Biu–Mandara languages

thumb|upright=1.4|Main Chadic-speaking peoples in Nigeria.

The Biu–Mandara or Central Chadic languages of the Afro-Asiatic family are spoken in Nigeria, Chad and Cameroon.

A reconstruction of Proto-Central Chadic has been proposed by Gravina (2014).

Languages

Gravina (2014)

Gravina (2014) classifies Central Chadic as follows, as part of a reconstruction of the proto-language. Letters and numbers in parentheses correspond to branches in previous classifications. The greatest changes are breaking up and reassigning the languages of the old Mafa branch (A.5) and Mandage (Kotoko) branch (B.1).

• Central Chadic
• South
• South
• Bata (A.8)
• Bata Proper: Bacama, Bata, Fali, Gude, Gudu, Holma (†), Jimi, Ngwaba (from A.1 Tera), Nzanyi, Sharwa
• Tsuvan: Tsuvan, Zizilivakan
• Daba (A.7)
• Daba Proper: Daba, Mazagway Hidi
• Mina: Mina, Mbudum
• Buwal: Buwal, Gavar
• Mafa (= South A.5 Mafa (d)): Mafa, Mefele, Cuvok
• Tera (A.1):
• East Tera: Boga, Ga'anda, Hwana
• (West Tera): Jara, Tera
• Sukur (A.6)
• Hurza
• Hurza (from A.5 Mafa): Vame, Mbuko
• North
• Margi–Mandara–Mofu
• Margi (A.2)
• Bura: Bura, Cibak, Putai, Nggwahyi
• Margi Proper: Kilba, Margi South, Margi
• Mandara (A.4):
• Wandala: Mandara (Malgwa), Glavda
• Dghwede: Cineni, Dghwede, Guduf, Gava, Gvoko
• Podoko: Podoko, Matal (from A.5 Mafa)
• Mofu (part of South A.5 Mafa)
• Tokombere: Ouldeme, Mada, Muyang, Molokwo
• Meri: Zulgo, Gemzek, Merey, Dugwor
• Mofu Proper: Mofu North, Mofu-Gudur
• Maroua
• Maroua (part of South A.5 Mafa (c)): Giziga North, Giziga South, Mbazla
• Lamang
• Lamang (West A.4 Wandala): Lamang, Hdi, Mabas
• Higi
• Higi (A.3): Bana, Hya, Psikyɛ, Kamwe, Kirya-Konzel
• Musgum – North Kotoko
• Kotoko Island: Buduma
• Kotoko North: Mpade, Afaɗə, Malgbe, Maltam
• Musgum (B.2): Musgum, Mbara, Muskum (†)
• Kotoko Centre
• Kotoko Centre: Lagwan, Mser
• Kotoko South
• Kotoko South: Zina, Mazera
• Gidar

Jilbe was not classified, as no sources were available.

Blench (2006)

The branches of Biu–Mandara traditionally go by either names or letters and numbers in an outline format. Blench (2006) organizes them as follows:

