Burns is a city in and the county seat of Harney County, in the U.S. state of Oregon. According to the 2020 census, the population was 2,730. Burns and the nearby city of Hines are home to about 60 percent of the people in the sparsely populated county, by area the largest in Oregon and the tenth largest in the United States.
The Burns–Hines region has a high-desert climate but was much wetter in the recent geologic past. The Harney Basin was the largest of many depressions in which lakes formed in southeastern Oregon during the late Pleistocene. Remnants of an ancient lake that reached as far north as Burns are at the center of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, south of the city.
Northern Paiutes or their ancestors, who were hunter-gatherers, have lived in the region for thousands of years. Since the arrival of Euro-Americans in the 19th century, cattle ranching and other forms of agriculture have dominated land use in the area. In 1930, logging in the mountains north of Burns led to the creation of Hines, a lumber company town, and the timber industry remained important to the local economy until the 1990s. In addition to ranching, a variety of private and public enterprises support the Burns–Hines economy in the 21st century. Annual events include a migratory bird festival, the county fair, and a country music jamboree.
History
Tribal
Archeologists have found evidence of human habitation in the general vicinity of Burns that pushed the possibility of human habitation from the previous estimate of 10,000 to 18,000 years ago.
Members of the contemporary Burns Paiute Tribe of Harney County, descended mainly from the Wadatika band of Paiutes, were hunter-gatherers throughout central and southern Oregon. The Wadatikas were named after the wada seeds collected as food from near Malheur Lake. Their territory covered about from the Cascade Range to near Boise and from the southern Blue Mountains to south of Steens Mountain. Scattered in the 19th century by clashes with white settlers and soldiers and through forced removal to distant reservations, some of the Paiutes eventually returned to Harney County.
In the 1930s, the Burns Paiute Tribe began buying land near Burns and holding tribal elections. By the late 1960s, the tribe had adopted a constitution and tribal bylaws, and in 1972 the Burns Paiute formally became an independent tribe, eligible to enter into contracts with other governments and legal entities. The tribe owns the Burns Paiute Reservation, north of Burns, and individual members of the tribe own more than of land elsewhere in the county. In 1991, the tribe had about 350 members, and about 200 lived on the reservation.
Cities and ranches
thumb|1942: [[Pinus ponderosa|Ponderosa pine logs from the Hines tract in the Malheur National Forest]]
After the arrival of Euro-American settlers in the 19th century, Burns was established in the 1880s. It was formally incorporated after Harney County's creation in 1889 through the splitting of Grant County into two counties. Early settler, merchant, and county commissioner George McGowan named the city after the Scottish poet Robert Burns. By 1891, the community had stores, a post office, hotels, and other businesses. McGowan was the town's first postmaster.
In the 1920s, timber cutting and milling brought many newcomers to the region. In 1928, the Edward Hines Lumber Company acquired from the U.S. Forest Service the rights to cut timber in the Blue Mountains near Seneca, north of Burns. After winning the timber contract, the Hines Company built the Oregon and Northwestern Railroad between Burns and Seneca. Edward Hines, the company owner, built a lumber mill and company town, incorporated as the City of Hines in 1930. Timber and logging remained important to the local economy until the 1990s, when the area's last lumber mill closed for lack of timber. Some of the Harney County ranches established in the 19th century still exist in the 21st. and Hines about 1,600,
Geology
Burns is in southeastern Oregon near the northern edge of the arid Harney Basin. The basin is part of the High Lava Plains, a region dominated by erupting volcanoes in the late Miocene, five to ten million years ago. Centered on the Brothers Fault Zone, which runs southeast–northwest between Steens Mountain and Bend, the High Lava Plains merge with the Blue Mountains to the north and the Basin and Range Province to the south.
Shallow basins formed by crustal stretching in the Basin and Range province were much wetter during the late Pleistocene, up to 11,000 years ago, than they are in the 21st century. Lakes formed in these basins, including those in the southern part of the High Lava Plains. Among these, the largest depression was the Harney Basin, covering . Within the Harney Basin, ancient Malheur Lake—the 21st-century remnants of which include Malheur Lake, Harney Lake, and Mud Lake—covered and extended as far north as Burns. These remnant wetlands have become the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge.
Climate
Burns has a semi-arid continental climate (Köppen BSk) bordering upon a continental Mediterranean climate (Dsb) that averages 99 days with precipitation each year. Cloud cover varies from an average of 25 percent in July to 76 percent in January. Normal annual precipitation amounts to about , including of snow. During another top-10 event, which occurred in February 1933, the temperature at Seneca reached , the lowest ever recorded in Oregon. At Burns itself, record temperatures since 1939 range from on December 8, 2013, up to on July 12, 2002; the record low maximum is on January 6, 1982, and December 21, 1990, while the record high minimum is on July 27 and 30, 1939.
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Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 census, Burns had a population of 2,730. The median age was 44.3 years. 21.3% of residents were under the age of 18 and 23.6% were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 103.0 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 98.0 males age 18 and over.
90.4% of residents lived in urban areas, while 9.6% lived in rural areas.
