnian War.
1991 Census
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
! rowspan="2" | Municipality
! colspan="8" | Nationality
! rowspan="2" | Total
|-
! Croats
! %
! Serbs
! %
! Muslims
! %
! Other
! %
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Livno
| 29,324 || 72.22
| 3,913 || 9.63
| 5,793 || 14.26
| 1,570 || 3.87
| 40,600
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Tomislavgrad
| 25,976 || 86.56
| 576 || 1.91
| 3,148 || 10.49
| 309 || 1.02
| 30,009
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Glamoč
| 184 || 1.46
| 9,951 || 79.02
| 2,257 || 17.92
| 201 || 1.58
| 12,593
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Kupres
| 3,812 || 43.19
| 4,081 || 46.23
| 802 || 9.08
| 131 || 1.47
| 8,826
|-
| Bosansko Grahovo
| 226 || 2.71
| 7,888 || 94.91
| 12 || 0.14
| 185 || 2.22
| 8,311
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Drvar
| 31 || 0.20
| 14,846 || 96.76
| 29 || 0.18
| 437 || 2.86
| 15,343
|-
! Canton
| 59,553 || 51.48
| 41,255 || 35.66
| 12,041 || 10.41
| 2,833 || 2.45
| 115,682
|}
2013 Census
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
! rowspan="2" | Municipality
! colspan="8" | Nationality
! rowspan="2" | Total
|-
! Croats
! %
! Serbs
! %
! Bosniaks
! %
! Other
! %
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Livno
| 29,273 || 85.76
| 438 || 1.28
| 4,047 || 11.85
| 216 || 0.63
| 34,133
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Tomislavgrad
| 29,006 || 91.81
| 22 || 0.06
| 2,467 || 7.80
| 30 || 0.09
| 31,592
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Glamoč
| 906 || 23.47
| 1,679 || 43.49
| 1,251 || 32.40
| 13 || 0.33
| 3,860
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Kupres
| 4,474 || 88.47
| 318 || 6.28
| 255 || 5.04
| 5 || 0.09
| 5,057
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Bosansko Grahovo
| 393 || 16.04
| 2,028 || 82.80
| 6 || 0.24
| 10 || 0.40
| 2,449
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Drvar
| 552 || 7.85
| 6,420 || 91.24
| 11 || 0.15
| 24 || 0.34
| 7,036
|-
! Canton
| 64,604 || 76.79
| 10,905 || 12.96
| 8,037 || 9.55
| 581 || 0.69
| 84,127
|}
Economy
thumbnail|Tourist map of Canton 10|300px
The pre-war economic recession, and certainly the war in this area, caused significant population fluctuations in the form of emigration to Western European countries or relocation to other areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The natural and geographical features of this area are diverse, from fertile and vast fields and vast pastures, rivers and lakes to centuries-old deciduous and evergreen forests, and provide abundant opportunities for life and economic development based on agricultural production, livestock and the timber industry. The ecologically clean and intact nature, the temperate continental climate, the geographical position and the proximity and good transport connections with other parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and neighbouring Croatia, especially Dalmatia, which traditionally and economically gravitate, are important factors for the economic development of this area. The canton suffered severe damage during the last war and is one of the worst-affected areas in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The rebuilding process is slow and difficult, but the economy is already showing signs of recovery, most notably in construction, the wood processing industry, small businesses, and the handicrafts segment. Although commerce is still the dominant branch of the economy, in terms of the total number of companies (191, or 44.50% of the 429 active companies and 30% of total income).
From the revenue perspective of 1998 and 1999, there was a significant increase in construction, agriculture and forestry, as well as transportation, industry, and mining. Commerce registered a decrease in income compared to 1998 by 2 index points, as well as a decrease in the participation in total income at the cantonal level from 44.80% in 1998 to 30% in 1999 in favor of other productive activities, and especially construction agriculture and forestry, especially if we take into account that the total income generated at the cantonal level in 1999 increased by 25% compared to 1998. All these are positive indicators of economic recovery and the basis of the expected future development.
The main economic branches of Canton 10, by number of employees, are wholesale and retail trade, processing industry, and agriculture, forestry, and fishing.
The average salary in Canton 10 is 1168 KM (2024). The highest average net salary is paid in Livno (1269 KM) and the lowest in Drvar (928 KM).
See also
- List of heads of the Canton 10
- Tropolje
References
Sources
External links
- Official site