Camassia quamash

Camassia quamash, commonly known as camas, kwetlal, small camas, common camas, common camash or quamash, is a perennial herb. It is native to western North America in large areas of southern Canada and the northwestern United States.

Description

Camassia quamash is a perennial plant with a herbaceous character that has a wide range of variation across its geographical range.

It is a monocot that has grasslike leaves, as typical of that group, that emerge from a persistent bulb. The bulb is of moderate size, in diameter. The bulbs do not frequently cluster together and their surface is black while the interior is white with layers like that of an onion.

The leaves very rarely number more than nine on a plant and range in length from . In comparison to their length they are quite narrow, 4 to 20 millimeters in width. The upper surface of the leaves may or may not have a pale, waxy coating depending on the variety.

The flowering stems in wild or cultivated plants can be up to , but may be as short as . As the inflorescence does not have branches it is a raceme.

Camassia quamash subsp. azurea – small camas
Camassia quamash subsp. breviflora – small camas
Camassia quamash subsp. intermedia – small camas
Camassia quamash subsp. linearis – small camas
Camassia quamash subsp. maxima – small camas
Camassia quamash subsp. quamash – common camas
Camassia quamash subsp. utahensis – Utah small camas
Camassia quamash subsp. walpolei – Walpole's small camas

Synonyms

The superseded name for Camassia quamash subsp. quamash, Camassia esculenta <small>(Nutt.) Lindl.</small>, should not be confused with the superseded name Camassia esculenta <small>(Ker Gawl.) B.L.Rob.</small>, (nom. illeg.) for Camassia scilloides.

Etymology

The genus name comes from the Nez Perce Indian name for this plant, and means "sweet". Qém'es, a term for the plant's bulb, which was gathered and used as a food source by tribes in the Pacific Northwest, and were an important food source for the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806). Both the Bannock and Nez Perce Wars began after Nez Perce became incensed at the failure of the US government to uphold treaties, and at settlers who plowed up their camas prairies, which they depended on for subsistence.

Cultivation

This bulb flower naturalizes well in gardens. The bulb grows best in well-drained soil high in humus. It will grow in lightly shaded forest areas and on rocky outcrops as well as in open meadows or prairies. Additionally, it is found growing alongside streams and rivers. The plants may be divided in autumn after the leaves have withered. Additionally, the plant spreads by seed rather than by runners.

In the Pacific Northwest, Lekwungen peoples and others have cultivated kwetlal bulbs since precolonial times. Kwetlal has been promoted as a good replacement for invasive species for environmental and cultural restoration.

Uses

Camas is grown as an ornamental plant. Even in the wild, large numbers of camas can color an entire meadow blue-violet.

Food

The bulbs of this Camassia species are edible and nutritious when roasted or boiled, but are easily confused with those of the deathcamas. Though the white deathcamas flowers are very different, the bulbs are difficult to distinguish. The latter produced a syrup. A pit-cooked camas bulb looks and tastes something like baked sweet potato, but sweeter, and with more crystalline fibers due to the presence of inulin in the bulbs—an oligosaccharide responsible for the copious flatulence caused by excessive consumption of undercooked bulbs. Bulbs can also be dried and pounded into flour, which can be used for baking or as a thickener. Native American tribes who have eaten camas include the Nez Perce, Cree, Coast Salish, Lummi, and Blackfoot tribes, among many others. Camas bulbs contributed to the survival of members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–06).