• Biu–Mandara
• Tera (A.1): Tera, Pidlimdi (Hinna), Jara, Ga'anda, Gabin, Boga, Ngwaba, Hwana
• Bura–Higi
• Bura (A.2): Bura-Pabir (Bura), Cibak (Kyibaku), Nggwahyi, Huba (Kilba), Putai (Marghi West), Marghi Central (Margi, Margi Babal), Marghi South
• ? Kofa
• Higi (A.3): Kamwə (Psikyɛ, Higi), Bana, Hya, ? Kirya-Konzəl
• Wandala–Mafa
• Wandala (Mandara) (A.4)
• East: Wandala (Mura, Mandara, Malgwa), Glavda (Gəlvaxdaxa)
• Parəkwa (Podoko)
• West: Gəvoko, Guduf-Gava (Cineni), Dghweɗe, Hdi (Xədi, Hedi, Tur), Lamang, Woga, Vemgo, Mabas
• Sukur (Sakwun, A.6)
• Mafa (A.5)
• Northeast Mafa: Vame (Pəlasla), Mbuko, Gaduwa
• Matal (Muktele)
• South Mafa
• (a) Wuzlam (Ouldémé), Muyang, Maɗa, Məlokwo
• (b) Zəlgwa-Minew, Gemzek, Ɗugwor, Mikere, Merey
• (c) North Giziga, South Giziga, North Mofu, Mofu-Gudur (South Mofu), Baldemu (Mbazlam)
• (d) Cuvok, Mafa, Mefele, Shügule
• Daba (A.7)
• North Daba: Buwal (Gadala), Gavar (Kortchi)
• South Daba: Mina (Besleri, Hina), Daba (Mazagway), Mbədam
• Bata (Gbwata) (A.8): Bacama, Bata (Gbwata), Sharwa, Tsuvan, Gude, Fali of Mubi, Zizilivakan (Ulan Mazhilvən, Fali of Jilbu), Jimi (Jimjimən), Gudu, Holma (†), Nzanyi
• Mandage (Kotoko) (B.1)
• South Mandage: Msər (Kousseri), Lagwan (Logone)
• ? Jilbe
• North Mandage: Afaɗə, Maslam, Malgbe (Gulfey), Mpadə
• Buduma (Yedina)
• East–Central
• Gidar (Kaɗa)
• Munjuk (B.2): Mbara, Muskum (Muzuk) (†), Mpus, Beege (Jafga), Vulum (Mulwi)
• Mida'a (< B.1): Jina, Majəra

Newman (1977)

Central Chadic classification per Newman (1977):

700px|Newman 1977

Names and locations (Nigeria)

Below is a list of language names, populations, and locations (in Nigeria only) from Blench (2019).

{| class="wikitable"

! Branch !! Code !! Primary locations

|+ Distributions of Biu–Mandara branches in Nigeria

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"

! Classification !! Language !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10

|-

| A, A.1, Eastern || Boga (Boka) || ɨrtà || cə̀p || məkkən || fwəɗà || ɗurmən || tyɛ̀xxɛɬ || mwut || fwotfwə̀ɗà (2 x 4) || hàhìrta (10–1) || kum

|-

| A, A.1, Eastern || Ga'anda || ar̃ta (r̃ is a trill) || sur̃r̃i || mahkə̀n || fwəɗà || ɗɨrmən || mɪca || mwùt(n) || fwətfwəɗà (2 x 4) || wə̀nhəhəʔar̃tà (10–1) ? || kum

|-

| A, A.1, Eastern || Hwana (Hwona) || tìtal || suɣurì || maxə̀n || faɗà || tuf(ù) || mɪ̀ki || mɨɗ(u) || (w)ùvwəɗà (2 x 4) || wùtàrè (10–1) ? || ɡumdìɗi / kum

|-

| A, A.1, Western || Tera (1) || dà / da || rāp / rap || kúnúŋ / kununɡ || vàt / vat || qúrmún / qurmun || ⁿjòŋ / njoŋ || mút / mut || mʲāsī / myaasi || mɨ̄ɮām / mu̠dlam || ɡʷàŋ / ɡwanɡ

|-

| A, A.1, Western || Tera (2) || da || rab || kunuk || fad || ɠurmun || njoŋ || mut || miyasi || milam || ɡwan

|-

| A, A.2 || Nggwahyi (Ngwaxi) || tə̀ŋ || sɪɗà || makùr̃ || fwə̀r̃ || tufù || nkwɔ̀ || mur̃fà || ncis || mɪða || kuma

|-

| A, A.2, 1 || Bura (Bura-Pabir) (1) || ntànɡ || sùɗà || màkə̀r || fwàr || ntìfù || nkwà || mùrfà || cìsù || ùmðlà || kùmà

|-

| A, A.2, 1 || Bura (Bura-Pabir) (2) || ntaŋ || suɗà || makùr̃ || fwar̃ || ntufù || ŋ̀kwà || murfà || ncɨsù || ḿðà || kuma

