thumb|Photographic [[silhouette of the Dubai skyline; the Burj Khalifa is visible at the centre]]
The Burj Khalifa (previously known as Burj Dubai prior to inauguration) is a megatall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, it is the world's tallest structure, with a total height of 829.8 m (2,722 ft, or just over half a mile) and a roof height (excluding the antenna, but including a 242.6 m spire) The building was opened in 2010 as part of a new development called Downtown Dubai. It was designed to be the centrepiece of large-scale, mixed-use development.
The building is named after the former president of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan. The United Arab Emirates government provided Dubai with financial support as the developer, Emaar Properties, experienced financial problems during the Great Recession. Then-president of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed, organised federal financial support. For his support, Mohammad bin Rashid, Ruler of Dubai, changed the name from "Burj Dubai" to "Burj Khalifa" during inauguration.
The design is derived from the Islamic architecture of the region, such as in the Great Mosque of Samarra. The Y-shaped tripartite floor geometry is designed to optimise residential and hotel space. A buttressed central core and wings are used to support the height of the building. The Burj Khalifa's central core houses all vertical transportation except egress stairs within each of the wings. The structure also features a cladding system which is designed to withstand Dubai's hot summer temperatures. It contains a total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators.
Development
Construction began on 12 January 2004, with the exterior of the structure completed on 1 October 2009. The building officially opened on 4 January 2010 and is part of the 2 km<sup>2</sup> (490 acres) Downtown Dubai development at the 'First Interchange' along Sheikh Zayed Road, near Dubai's main business district.
The tower's architecture and engineering were performed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill of Chicago, with Adrian Smith as chief architect, and Bill Baker as a chief structural engineer. The firm had designed the Sears Tower in Chicago, a previous record holder for the world's tallest building.
Hyder Consulting was supervising engineer and NORR Group Consultants supervised the architecture. The primary contractor was Samsung C&T of South Korea, together with the Belgian group BESIX and the local company Arabtec.
Numerous complaints concerned migrant workers from South Asia, the primary building labour force, who were paid low wages and sometimes had their passports confiscated.
Conception
Burj Khalifa was designed to be the centrepiece of a large-scale, mixed-use development to include 30,000 homes, nine hotels (including The Address Downtown Dubai), of parkland, at least 19 residential skyscrapers, the Dubai Mall, and the artificial Burj Khalifa Lake. The decision to build Burj Khalifa was reportedly based on the government's decision to diversify from an oil-based economy to one that is service and tourism based. According to officials, projects like Burj Khalifa needed to be built to garner more international recognition and hence investment. "He (Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum) wanted to put Dubai on the map with something really sensational," said Jacqui Josephson, a tourism and VIP delegations executive at Nakheel Properties.
The tower was known as Burj Dubai ("Dubai Tower") until its official opening in January 2010. In the 2000s, Dubai started diversifying its economy but it suffered from the 2008 financial crisis and the Great Recession, leaving large-scale projects already in construction abandoned.
Records
The Burj Khalifa set several world records, including:
- Tallest existing structure: (previously KVLY-TV mast – )
- Tallest structure ever built: (previously Warsaw radio mast – )
- Tallest freestanding structure: (previously CN Tower – )
- Tallest skyscraper (to top of spire): (previously Taipei 101 – )
- Tallest skyscraper to top of antenna: (previously the Willis (formerly Sears) Tower – )
- Building with most floors: 163 (previously World Trade Center – 110)
- World's highest elevator installation (situated inside a rod at the very top of the building)
- World's longest travel distance elevators:
- Highest vertical concrete pumping (for a building):
- World's tallest structure that includes residential space
- World's highest installation of an aluminium and glass façade:
- World's highest New Year display of fireworks.
- World's largest light and sound show staged on a single building.
Architecture and design
thumb|300px|A cross-section of comparisons of various towers, from ground level from top to bottom: Burj Khalifa, [[Taipei 101, Willis Tower, and the original World Trade Center]]
The tower was designed by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill (SOM), which also designed the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower) in Chicago and the One World Trade Center in New York City. Burj Khalifa uses the bundled tube design of the Willis Tower, invented by Fazlur Rahman Khan. Due to its tubular system, proportionally only half the amount of steel was used in the construction, compared to the Empire State Building. Khan's contributions to the design of tall buildings have had a profound impact on architecture and engineering. It would be difficult to find any worldwide practices in the design of tall buildings that have not been directly or indirectly influenced by his work. The design is reminiscent of Frank Lloyd Wright's vision for The Illinois, a mile-high skyscraper designed for Chicago, as well as Chicago's Lake Point Tower. When Adrian Smith was conceiving the project at SOM, he looked out his office window toward Lake Point Tower's curved three-wing layout and thought, "There's the prototype". According to Strabala, Burj Khalifa was designed based on the 73 floor Tower Palace Three, an all-residential building in Seoul. In its early planning, Burj Khalifa was intended to be entirely residential.
