Charles Burgess Fry (25 April 1872 – 7 September 1956) was an English sportsman, teacher, writer, editor and publisher, who is best remembered for his career as a cricketer. John Arlott described him with the words: "Charles Fry could be autocratic, angry and self-willed: he was also magnanimous, extravagant, generous, elegant, brilliant – and fun ... he was probably the most variously gifted Englishman of any age."
Fry's achievements on the sporting field included representing England at both cricket and football, an FA Cup Final appearance for Southampton and equalling the then-world record for the long jump. He also reputedly turned down the throne of Albania. In later life, he suffered mental health problems, but even well into his seventies he claimed he was still able to perform his party trick: leaping from a stationary position backwards onto a mantelpiece.
Early life and education
Early life
thumb|left|200px|Fry's birthplace at 144 St James's Road in [[Croydon (pictured in 2016)|alt=A photograph of a house]]
Charles Burgess Fry was born at 144 St James's Road in Croydon on 25 April 1872, the son of a civil servant, Lewis John Fry, and his wife, Constance Isabella White. Both sides of his family had once been wealthy, but by 1872 were not as prosperous. At a young age, the family moved from Croydon to Chislehurst in neighbouring Kent. It was here, in the family home that overlooked a cricket ground, where Fry began his fascination with cricket. Fry began his education at Hove Lodge school, before being moved from there to Hornbrook House school, where his struggles with mathematics led to tensions with the headmaster and his wife. His treatment at the school caused great psychological trauma, leaving him feeling unfufilled. He returned to Holmbrook for a third year, finding that the headmaster and his wife had departed, with their reforms in the school having a positive effect on Fry's mental wellbeing, with Fry later remarking that it felt like he had entered "another and better world". Amongst the improvements at the school was a greater focus on cricket, allowing Fry to hone his early skills. He also demonstrated his athletic and footballing prowess whilst at the school. Academically, a switch in the curriculum toward the classics saw Fry rise toward the top of his class.
Repton School
thumb|left|200px|[[Repton School, where Fry was educated (pictured in 2007)|alt=Colour photograph of a school]]
The family again relocated, this time to Streatham on account of his father's ill-health. It was the intention of his parents for Fry to progress to Aldenham School once he had left Hornbrook. To prepare for this, he was sent to Repton School for "practice", where he ended up winning a scholarship 'by mistake'. At Repton, he won the school prizes for Latin Verse, Greek Verse, Latin Prose and French. He was also runner-up in German. His weakest subject remained mathematics; he gained the headmaster's permission to study Thucydides instead and dispensed with maths for the rest of his academic career. He was a member of the school's debating society.
His greatest success at Repton came in sport. He was a member of the cricket eleven, securing his place in the school team in 1888 and captaining it in 1890 and 1891. In his last season at the school, his average was nearly 50. His cricket coach in his six years at Repton was Arthur Forman. Fry also captained the school football team, having managed to get into the school's under-16 team at the age of 13. The Football Annual in 1891 praised Fry describing him as "the most brilliant back the school has ever had". In athletics, he ran the 100 yards in under 11 seconds and set a new school long jump record of 21 feet that would not be beaten until 20 years later by Harold Abrahams. He made nine first-class appearances for Oxford in 1892, By playing in the 1892 University Match at Lord's, he gained his first blue. Oxford endured a tough season, failing win any of their matches, though Fry was considered one of the teams better players. The following season, he made eleven appearances in first-class cricket, scoring 398 runs, though his highest score was 59 runs. In 1893, he debuted for both the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and the Gentlemen in the Gentlemen versus Players fixture. Despite his century, he drew criticism for his slow scoring rate early in his innings. His captaincy in the match drew praise from the Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News, citing his good judgement in field placing and knowing when it was time to change bowlers. Earlier in the season against Sussex, he scored 119 runs and shared in a partnership of 153 runs for the fourth wicket with Gerald Mordaunt. After excluding himself from Oxford's early home matches in 1895, Fry encountered all-round success. With Oxford's bowling being weak in 1895, Fry was able to demonstrate his abilities as a right-arm fast-medium bowler. He returned his career best figures of 6 for 78 in the 1895 University Match, He also enjoyed success as a batsman, scoring 125 runs against Sussex on a flat wicket at Hove. Against Kent at Maidstone, he was dismissed one run short of his century.