There were 1,242 households in Burns, of which 23.6% had children under the age of 18 living in them. Of all households, 38.2% were married-couple households, 25.1% were households with a male householder and no spouse or partner present, and 28.2% were households with a female householder and no spouse or partner present. About 36.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.
! Race !! Number !! Percent
|-
| White || 2,351 || 86.1%
|-
| Black or African American || 6 || 0.2%
|-
| American Indian and Alaska Native || 95 || 3.5%
|-
| Asian || 23 || 0.8%
|-
| Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander || 0 || 0%
|-
| Some other race || 37 || 1.4%
|-
| Two or more races || 218 || 8.0%
|-
| Hispanic or Latino (of any race) || 178 || 6.5%
|}
2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 2,806 people, 1,280 households, and 720 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 1,490 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 92.2% White, 0.3% African American, 2.6% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 3.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.7% of the population. The city's public works department, consisting of a director and four full-time workers, maintains the water lines, sewers, and streets of Burns. The police department includes a chief of police, an office assistant, and three full-time officers who work for Hines as well as Burns. City officers and employees include a city manager, city clerk, municipal judge doubling as the utilities clerk, and an office assistant.
A tribal council governs the Burns Paiute Tribe, immediately northwest of Burns. The tribe has its own police, court, and health and other services, including a tribal community center.
thumb|Burns Post Office
The Harney County Courthouse is in Burns. County officials include a judge and two commissioners, a clerk, treasurer, assessor, district attorney, justice of the peace, sheriff, and circuit court judge.
Cliff Bentz, a Republican, won election in 2020 to represent Burns as part of Oregon's 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. Ron Wyden and Jeff Merkley, both Democrats, serve the entire state of Oregon in the United States Senate. Republican Lynn Findley represents District 30, including Burns, in the Oregon Senate. Republican Mark Owens represents District 60, including Burns, in the Oregon House.
Education
thumb|left|Former [[Harney County School District 3 headquarters]]
Harney County School District 3 provides public education in Burns and Hines, at Henry L. Slater Grade School in Burns, Hines Middle School, and Burns High School.
Burns previously had its own elementary school district, with a separate Burns-based high school district. A 1975 proposal to merge those districts, along with the elementary school district of Hines and two other school districts, was turned down by voters. In 1985, the Burns school district used the cafeteria at Slater Elementary to provide food service to all of the district's schools. In 1989, the Burns high school district and the Burns and Hines elementary school districts combined into Harney County School District 3.
There is a branch of Silvies River Charter School in Burns, the Burns Learning Center.
Harney County is not in a community college district but Burns, along with the county, has a "contract out of district" (COD) with Treasure Valley Community College. TVCC operates the Burns Outreach Center in Burns.
The Harney County Library is located in Burns. Formed in 1903 by the Ladies Afternoon Club, the Harney County Library has grown from an initial collection of 12 books to more than 30,000 items in 2013. Library offerings include public computers, wireless Internet, video conferencing equipment, meeting spaces, and public programs, as well as books, magazines, newspapers, audio books, videos, DVDs, and access to Interlibrary Loan.
Media
The weekly Burns Times-Herald is the only newspaper in the city. In 2006, five members of the Times-Herald staff formed Survival Media LLC, which bought the newspaper from its former out-of-state owners. According to Survival Media, this was the first staff buyout of a newspaper in Oregon. Two commercial radio stations, KZHC-FM (92.7 FM) and KZHC (1230 AM), are licensed to broadcast from Burns.
Infrastructure
Transportation
Burns Municipal Airport provides general aviation services. The airport, with of lighted runway, is east of the city. Pony Express provides air freight service.
Haney County Senior & Community Services Center operates the Dial-A-Ride, which provides a local bus route between Burns and Hines. Public Oregon Intercity Transit (POINT) is an intercity bus system that includes service between Bend and Ontario, Oregon. It departs from Burns once daily in each direction. The buses are wheelchair accessible, can seat up to 20 passengers, and can be used for package delivery as well as public transport.
Health care
thumb|right|[[Harney District Hospital]]
Harney District Hospital in Burns is a general medical and surgical hospital with 20 patient beds. A public hospital, it is under a separate taxing district and has been since 1990, and previously was a part of the county government.
HDH Family Care and Mountain Sage Medical operate medical clinics in the city. The Burns–Hines VA Clinic in Burns provides general medical services to military veterans. Emergency medical services include AirLink Critical Care Transport and Life Flight Network via helicopter or airplane to the nearest appropriate treatment center.
In a period prior to 1989, the city had seven doctors. By the start of 1989, there was only one left to cover not only Burns but the entire county. At that time, Harney County residents realized that they needed to take steps to attract doctors to the area. There had also been a small number of nurses. By 1990 more nurses came to the area.
Notable people
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- Kellen Clemens – NFL quarterback
- Norma Paulus – former Oregon Secretary of State and former Oregon Superintendent of Public Instruction
- Susannah Scaroni, Paralympic athlete.
- Robert Smith – former member of the United States House of Representatives and former Speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives
- Gene Timms - former Oregon State Senator and business owner
References
Works cited
- .
External links
- Entry for Burns in the Oregon Blue Book