After the original design by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, Emaar Properties chose Hyder Consulting to be the supervising engineer and NORR Group Consultants International Ltd to supervise the architecture of the project. Hyder was selected for their expertise in structural and MEP (mechanical, electrical and plumbing) engineering. Hyder Consulting's role was to supervise construction, certify the architect's design, and be the engineer and architect of record to the UAE authorities. an international multidisciplinary consulting firm, to act as an independent verification and testing authority for concrete and steelwork.
The design is derived from Islamic architecture.
thumb|left|upright|The spiral minaret at the [[Great Mosque of Samarra]]
The spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than of structural steel. The central pinnacle pipe weighs and has a height of . The spire also houses communications equipment. Such a skyscraper, if located in Europe, would be the 11th tallest building on that continent.
In 2009 architects announced that more than 1,000 pieces of art would adorn the interiors of Burj Khalifa, while the residential lobby of Burj Khalifa would display the work of Jaume Plensa.
The cladding system consists of of more than 26,000 reflective glass panels and aluminium and textured stainless steel spandrel panels with vertical tubular fins.
<!-- Note to editors:
We know that 6°C corresponds to 43°F. The sentence below IS NOT a mistake because it refers to a temperature differential, and not to an absolute temperature. For example, going from 0°C to 6°C is a difference of 6°C which in Fahrenheit translates to going from 32°F to 43°F, which is a difference of 11°F. That is why the convert template is not used here. -->
The exterior temperature at the top of the building is thought to be 6 °C (11 °F) cooler than at its base.
A 304-room Armani Hotel, the first of 4 by Armani, occupies 15 of the lower 39 floors. The hotel was supposed to open on 18 March 2010, but after several delays, it finally opened to the public on 27 April 2010. The corporate suites and offices were also supposed to open from March onwards, yet the hotel and observation deck remained the only parts of the building which were open in April 2010.
The sky lobbies on the 43rd and 76th floors house swimming pools. Floors 20 through 108 have 900 private residential apartments (which, according to the developer, sold out within eight hours of being on the market). An outdoor zero-entry swimming pool is located on the 76th floor of the tower. Corporate offices and suites fill most of the remaining floors, except for the 122nd, 123rd, and 124th, where the At.mosphere restaurant, sky lobby, and an indoor and outdoor observation deck are located respectively. In January 2010, it was planned that Burj Khalifa would receive its first residents in February 2010.
The building has 57 elevators and 8 escalators. The building has 2,909 stairs from the ground floor to the 160th floor.
Plumbing systems
The Burj Khalifa's water system supplies an average of of water per day through of pipes. An additional of piping serves the fire emergency system, and supplies chilled water for the air conditioning system. At peak cooling times, the tower's cooling is , equivalent to that provided by of melting ice in one day. Under normal conditions, when all building maintenance units are operational, it takes 36 workers three to four months to clean the entire exterior.
Unmanned machines clean the top 27 additional tiers and the glass spire. The cleaning system was developed in Melbourne, Australia, by CoxGomyl, a manufacturer of building maintenance units, at a cost of A$8 million. On 26 October 2008, Emaar announced that based on results of a naming contest the fountain would be called the Dubai Fountain.
Observation deck
thumb|View of [[The Dubai Fountain from the observation deck]]
thumb|View from the observation deck
An outdoor observation deck, named At the Top, opened on 5 January 2010 on the 124th floor, at . It opened the 148th floor SKY level at , giving it the highest observation deck in the world on 15 October 2014. However, in June 2016 the Shanghai Tower opened with an observation deck at a height of 561 metres, thus taking the title of the world's highest observation deck. Subsequently, the Burj Khalifa reclaimed the record on February 18, 2019, when it opened The Lounge observatory at , which is also the highest lounge in the world.
The Burj Khalifa's 124th floor observation deck also features a so-called electronic telescope, an augmented reality device developed by Gsmprjct° of Montréal, which allows visitors to view the surrounding landscape in real-time, and to view previously saved images such as those taken at different times of day or under different weather conditions. To reduce the daily rush of sightseers, management allows visitors to purchase tickets in advance for a specific date and time, at a 75% discount on tickets purchased on the spot.
