thumb|A typical [[American cuisine|American breakfast, composed of a waffle, fruits, juice and scrambled eggs]]

Breakfast is the first meal of the day, usually eaten in the morning. The word in English refers to breaking the fasting period of the previous night. and the word dinner, which originated from Gallo-Romance desjunare ("to break one's fast"), referred to a meal after fasting. Around the mid-13th century, that meaning of dinner faded away, and around the 15th century "breakfast" came into use in written English to describe a morning meal.

Ancient breakfast

Ancient Egypt

In Ancient Egypt, peasants ate a daily meal, most likely in the morning, consisting of soup, beer, bread, and onions before they left for work in the fields or work commanded by the pharaohs.

The traditional breakfast believed to have been cooked in ancient Egypt was fūl (made from fava beans, possibly the ancestor of today's ful medames), baladi bread, made from emmer wheat, and falafel, and a mixture of fava beans with onions, garlic, parsley and coriander.

Ancient Greece

In Greek literature, there are numerous mentions of , a meal taken not long after sunrise. The Iliad notes this meal with regard to a labor-weary woodsman eager for a light repast to start his day, preparing it even as he is aching with exhaustion. The opening prose of the 16th book of the Odyssey mentions breakfast as the meal being prepared in the morning before attending to one's chores. Eventually was moved to around noon, and a new morning meal was introduced.

In the post-Homeric classical period of Greece, a meal called was typically consumed immediately after rising in the morning. They also made pancakes called (), (), or (), all words deriving from (), meaning "frying pan". The earliest attested references on are in the works of the 5th century BC poets Cratinus and Magnes. Another kind of pancake was (), from (), "of flour or dough of spelt", derived itself from (), "flour of spelt". Athenaeus in his Deipnosophistae mentions topped with honey, sesame and cheese.

Ancient Rome

Romans called breakfast . It was usually composed of everyday staples like bread, cheese, olives, salad, nuts, raisins, and cold meat left over from the night before. They also drank wine-based drinks such as , a mixture of wine, honey, and aromatic spices. 1st century Latin poet Martial said that was eaten at 3:00 or 4:00 in the morning, while 16th century scholar Claudius Saumaise wrote that it was typically eaten at 9:00 or 10:00 a.m. It seems unlikely that any fixed time was truly assigned for this meal.

Roman soldiers woke up to a breakfast of , porridge similar to the Italian polenta, made from roasted spelt wheat or barley that was then pounded and cooked in a cauldron of water.

Middle Ages (500–1500)

Europe

thumb|300px|A medieval [[baker with his apprentice. As seen in the illustration, round loaves were among the most common.]]

In the European Middle Ages, breakfast was commonly eaten by working people, as well as children, the elderly, the sick, while the upper classes didn't speak of or partake in eating in the morning. Eating breakfast meant that one was poor, was a low-status farmer or laborer who truly needed the energy to sustain his morning's labor, or was too weak to make it to the large, midday dinner. Monarchs and their entourages would spend a lot of time around a table for meals. Only two formal meals were eaten per day—one at mid-day and one in the evening. The exact times varied by period and region, but this two-meal system remained consistent throughout the Middle Ages.<!-- The following needs checking; the paragraphs that preceded it wrongly spoke of breakfast having been viewed as 'shameful' by some medieval men, and was not supported by the citation next to it.

If it refers to Thomas Aquinas' Summa Theologiae as listing breakfast as one of the six ways to commit gluttony under 'praepropere', please note that this is inaccurate, as 'praepropere' referred to the sin of eating too soon after having finished a meal, *not* breakfast itself:

Noble travelers were an exception [to breakfast being a shameful thing], as they were also permitted to eat breakfast while they were away from home. For instance, in March 1255 about 1512 gallons of wine were delivered to the English King Henry III at the abbey church at St. Albans for his breakfast throughout his trip. If a king were on religious pilgrimage, the ban on breakfast was completely lifted and enough supplies were compensated for the erratic quality of meals at the local cook shops during the trip.-->

thumb|Breakfast in Brazil

In the 13th century, breakfast when eaten sometimes consisted of a piece of rye bread and a bit of cheese. Morning meals would not include any meat, and would likely include of low alcohol-content beers. Uncertain quantities of bread and ale could have been consumed in between meals.