|-

| A, A.2, 1 || Cibak (Bura-Pabir) || tə̀ŋ / patù / dukù || sudæ̀ || makùr̃ || fwòɗu || tufù || ŋ̀kwà || murɨfwæ̀ || ntsisù || mɨðæ || kuma

|-

| A, A.2, 1 || Putai (West Margi) || duku / təŋ / duɡu || suɗà / fɨɗɛ̀ || makùr || fɔɗu / fwoɗu || tufù || kwa / kwɔ̀ || muɗufā / muɗɨfɛ̀ || cisù / ncɪsù || ḿðà / mðɛ̀ || kuma / kumɛ

|-

| A, A.2, 2 || Huba (Kilba) || dzàŋ || mətlù || màkə̀r / màkərù || fòɗù || tùfù || kwà || məɗəfà || cìsù || dlà || kùmà / kùm

|-

| A, A.2, 2 || Central Marghi || taŋ / paɬu / tɪtɨkù || mɨɬù / sɪɗàŋ || makùr̃ || fwoɗù || ntɪfù || ŋ̀kwà || mɪɗɪfù || ntsisù || ḿðù || kumu

|-

| A, A.3 || Bana (1) || tánə̀ || bákə̀ || máhə̀kánə̀ || fáɗə̀ || cífə̀ || kwáŋ || bə̀rfàŋ || də̀ɣə̀sə̀ || mə̀ɬísɗə̀ || mə̀ŋ

|-

| A, A.3 || Bana (2) || kwətiŋ || bakə || mahkan || faɗə || cifə || kwaŋ || mbərfəŋ || dəghəs || məsliɗ || məŋ

|-

| A, A.3 || Hya (Higi Ghye) || paðɛ / tanɛ || ɓaɡɛ || màŋkɛ || fwaɗɛ || wcivi || kwaŋəy || mbùr̃ùfəŋəy || tùɡùzi || wɨɬti || mùŋəy

|-

| A, A.3 || Kafa (1) || ʔìkkòó || ɡùttòó || kèèmó || áwùddò || ʔùùttʃòó || ʃírìttòó || ʃábààttòó || ʃímìttòó || jììtʼijòó || ààʃìròó

|-

| A, A.3 || Kafa (2) || ʔikko || ɡutto || keemo || ʔauddo || ʔuutʃtʃo || ʃiritto || ʃabaatto || ʃimitto || jiitʼijo || ʔaaʃiro

|-

| A, A.3 || Kafa (3) || ʔikko || ɡutto || keemo || auddo || uuččo || širitto || šabaatto || šimitto || yiitʼtʼio || aaširo

|-

| A, A.3 || Kwame (Fali of Kiria) || ɡutàn / tanəy || ɓwukuʔ || màkun(u) || fwaɗùʔ || (w)cɪfuʔ || ŋkwaŋ || mbùrùfūŋ || tùɣùsùʔ || ǹwɬti(ʔyì) || ɡwùm(ù)

|-

| A, A.3 || Psikye (Kapsiki) || kwetɛŋe || bake || mahekene || wəfaɗe || mcɛfe || ŋkwaŋe || mberefaŋe || deɡhese || mesli || meŋe

|-

| A, A.4, Lamang || Hadi (Hdi) || tèkw || hìs || hə̀kə̀n || fwáɗ || hùtáf || mə̀kúʔ || ndə̀fáŋ || tə̀ɣás || tə̀mbáy / timbe || ɣwàŋ

|-

| A, A.4, Lamang || Lamang || tíuwá / tálá || χésá || χ̀kə́ná || ùfáɗá || χẁtáfá || m̀kwá / m̀kuwá || ə̀lfáŋá || tə̀ɣásá || tə̀mbáyá || ɣwáŋá

|-

| A, A.4, Lamang || Vemgo-Mabas || pál / tékw || hés || xə̀kə̀n || úfáɗ || xútáf || ŋ́ku || lə̀fàŋ || tə̀ɣàs || tə̀mbàj || ɣə̀wàŋ

|-

| A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda || Cinene || pàlà || bùʷà || xə̀kə̀rɗà || ùfàɗà || ɮɨ̀ɓà || ŋkʷàxà || ùɗifà || tə̀ɣsà || vaslambàɗà || klawà