On 8 February 2010, the observation deck was closed to the public for two months after power-supply problems caused an elevator to become stuck between floors, trapping a group of tourists for 45 minutes.
When the tide is low and visibility is high, people can see the shores of Iran (which is around away) from the top of the skyscraper.
Park
Burj Khalifa is surrounded by an park designed by landscape architects SWA Group. Like the tower, the park's design was based on the flower of the Hymenocallis, a desert plant. At the centre of the park is the water room, which is a series of pools and water jet fountains. Benches and signs incorporate images of Burj Khalifa and the Hymenocallis flower.
The plants are watered by water collected from the building's cooling system. The system provides annually.
Floor plan
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! colspan="2"|Dimetric projection with floors colour-coded by function
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|160–163
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#ccc;"|Mechanical
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|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|156–159
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#ffc;"|Communication and broadcast
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|155
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#ccc;"|Mechanical
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|152–154
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#fcf;"|The Lounge observatory
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|149–151
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#ccf;"|Corporate suites
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|148
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#fcf;"|At the Top Sky observatory
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|139–147
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#ccf;"|Corporate suites
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|136–138
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#ccc;"|Mechanical
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|125–135
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#ccf;"|Corporate suites
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|124
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#fcf;"|At the Top observatory
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|123
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#fff;"|Sky lobby
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|122
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#fcc;"|At.mosphere restaurant
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|111–121
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#ccf;"|Corporate suites
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|109–110
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#ccc;"|Mechanical
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|77–108
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#cfc;"|Residential
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|76
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#fff;"|Sky lobby
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|73–75
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#ccc;"|Mechanical
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|44–72
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#cfc;"|Residential
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|43
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#fff;"|Sky lobby
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|40–42
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#ccc;"|Mechanical
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|38–39
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#cff;"|Armani Hotel suites
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|19–37
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#cfc;"|Residential
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|17–18
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#ccc;"|Mechanical
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|9–16
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#cfc;"|Armani Residences
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|1–8
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#cff;"|Armani Hotel
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|Ground
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#cff;"|Armani Hotel, Lobby
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|Concourse
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#cff;"|Armani Hotel, Lobby
|-
| style="padding:0 2px;"|B1–B2
| style="padding:0 2px;background:#ccc;"|Parking, Mechanical
|}
Ramadan observance
On the higher floors, the sun is seen for several minutes after it has set at ground level. Those living above the 80th floor wait two extra minutes to break their Ramadan fast, and those living above the 150th floor wait three minutes.
Construction
right|thumb|Animation of construction process|thumbtime=0:23
thumb|upright|Aerial closeup of Burj Khalifa under construction in March 2008
The tower was constructed by Samsung C&T from South Korea, which also did work on the Petronas Twin Towers and Taipei 101. Samsung C&T built the tower in a joint venture with BESIX from Belgium and Arabtec from the UAE. Turner was the project manager on the main construction contract. Hong Kong-based Far East Aluminium combined to provide the exterior cladding for Burj Khalifa.
The contractor and the engineer of record was Hyder Consulting. Under UAE law, the contractor and the engineer of record is jointly and severally liable for the performance of Burj Khalifa.
The primary structure is reinforced concrete. Putzmeister created a new, super high-pressure trailer concrete pump, the BSA 14000 SHP-D, for this project. The remaining structure above was constructed of lighter steel.
In 2003, 33 test holes were drilled to study the strength of the bedrock underlying the structure. Samples were taken from test holes drilled to a depth of 140 metres, finding weak to very weak rock all the way. A cathodic protection system is under the concrete to neutralise the sulphate and chloride-rich groundwater and prevent corrosion.
Special mixes of concrete were made to withstand the extreme pressures of the massive building weight; as is typical with reinforced concrete construction, each batch of concrete was tested to ensure it could withstand certain pressures. CTLGroup, working for Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, conducted the creep and shrinkage testing critical for the structural analysis of the building.
The consistency of the concrete used in the project was essential. It was difficult to create a concrete that could withstand both the thousands of tonnes bearing down on it and Persian Gulf temperatures that can reach . To combat this problem, the concrete was not poured during the day. Instead, during the summer months, ice was added to the mixture and it was poured at night when the air was cooler and the humidity was higher. Cooler concrete cures more evenly and is, therefore, less likely to set too quickly and crack. Any significant cracks could have put the entire project in jeopardy.
Milestones
thumb|450px|Burj Khalifa and skyline of Dubai, 2010
- January 2004: Excavation commences.
