The Bofors 37 mm anti-tank gun was an anti-tank gun designed by Swedish manufacturer Bofors in the early 1930s originally for Swedish use. It was exported to several countries during the 1930s of which several bought licences to produce it themselves. The gun was used in several conflicts but most of its fame comes from its use in the Spanish Civil War and the Winter War where it was used very successfully against light tanks and armored cars among other targets. Beyond its use as an infantry gun it was also used as the main armament in several armored cars and tanks such as the Dutch M39 Pantserwagen and the Polish 7TP to name a few. As the armor of tanks was increased during World War II the gun very quickly became obsolete as an anti-tank gun but was still used effectively as an infantry support gun for the entirety of the war, and well into the Cold War. This was due to its high fire rate, great mobility and effective high explosive shells.
Development history
The gun was initially designed by Swedish manufacturer Bofors, mainly for export purposes. It was likely derived from Rheinmetall's 3,7-cm Tak, the predecessor of 3.7 cm Pak 36. The first prototype was built in 1932; the development process continued until 1934. The Netherlands were the first to purchase the gun (order for 12 pieces was placed in 1935) and were followed by many other countries. Licensed copies were produced in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands and Poland.
The barrel was of monobloc type, with semi-automatic vertical sliding breech block and small muzzle brake. It was mounted on a split trail carriage which had suspension and metal wheels with rubber tires. To give the crew some protection from firearms and shell fragments, the gun was equipped with a 5 mm thick shield, with a folding lower plate.
Operational history
thumb|left|Polish artillerymen prepare their firing position with the wz. 36 Bofors gun in training, 1939.
The Bofors gun saw combat for the first time in Spanish Civil War, where it could easily pierce the armor of contemporary light tanks.
The Polish guns were actively used during the German and Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939. Volhynian Cavalry Brigade equipped with the Bofors 37 mm antitank gun beat the German Panzer Divisions in one of the first battles of the invasion; the Battle of Mokra. At that time, the armored forces of the Wehrmacht consisted mainly of light Panzer I and Panzer II tanks, which were vulnerable to the Bofors gun. Early models of the Panzer III and Panzer IV could also be penetrated at ranges up to 500 m. After Poland was occupied, most of the guns fell into the hands of the German and Soviet armies. The weapon was proven obsolete by 1941 during Operation Barbarossa.
thumb|A Danish gun with its crew during the Invasion of Denmark, 9 April 1940, two of the crew were later killed
Even though only one Bofors AT-gun was in action in the invasion of Denmark, it damaged two tanks, and shot the tracks off another tank, before its crew were either wounded or killed by a German tank destroyer which drove over the gun. The gun is now at the Tøjhusmuseet in Copenhagen.
During the Winter War, the Finnish guns were successfully used against Soviet tanks such as T-26, T-28 and BT. However, in the Continuation War the gun was found to be ineffective against the T-34 and KV and was relegated to an infantry support role.
The gun was used to equip the British forces in North Africa, where it made up for the lack of the QF 2-pounder anti-tank guns after the Fall of France. It was often carried portee on the back of a vehicle.
Bofors guns were also employed in World War II by Germany, the Netherlands, Romania, Yugoslavia and USSR, but there are no detailed reports of their use.
Summary
When it was introduced, the Bofors 37 mm anti-tank gun was an effective weapon and an international success, able to deal with contemporary tanks. Its performance, light weight and high rate of fire made it a popular anti-tank weapon in the pre-war Europe. Introduction of better armored tanks early in World War II, however, made the gun obsolete (as with other similarly performing weapons such as the German 3.7 cm Pak 36 and the United States 37 mm Gun M3).
Ammunition
There were many different ammunition types available for the Bofors 37 mm at gun. It could fire all common types of ammunition and some rare types such as APDS and white phosphorus incendiary.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Swedish ammunition
! rowspan="2" |Designation
! rowspan="2" |Type
! colspan="3" |Projectile
! rowspan="2" |Power
! rowspan="2" |Muzzle-Vo
|-
! rowspan="1" |Core
! rowspan="1" |Weight
! rowspan="1" |Propellant<br>weight<br>(kg NC 1245)
|-
|37 mm sk ptr m/34<br/>slpprj m/38
|AP-T
| –
|0.735 kg
|0.205 kg
|330<br/>MPa
|785 m/s
|-
|37 mm sk ptr m/34<br/>slpgr m/39
|APHE-T
|15 grams of Trotyl
|0.740 kg
|0.217 kg
|280<br/>MPa
|775 m/s
|-
|37 mm sk ptr m/34<br/>slpprj m/49
|APDS-T
|24 mm dart
|
|
|
|1150 m/s
|-
|37 mm sk ptr m/34<br/>sgr m/43
|HE
|95 grams of Trotyl
|0.680 kg
|0.210 kg
|330 MPa
|805 m/s
|-
|37 mm sk ptr m/34<br/>slövnprj m/38
|P-AP-T
|Spotting charge
|0.728 kg
|0.213 kg
|280 MPa
|790 m/s
|-
|37 mm sk ptr m/34<br/>övngr m/34
|P-HE
|Spotting charge
|0.660 kg
|0.220 kg
|330 MPa
|810 m/s
|}
<br/>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Swedish ammunition penetration performance
;
: Some guns bought by the Republicans were used during the Spanish Civil War.
;
: Adopted in 1937 as 37 mm infanterikanon m/34 (infantry gun model 1934). Modernized version was adopted in 1938 as 37 mm pansarvärnskanon m/38 (anti-tank gun model 1938) and 37 mm pansarvärnskanon m/38 F. The latter was also produced in a tank gun variant – 37 mm Kanon m/38 stridsvagn; it was fitted to Landsverk Strv m/38, Strv m/39, Strv m/40 light tanks and to the Strv m/41, a Swedish version of the Czech TNH light tank.
;
;
: A number of Swedish m/34 ordered by Anglo-Egyptian Sudan were adopted as "Ordnance QF 37 mm Mk I".
;
: Several dozen Polish guns fell into Soviet hands. Late in 1941 these pieces were issued to Red Army units to make up for the lack of anti-tank guns.
;
Gallery
<gallery widths="200">
Boforswb.jpg|A Portée mounted Ordnance QF 37 mm Mk I on a 30 cwt Chevrolet WB
Amunicja Armaty przeciwpancernej wz 36.jpg|Bofors 37 mm ammunition
37mm wz36 antitank gun parola 10.jpg|The pepper pot muzzle brake
Finnish bofors 37mm front.jpg|A Finnish-made gun at the Manege Military Museum, Suomenlinna fortress, Helsinki, 2006
Finnish bofors 37mm rear1.jpg
</gallery>
Notes
References
- Shirokorad A. B. – The God of War of the Third Reich – M. AST, 2002 (Широкорад А. Б. – Бог войны Третьего рейха. – М.,ООО Издательство АСТ, 2002., )
External links
- Bofors AT guns
- The Finnish Weapons Series: Bofors 37 mm AT Gun
- Finnish Army 1918 – 1945, AT Guns: 37 PstK/36 Bofors
- Armament of Polish armoured vehicles 1918–39: 37 mm wz.36, wz.37