Sussex and Test debut
Fry played for Surrey in 1891 (but not in any first-class fixtures), Oxford University 1892–1895 (winning Blues in all four years and captaining the university in 1894, meaning that he was simultaneously not only captain of both the university cricket and football teams but president of the varsity athletics club as well) Sussex 1894–1908 (captain 1904–1908), and Hampshire, 1909–1921. First selected by England for the tour of South Africa in 1895–96, he captained England in his final six Test matches in 1912, winning four and drawing two. He twice scored Test centuries: 144 v Australia in 1905 hitting 23 fours in just over hours, batting at number four, and 129 opening the batting against South Africa in 1907.
right|thumb|450px|England v. Australia at [[Trent Bridge, 1899. Back row: Dick Barlow (umpire), Tom Hayward, George Hirst, Billy Gunn, J. T. Hearne (12th man), Bill Storer (wkt kpr), Bill Brockwell, V. A. Titchmarsh (umpire). Middle row: C. B. Fry, K. S. Ranjitsinhji, W. G. Grace (captain), Stanley Jackson. Front row: Wilfred Rhodes, Johnny Tyldesley]]
And he twice took ten wickets in a match: 5–75 and 5–102 for the Gentlemen of England against I Zingari in 1895, and 5–81 and 5–66 for Sussex against Nottinghamshire in 1896 (a match in which he also scored 89 and 65). The late 1890s saw a re-emergence of the throwing controversy in cricket. Several professional bowlers including Arthur Mold and Ernie Jones were no-balled; Mold was forced to retire. Fry's bowling action was criticised by opponents and teammates, and it was only a matter of time before he too was no-balled by umpire Jim Phillips.
Fry scored 94 first-class centuries, including an unprecedented six consecutive centuries in 1901. No one else has scored more consecutive hundreds. On 12 September 1901, playing for the Rest of England against Yorkshire at Lord's, he scored 105, which was his sixth consecutive first-class century. He made his highest first-class score of 258 not out in 1911, a season which led to his recall to the England Test team as captain in 1912. In 1921 Fry was once again considered for the Test team. The Selection Committee asked him to play in the First Test match at Nottingham under the captaincy of Johnny Douglas, with a view to taking over the captaincy for the remainder of the series if, as they anticipated, things went wrong. Fry declined on the basis that there was no sense in recalling a forty-nine-year-old merely as a player, but stated that he would consider returning as captain. As England were badly beaten at Nottingham the Selection Committee again pressed Fry to return for the Second Test but once again he declined, due to poor form. Following another heavy defeat in the Second Test the Selection Committee made a further attempt to persuade Fry to return for the Third Test as captain, a job he was now keen to accept. He injured a finger taking a catch during Hampshire's match with the Australians. In the short term, the injury did not appear too serious: he scored a half-century in Hampshire's first innings and, when they followed on in reply to the Australians' massive total he top scored with 37. Furthermore, in his next match against Nottinghamshire he scored 61 in the first innings (but registered a duck in the second). It appears however that the injury was affecting his fielding more than his batting and, for last time, C.B. felt obliged to stand down from the team for the next Test. Fry later commentated on cricket matches, being called "one of the most eloquent cricket commentators of all time."
right|thumb|Fry caricatured by [[Leslie Ward|Spy for Vanity Fair, 1894]]
For both Sussex and England, he was closely associated with the outstanding cricketer Prince Ranjitsinhji, the future Jam Sahib of Nawanagar. Their contrasting batting styles complemented one another (Fry being an orthodox, technically correct batsman, and Ranji being noted for his innovation, particularly his use of the leg glance). Their friendship lasted well into the 1920s, and when Ranjitsinhji became one of India's three representatives at the League of Nations, he took Fry with him as his assistant.
Playing style and statistics
Early in his career, he struggled to play slow bowling. As a highly effective right-handed batsman who batted at, or near the top of the order, Fry scored 30,886 first-class runs at an average of 50.22, a particularly high figure for an era when scores were generally lower than today. At the end of his cricketing career in 1921–22, he had the second highest average of any retired player with over 10,000 runs: only his Sussex and England colleague Ranjitsinhji had retired with a better career average. He headed the batting averages (qualification minimum 20 innings) for six English seasons (in 1901, 1903, 1905, 1907, 1911 and 1912). Against Yorkshire, the strongest county bowling attack of Fry's time, he averaged a remarkable 63.60 over the course of his career, including back to back scores of 177 and 229 against them in 1904. GL Jessop said that calmness was at the heart of his batting and that he was a superb judge of a run as well as being fast between the wickets. In his early career Fry was an enthusiastic and successful right-arm fast-medium bowler.