By the 15th century, breakfast in western Europe often included meat. By this time, noble men were seen to indulge in breakfast, making it more of a common practice, and by the early 16th century, recorded expenses for breakfast became customary. Breakfast in eastern Europe remained mostly the same as the modern day: a "continental breakfast". The 16th century introduction of caffeinated beverages into the European diet was also an addition to breakfast; it was believed that coffee and tea aid the body in "evacuation of superfluities".

Modern breakfast (1500–present)

Africa

Traditionally, the various cuisines of Africa use a combination of locally available fruits, cereal grains and vegetables, as well as milk and meat products. In some parts of the continent, the traditional diet features milk, curd and whey products. A type of porridge is most commonly eaten. In the book The Bible cyclopædia (et al.) published in 1843, it was documented that during this time in the Arab world, Bedouins often utilized locusts mixed with butter for breakfast, spreading the mixture on unleavened bread.

Egypt

In the book The Bible cyclopædia (et al.) published in 1843, it was documented that Egyptians were early risers that sometimes had a first meal consisting of coffee along with the smoking of a pipe, and did not eat breakfast until noon. At this time, it was documented that Egyptian breakfast foods included bread, cheese, eggs, butter, curds, clotted cream and stewed beans.

Asia

thumb|275px|A family breakfast in the [[Isan region of Thailand]]

Middle East

In the Middle East region of Asia, refers to the evening meal when Muslims break their (fast) during the Islamic month of Ramadan. is one of the religious observances of Ramadan, and is often done as a community, with people gathering to break their fast together. is done right after (sunset) time. During the month of Ramadan, Muslims replace traditional breakfast with , an Islamic term referring to the meal consumed early in the morning by Muslims before during daylight hours. The meal is eaten before (dawn).

thumb|Traditional Levantine breakfast with a variety of local delights

Israel
Japan

In Japan, it is common to eat miso soup and rice porridge for breakfast.

Lebanon

In the book The Bible cyclopædia (et al.) it was documented that , poor Lebanese people would consume raw leeks with bread for breakfast.

Europe

thumb|Breakfast with a view, by [[Vittorio Matteo Corcos]]

thumb|right|Buffet breakfast on the ship [[MS Gabriella|MS Gabriella]]

Austria

The croissant appears to have originated in Vienna, Austria, in 1683.

France

thumb|A continental breakfast

French breakfasts are often similar to the continental breakfast. French breakfast pastries include apple turnovers, brioche, croissant and pain au chocolat. Croissants have been described as becoming a standard fare in French breakfast cuisine by 1875. and is likely the origin of the food as it is known today.

United Kingdom

thumb|A [[Full breakfast|full English breakfast with fried eggs on toast, sausage, bacon, mushrooms, baked beans, hash browns, and tomato|alt=Beans, sausages, hashbrowns, mushrooms, tomatoes, various meats, and two eggs sitting on toast.]]

In the early 16th century, some physicians warned against eating breakfast, because they said it was not healthy to eat before a prior meal was digested. By the 1550s, however, there were multiple sources that claimed breakfast was an important meal. For example, in 1551, Thomas Wingfield stated that breakfast was essential. In 1589, Thomas Cogan stated that it was unhealthy to miss breakfast in the morning. He was one of the first to claim that it was healthy for those who were not young, ill or elders to eat breakfast.

The full breakfast is a staple of British cuisine, and typically consists of bacon, sausages and eggs, often served with a variety of side dishes and a beverage such as coffee or tea. Prior to 1600, breakfast in Great Britain typically included bread, cold meat or fish, and ale. Tea eventually became more popular than chocolate as a breakfast drink.

Canada

thumb|Lumberjacks

While it has been a source of controversy where the lumberjack breakfast came from, the most cited source is that the lumberjack breakfast was first served in a Vancouver hotel, in 1870. The breakfast consisted of eggs, assorted fried pork strips, and flapjacks. It is said by Anita Stewart that the tradition of hearty cooking developed because of men needing the energy for manual labor.

Mexico

A typical Aztec breakfast often included corn porridge with honey and chillies, or tortillas with beans and salsa.

Chilaquiles are a staple breakfast dish that dates back to the times of the Aztecs; they consist of tortilla chips (locally known as "totopos") slathered in salsa and usually come with a side of refried beans. Depending on the region or person, they may be eaten with fried or scrambled eggs, pulled chicken, sprinkled cheese, crema, diced onion, or chopped cilantro (coriander) leaves. Eggs are also a staple in Mexican breakfasts, scrambled and fried eggs are usually eaten with tortillas, salsa, and beans; local varieties include huevos rancheros and "huevos con tortilla", which are scrambled eggs fried alongside pieces of corn tortillas.