|-

| A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda || Dghwede || tɨtɨkwì, tekwè || micè || xəkùrè || fiɗì || ðiɓi || ŋ́kwe || wuɗìfi || təɣə̀še / təxəse || təmbə̀ || ɣwàŋɡa

|-

| A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda || Glavda || páll || bwa || xkərɗ || ufáɗ || ɮəɓ || ŋkwax || uɗif || tə́xs || vaslambaɗ || klàáwá

|-

| A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda || Guduf-Gava || tekʷè / kitakʷè || mitsè || xəkərɗè || ùfəɗè || ɮɨ̀ɓè || ŋkʷaxè || ùɗifè || tə̀ɣəsè || vaslambàɗè || kuləkè

|-

| A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda || Gvoko || palò / tekò || xecò || xəkʷarò || fwaɗò || ɮaʔò || ŋkoyò || ntfaŋɡò || tə̀ɣasò || tɨ̀mbayò || ɣʷaŋɡò

|-

| A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Mandara || Wandala (Malgwa) || pálle || búwa || kəɠyé || ufáɗe || iiɮəbé || unkwé || vúye || tiise || másə́lmane || kəláwa

|-

| A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Podoko || Podoko || kutəra || səra || makəra || ufaɗa || zlama || məkuwa || maɗəfa || za || metɨrəce || jɨma

|-

| A, A.5 || Cuvok (Tchouvok) (1) || ámə̀tà || át͡ʃèw || máákàr || fáɗ || ɮám || máákwà || tásə̀là || t͡ʃáákàr || t͡ʃʉ́ɗ || kùràw

|-

| A, A.5 || Cuvok (Tchouvok) (2) || amta, mta || ɛt͡ʃəw || maakar || faɗ || ɮam || makwa || tasəla || tsaakar || t͡ʃyɗ || kuraw

|-

| A, A.5 || Dugwor || bek || səla || makar || məfaɗ || zlam || mukwa || tsela || tsaamakar || tseuɗ || kurow

|-

| A, A.5 || Zulgo-Gemzek || ilík || súla || màkər || əfáɗ || ə̀zləm || ndílík || təsəlá || tsàmàkə̀r || tswíɗ || kúrwá

|-

| A, A.5 || North Giziga || ɓlà || cêw || màːkàr || m̀fàɗ || ɮòm || mérkêɗ || tàːrnà || dàːɡàfàɗ || nɡòltêr || krô

|-

| A, A.5 || South Giziga || plá || cúw || máakə̀r || mə̀fáɗ || ɮúm || mérkéɗ || tàrnà || dàaŋɡàfáɗ (2 x 4) ? || nɡòltír || kúrú

|-

| A, A.5 || Mada || ftek || séla || mahkaɾ || wfaàë || zzlaèm || mokkoà || slaasélaà || slalahkaàr || oàboèlmboè || dzmoèkw

|-

| A, A.5 || Mafa || sə́táɗ || cew / cecew || makár || fáɗ || zlám || mokwa || tsáraɗ || tsamakaɗ || cœ́ɗ || kula

|-

| A, A.5 || Matal (1) || dì / tēkùlā || sɨ̄là || màkɨ̀r || ùfàɗ || ɨ̀ɮù || mùkʷā || mɨ̀ɗɨf || m̀tìɡìʃ || làdɨ̀ɡà || kùlù

|-

| A, A.5 || Matal (2) || dìì / tékùlá || sə̀là || mákə̀r || úfàɗ || ə́ɮùw || mə̀kwá || mə̀də̀f || mə̀tə̀ɡìʃ || ládə̀ɡá || kùlù

|-

| A, A.5 || Mbuko || kərtek || tsew || maakaŋ || fuɗo || ɗara || mbərka || tsuwɓe || dzəmaakaŋ || dəsuɗo || kuro

|-

| A, A.5 || Mefele || mə̀tá || cécèw || màhkár || fwàɗ || ɮàm || mòkwá || tsə̀làɗ || t͡ʃáhkàr || t͡ʃʉ́ɗ || dùmbók