- February 2004: Piling starts.
- March 2005: Structure of Burj Khalifa starts rising.
- 21 July 2007: Surpasses Taipei 101, whose height of made it the world's tallest building, and level 141 reached.
- 12 August 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower antenna, which stands .
- 12 September 2007: At , becomes the world's tallest freestanding structure, surpassing the CN Tower in Toronto, and level 150 reached.
- 7 April 2008: At , surpasses the KVLY-TV Mast to become the tallest human-made structure, level 160 reached.
- 17 June 2008: Emaar announces that Burj Khalifa's height is over and that its final height will not be given until it is completed in September 2009.
- 1 September 2008: Height tops , making it the tallest human-made structure ever built, surpassing the previous record-holder, the Warsaw Radio Mast in Konstantynów, Poland.
- 17 January 2009: Topped out at .
- 1 October 2009: Emaar announces that the exterior of the building is completed.
- 4 January 2010: Burj Khalifa's official launch ceremony is held and Burj Khalifa is opened. Burj Dubai was renamed Burj Khalifa in honour of the President of the UAE and ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al Nahyan.
Real estate values
In March 2009, Mohamed Ali Alabbar, chairman of the project's developer, Emaar Properties, said office space pricing at Burj Khalifa reached US$4,000 per sq ft (over US$43,000 per m<sup>2</sup>) and the Armani Residences, also in Burj Khalifa, sold for US$3,500 per sq ft (over US$37,500 per m<sup>2</sup>). He estimated the total cost for the project to be about US$1.5 billion. With Dubai mired in debt from its huge ambitions, the government was forced to seek multibillion-dollar bailouts from its oil-rich neighbour Abu Dhabi. Subsequently, in a surprise move at its opening ceremony, the tower was renamed Burj Khalifa, said to honour the UAE President Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan for his crucial support.
Because of the slumping demand in Dubai's property market, the rents in the Burj Khalifa plummeted 40% some ten months after its opening. Out of 900 apartments in the tower, 825 were still empty at that time. Over the next 30 months, overseas investors steadily bought up available apartments and office space. By October 2012, Emaar reported that around 80% of the apartments were occupied.
Official launch ceremony
thumb|right|The opening ceremony of Burj Khalifa
The ceremony was broadcast live on a giant screen on Burj Park Island and on smaller screens elsewhere. Hundreds of media outlets from around the world reported live from the scene.
The opening was held on 4 January 2010. The ceremony featured a display of 10,000 fireworks, light beams projected on and around the tower, and further sound, light and water effects. The celebratory lighting was designed by UK lighting designers Speirs and Major Associates. Using the 868 powerful stroboscope lights that are integrated into the façade and spire of the tower, different lighting sequences were choreographed, together with more than 50 different combinations of other effects.
Controversies
Incidents
On 10 May 2011, an Asian migrant worker in his mid-30s jumped to his death from the 147th floor onto the 108th floor's deck. Dubai police said he killed himself because his company refused to let him leave the country.
On 18 May 2015, Dubai police disputed a report that a Portuguese tourist named Laura Vanessa Nunes fell to her death from the Burj Khalifa the prior 16 November, claiming that she fell from the Jumeirah Lake Towers. Nine News obtained emails from Portugal's embassy in the UAE under freedom of information laws, which indicated that the female tourist jumped from the 148th floor of the Burj Khalifa.
Labour
The Burj Khalifa was built primarily by workers from South Asia and East Asia. This is generally because the current generation of UAE locals prefer governmental jobs and do not have an attitude favouring private sector employment. On 17 June 2008, there were about 7,500 skilled workers employed at the construction site. During construction, one construction-related death was reported. Workplace injuries and deaths in the UAE are poorly documented, according to Human Rights Watch. The event consists of fireworks launched from Burj Khalifa, a light and laser show on the facade of Burj Khalifa, and an accompanying soundtrack and a special fountain show on The Dubai Fountain choreographed to the soundtrack. The Emaar New Year's Eve fireworks celebration originated in 2010 with the inauguration of the world's tallest building, Burj Khalifa. The celebration was broadcast live to more than 2 million people and lasted for 3 minutes.
Since 2011, national live broadcasting rights have been held by Dubai Media Incorporated and Dubai TV.
In 2017 and 2018, Emaar New Year's Eve was broadcast live on Twitter, and YouTube. In 2020, it was broadcast live for the first time on Zoom.
In 2021, Emaar celebrated solidarity in honour of frontline workers of the COVID-19 pandemic.