Breakfast cereals are also common in Mexico, mainly due to American influence. Health concerns have arisen regarding the nutritional quality of processed breakfast cereal; it is estimated that Mexican preschoolers consume 7% of their total energy intake from processed breakfast cereals and that 6% of Mexican children exclusively have ready-to-eat cereals with milk for breakfast.

United States

thumb|[[Sausage, egg and cheese breakfast sandwich]]

thumb|Cereal with milk

In 1620, waffles were first introduced to North America by pilgrims who had lived in the Netherlands. Later pioneers consumed largely cornmeal-based breakfasts, and would also consume meals such as oatmeal for dinner and lunch. Common breakfast products included corn pone, johnnycakes, ashcakes, hoe-cakes, and corn dodgers. After the American Civil War, it became fairly common in America to eat sandwiches that were made of ham and eggs. These sandwiches were not strictly consumed in the morning. In 1897, the first true breakfast sandwich recipe was published in a cookbook.

Popcorn cereal was consumed by Americans in the 1800s, which typically consisted of popcorn with milk and a sweetener. Cold breakfast cereal has been consumed by Americans since the late 1890s, and during the 1920s a considerable number of new cereals were marketed. The reason for this movement towards cold breakfast cereals was inspired by the Jacksonian-era Clean Living Movement (1830–1860). This movement focused on a lot of lifestyle changes, but specific to breakfast it claimed that eating bacon, eggs, pancakes and hot coffee was too indulgent. The first prepared cold breakfast cereal marketed to American consumers was created by Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, who introduced it in 1878 and named it granola. The product was prepared with baked wheat, oatmeal and cornmeal, and was the first brand-name breakfast cereal in the United States. Around 1900, orange juice as a breakfast beverage was a new concept. Additionally, mass-produced tomato juice began to be marketed in the mid-1920s, and became a popular breakfast drink a few years thereafter.

Effect on health

While breakfast is commonly referred to as "the most important meal of the day", some contest the positive implications of its "most important" status.

Scientific findings

Some epidemiological research indicates that having breakfast high in rapidly available carbohydrates increases the risk of metabolic syndrome.

Memory was found to be adversely affected in subjects of a study who had not eaten their breakfast (q.v. also Studies using mice under this heading). Intelligence was not affected. Children aged within 8 and 11 years were found to have differing brainwave; EEG activity states, causative to breakfast consumption. Non-breakfasting children were observed to have higher activity of upper and lower theta wave, alpha wave, and delta wave, which indicated a causative relationship of breakfast consumption to memory function in the subjects.

A review of 47 studies associating breakfast to (i) nutrition, (ii) body weight and (iii) academic performance found amongst those who had eaten breakfast: (i) better nutrition profiles, many studies found less weight (ii) irrespective of greater calorific consumption per day, although a number did not find this correlation, (iii) studies suggested a possible link to better academic performance in the breakfast eating groups (q.v. Benton and Parker 1998, under this heading).

The influence of breakfast on managing body weight is unclear.

Healthy choice

Present professional opinion is largely in favor of eating breakfast,

See also

  • Breakfast by country
  • Breakfast television
  • Brunch
  • Food history
  • Index of breakfast-related articles
  • Instant breakfast
  • List of breakfast beverages
  • List of breakfast foods
  • List of food and beverage museums
  • Midnight breakfast
  • Timeline of food
  • Wedding breakfast

References

Cited sources

Further reading

  • History of breakfast
  • Breakfast: A History.
  • The English Breakfast: The Biography of a National Meal, with Recipes.
  • Eating History: Thirty Turning Points in the Making of American Cuisine.
  • Food and Cooking in Victorian England: A History.
  • Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People.
  • Ency Kitchen History (scroll down in preview)
  • A History of Food.
  • Southern Food: At Home, on the Road, in History.
  • Internal Cleansing, Revised 2nd Edition.
  • Corn Meal for Breakfast, Dinner, Supper.
  • Albala, Ken (2008). Pancake: A Global History. Reaktion Books.
  • History of breakfast cereal
  • Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology.
  • Chemistry and Technology of Cereals as Food and Feed.
  • An Uncommon History of Common Things.
  • An Irresistible History of Southern Food: Four Centuries of Black Eyed Peas, Collard Greens, and Whole Hog Barbecue.
  • Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia, Volume 1.
  • Other sources
  • Joie de Vivre: Simple French Style for Everyday Living. .