|-

| A, A.5 || Merey || nə̀tê || súlò || màkàr || fàɗ || ɮàm || m̀kô || tàsə́là || tsàːmàːkàr || cö̂ɗ || krôw

|-

| A, A.5 || Mofu-Gudur || teɗ / ték (counting), pál (enumation) || t͡sew || máakar || məfaɗ || ɮam || maakwáw || maasála || daaŋɡafaɗ || ɮam-leték / ɮam-leteɗ || kúráw

|-

| A, A.5 || North Mofu || nettey || suho || makar || fáɗ || ɮàm || mukó || taasə́lá || tsamakàŋ || tsəɗ || kuro

|-

| A, A.5 || Moloko || bɪ̀lɛ́ŋ || tʃɛ́w || màkáɾ || ùfáɗ / mɔ̀fáɗ || ɮɔ̀m || mʊ̀kʷɔ̀ || ʃɪ̀sɛ́ɾɛ́ || ɬálákáɾ || hɔ́lɔ́mbɔ́ || kʷʊ̀ɾɔ́

|-

| A, A.5 || Muyang || bílìŋ || tʃỳ || màhkə̄r || fāɗ || ɮàm || mʊ̀kʷū || ādə́skə̄lā || āɮáláxkə̄r || āmbʊ́lmbō || krū

|-

| A, A.5 || Ouldeme (Wuzlam) || ʃɛ̄lɛ́ŋ || brɛ̄tʃâw / tʃâw || mākár || mə̄fáɗ || ɮàm || mōkō || sə̄sə̄lā || fə̄rfáɗ || álɓìt || kōlō

|-

| A, A.5 || Vame (Pelasla) || ɓìlɛ́ || tʃâw || máŋɡàn || fúːɗàw || ɗáːrà || márkà || tʃíɓà || ʒíːrɛ̀ || táhkɛ̀ || dʒɛm

|-

| A, A.6 || Sukur (1) || kə̀lí || bák || ma̋ken || fwáɗ || ɮám || mʊ́kwà || máɗáf || tə̀kə̀z || míçí / míɬí || ʔwàn

|-

| A, A.6 || Sukur (2) || tá.í || bákʼ || máːkə̀n || fwáɗ || ɮám || mə́kkwà || máɗaf || tə́kkəz || məɬi || wàŋ

|-

| A, A.7 || Buwal || tɛ́ŋɡʷʊ̄lɛ̀ŋ || ɡ͡bɑ́k || mɑ̄xkɑ́t̚ || ŋ̀fɑ́t̚ || dzɑ̄ɓɑ́n || ŋ̀ʷkʷɑ́x || ŋ̀ʃɪ́lɛ́t̚ || dzɑ̄mɑ̄xkɑ̄t̚ (5 + 3) || dzɑ́fɑ́t̚ (5 + 4) || wɑ́m

|-

| A, A.7 || Daba || takan || səray || makaɗ || faɗ || jeɓin || koh || cesireɗ || cəfaɗcəfaɗ (4 + 4) || dərfatakan (10–1) || ɡuɓ təɓa təɓa

|-

| A, A.7 || Gavar || ŋ̀tɑ́t̚ || ɡ͡bɑ̀k || mɑ̄xkɑ̀t̚ || ŋ̀fɑ̄t̚ || dzɑ̄ɓə̄n || ŋ̀kʷɑ́x || ŋ̀ʃɪ́lít̚ || dzɑ̄mɑ̄xkɑ̄t̚ (5 + 3) || dzɑ́ŋfɑ́t̚ (5 + 4) || wɑ̄m

|-

| A, A.7 || Mbedam || ntɑɗ || bɑk || mɑxkɑɗ || mfɑɗ || dʒəɓɑn || ŋkwɑx || diʃliɗ || dʒɑmɑxkɑɗ (5 + 3) || tsɑfɑɗ (5 + 4) || wɑm