Athletics
In athletics, Fry won Blues in all four years at Oxford 1892–95, representing the university against Cambridge in the long jump in 1892, 1893, 1894 and 1895; the high jump in 1892 and the 100 yards in 1893 and 1894. In 1892 Fry broke the British long jump record with a jump of and a year later on 4 March 1893 equalled the world long jump record of (tied with the American Charles Reber). This is often incorrectly claimed to have stood as a world record for 21 years, but this length of time actually only refers to how long he held the university record, Cambridge's H. S. O. Ashington adding three-quarters of an inch to Fry's distance in 1913. Fry's shared world record was broken on 5 September 1894 by Ireland's J. J. Mooney.
In the first contest between universities from different countries, Oxford v Yale at the Queen's Club, West Kensington, in 1894, Fry came third in the long jump and won the 100 yards. In addition to being an outstanding long jumper, sprinter and high jumper, Fry was also a talented hurdler, once competing against Godfrey Shaw the champion hurdler of the time, who beat him but told him, as Fry later recalled: "He was sure if I took up hurdling seriously I might win the championship." Fry was also president of the Oxford University athletics club in 1894.
Other sports
Apart from his other sporting achievements stated below, Fry was also a decent shot putter, hammer thrower and ice skater, representing Wadham in the inter-College races on Blenheim lake in the winter of 1894–95 and coming close to an unofficial blue as a member of the Oxford ice hockey team who took on Cambridge on the Fens, as well as being a proficient golfer.
Football
Fry's achievements extended to association football.
A defender with exceptional pace, Fry learned his football at Repton School, where he played for and captained the school team. While still at school he also played for the famous amateur club the Casuals, for whom he found himself turning out in an FA Cup tie at the age of sixteen. Fry went on to win Blues in each of his four years at Oxford University captaining the team in his third year. In 1891, he joined another famous amateur club, Corinthian, going on to make a total of 74 appearances for them between 1891 and 1903 scoring four goals. Although extremely proud of his amateur status, he decided that entering the professional game would enhance his chance of international honours. He chose Southampton F.C. (The Saints), as the leading lights in the Southern League, and also because The Dell was conveniently close to his home. He made his debut for Southampton (as an amateur) on 26 December 1900, against Tottenham Hotspur and went on to help them win the Southern League title during that 1900–01 season.
Fry's game was probably a little too refined for the hurly-burly of professional football, he never relished the aerial challenges that were more prevalent in the professional game, but having worked tirelessly to improve his heading ability he achieved his aim of international honours when (along with Southampton's goalkeeper, Jack Robinson), he was picked to play as a full-back for England in the match against Ireland on 9 March 1901 (played in Southampton).
The following season (1901–02), Southampton reached the FA Cup Final, playing against Sheffield United, which was drawn 1–1, but Southampton lost the replay, 2–1. Although he had moments during the cup run in which he excelled, his positional play was sometimes questioned. Fry played in all eight of the FA Cup games for Southampton that season, but in only nine Southern League matches, Fry was also chosen, as he later recalled, as the "first reserve for the South against the North" – a match that was, in effect, an England trial. Unfortunately for Fry, no one pulled out before the match and, as there were no substitutions allowed in rugby at the time, he did not get to play.
Acrobatics
Fry's party trick was to leap from a stationary position on the floor backwards onto a mantelpiece; he would face the mantelpiece, crouch down, take a leap upwards, turn in the air, and bow to the gallery with his feet planted on the shelf. Persuasion would occasionally get him to perform this turn at country houses, much to the interest of the guests.
Politics
thumb|right|C. B. Fry in the early 1920s whilst standing for one of the Brighton seats
As far back as his time at Wadham College, Fry had been interested in politics, but admitted: "I take a great interest in heaps of things that I know nothing about ... politics for one".
In 1920 when his friend and former Sussex team-mate Ranjitsinhji was offered and accepted the chance to become one of India's three representatives at the newly created League of Nations in Geneva he took Fry with him as his assistant. It was whilst working for Ranjitsinhji at the League of Nations, in Geneva, that Fry claimed to have been offered the throne of Albania. Whether this offer genuinely occurred has been questioned, but Fry was definitely approached about the vacant Albanian throne and therefore seems to have been considered a credible candidate for the post.
He stood (unsuccessfully) as a Liberal candidate for parliament for the Brighton constituency in 1922. Fry's presence certainly brought some welcome glamour and excitement to the election, and his campaign was given extra colour by the appearance, at an election meeting, of Dame Clara Butt, the opera singer (and a close personal friend of the Frys). He won 22,059 votes, 4,785 fewer than the Conservative victor.
He later fought the seat of Banbury in 1923, losing by just 219 votes, and the Oxford by-election in 1924, where he was defeated by 1,842 votes.
thumb|120px|Fry in 1922