For the 2022 event, a laser feature was installed on The Dubai Fountain in sync with the Burj Khalifa's laser and fireworks show.
BASE jumping
The building has been used by several experienced BASE jumpers for authorised and unauthorised BASE jumping:
In May 2008, Hervé Le Gallou and David McDonnell, dressed as engineers, entered Burj Khalifa (around at the time), and jumped off a balcony situated several floors below the 160th floor.
On 8 January 2010, with permission of the authorities, Nasr Al Niyadi and Omar Al Hegelan, from the Emirates Aviation Society, broke the world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a crane-suspended platform attached to the 160th floor at . The two men descended the vertical drop at a speed of up to , with enough time to open their parachutes 10 seconds into the 90-second jump.
On 21 April 2014, with permission of the authorities and support from several sponsors, highly experienced French BASE jumpers Vince Reffet and Fred Fugen broke the Guinness world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a specially designed platform, built at the very top of the pinnacle, at .
Climbing
On 28 March 2011, Alain "Spiderman" Robert scaled the outside of Burj Khalifa. The climb to the top of the spire took 6 hours. To comply with UAE safety laws, Robert, who usually climbs in free solo style, used a rope and harness.
Awards
thumb|Burj Khalifa artwork project made of [[Lego in Bricksworld 2014]]
In June 2010, Burj Khalifa was the recipient of the 2010 "Best Tall Building Middle East & Africa" award by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. On 28 September 2010 Burj Khalifa won the award for the best project of the year at the Middle East Architect Awards 2010. Awards Chair Gordon Gill, of Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture, said:
Burj Khalifa was also the recipient of the following awards.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
|-
|2012
|Award of Merit for World Voices Sculpture, Burj Khalifa Lobby from Structural Engineers Association of Illinois (SEAOI), Chicago.
|-
| rowspan="10" scope="row"| 2011
| Interior Architecture Award, Certificate of Merit from AIA – Chicago Chapter.
|-
| Distinguished Building Award, Citation of Merit from AIA – Chicago Chapter.
|-
| Interior Architecture Award: Special Recognition from AIA – Chicago Chapter.
|-
| Design Excellence Award: Special Function Room.
|-
| Excellence in Engineering from ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers) – Illinois Chapter.
|-
| Outstanding Structure Award from International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering.
|-
| Decade of Design, Presidential Commendation in Corporate Space Small from International Interior Design Association (IIDA).
|-
| Decade of Design • Best of Category/Mixed Use Buildings from International Interior Design Association (IIDA).
|-
| GCC Technical Building Project of the Year from MEED (formerly Middle East Economic Digest).
|-
| Project of the Year from MEED.
|-
| rowspan="17" scope="row"| 2010
| International Architecture Award.
|-
| Arab Achievement Award 2010: Best Architecture Project from Arab Investment Summit.
|-
| Architecture Award (Mixed Use) Dubai from Arabian Property Awards.
|-
| Architecture Award (Mixed Use) Arabian Region from Arabian Property Awards.
|-
| International Architecture Award from Chicago Athenaeum.
|-
| American Architecture Award from Chicago Athenaeum.
|-
| Commercial / Mixed Use Built from Cityscape.
|-
| Best Mixed Use Built Development in Cityscape Abu Dhabi.
|-
| Skyscraper Award: Silver Medal from Emporis.
|-
| Award for Commercial or Retail Structure from Institution of Structural Engineers.
|-
| International Architecture Award (Mixed Use) from International Commercial Property Awards.
|-
| Special Recognition for Technological Advancement from International Highrise Awards.
|-
| Best Structural Design of the Year from LEAF Award.
|-
| International Projects Category: Outstanding Project from National Council of Structural Engineers Associations.
|-
| Best of What's New from Popular Science Magazine.
|-
| Spark Awards, Silver Award.
|-
| Excellence in Structural Engineering: Most Innovative Structure from SEAOI.
|-
|}
See also
- List of buildings in Dubai
- List of buildings with 100 floors or more
- List of development projects in Dubai
- List of tallest buildings and structures
- List of tallest freestanding structures
- List of tallest buildings in Dubai
- List of tallest buildings in the United Arab Emirates
- List of tallest buildings
- List of tallest structures
- Jeddah Tower
Notes
References
External links
<!-- do not add links to blogs or other unofficial pages, there are enough links now -->
- (597 KB) (Structure magazine, June 2006)
- (620 KB) (Irwin et al., November 2006)
- BBC reports: Burj Khalifa opening, with video and links; Maintaining the world's tallest building