|-

| A, A.7 || Mina (Hina) || ǹtá || suloɗ || mahkaɗ || mfáɗ || dzəbuŋ || ǹkú || dìsùlùɗ || fáɗfáɗ (2 x 4) || varkanta || ɡə̀ɓ

|-

| A, A.8 || Bacama (Bachama) || hiɗò || k͡pe || ḿwɔ̀kun || fwət || tuf || tukwə̀ltaka (5 + 1) || tukòluk͡pe (5 + 2) || fwɔ̂fwət (2 x 4) || ɗɔ̀mbiɗò (10–1) || bə̌w

|-

| A, A.8 || Fali (Fali of Mucella) || tɛ̀n / ʔar̃mə || bek / buk || màxk(u) || fwəɗ || tuf || yiɗə̀w || mbùr̃fuŋ || tùɣus || mɪ̀ðɪŋ || ɡùm

|-

| A, A.8 || Gude || tèen / rûŋ || bə̀ráʔy || màkk || ǹfwáɗ || tə́f || kùwà || mə̀ɗə̀f || tə̀ɣə́s || ìllíŋ || puʔ

|-

| A, A.8 || Gudu (Gudo) || ǰə́ŋ || bœ̀k || māːkə́n || fwád || tùf || kwǎ || mīskàtā || fɔ̄rfwād (2 x 4) || žīɛ́tə́pə̀n || pú

|-

| A, A.8 || Jimi (Mwulyen) || híɗò / tɛ̂n || búk / bíkə̌ || mwàkɨ́n / maxkə́n || fwad / fwátʼ || túhf / tɯ́f || túkwàldèáká / bə̌rfǐŋ || túkwàlóʔpé / tɯ̀ʁɯ́s || fwáfwàɗ (2 x 4) / mìɮíɲ || táàmbíɗò / pó? || bù

|-

| A, A.8 || Nzanyi || hɪɗè || buk || mɨ̀dɨfəl || fwət || tuf || kwɔx || mɨ̀skatə̀ || fwəfwaɗè (2 x 4) || təmɓeɗè || pu

|-

| A, A.8 || Zizilivakan || lɪm || sul || màxku || fwəy || mùxtyup || ŋ̀kwaʔ || mbùrfìŋ || tə̀ɣìs || mɨ̀ðì || ɡumù

|-

| B, B.1, Buduma || Buduma (Yedina) || ɡə̀tté || kí || ɡàkə́nnə́ || híɡáy || híŋɟì || hə̀ràkkə́ || tùlwár || wósə́kə́ || hílíɡár || hákkán

|-

| B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, North || Afade || sə́rə̀jā || sɗā || ɡàrkə̀ || ɡàɗē || ʃìʃí || və̀nārkə̄ (2 x 3) || kàtùl || vìyāɗē (2 x 4) || dìʃẽ̄ || χkàn

|-

| B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, North || Mpade || pál || ɡāsì || ɡòkúrò || ɡāɗè || ʃénsī || ʃéskótē || túlùr < Kanuri || jìlìɡàɗè (2 x 4) || jìàtálà || kán

|-

| B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, South || Lagwan || sə́ɣdia, tkú || χsɗá || ɡǎχkər || ɡǎɗe || ʃēʃí || vɛnǎχkər / vɛnǎχəkər (2 x 3) || kátul || vɛɲáɗe (2 x 4) || diʔiʃén || χkan

|-

| B, B.2 || Mbara || kítáy, ɗów || mòk || ùhú || púɗú || íɬím || ɬírá || mìɡzàk / mùɡizàk || mìsílày / mùsílày || wáːŋá || dòːɡò / dòk

|-

| B, B.2 || Musgu || kítáy, ɗáw || súlú || hú || púɗú || ɬím || ɬàːrà || mìɡzàk / mùɡzàk || mìtwìs / mìtìs || tíklá || dòːɡò

|-

| C || Gidar || tákà || súlà || hókù || póɗò || ɬé || ɬré || bùhúl || dòdòpórò (2 x 4) ? || váyták (10–1) ? || kláù

|}

Proto Language

The phonology of Proto-Central Chadic consists of 31 consonants, three vowels and a morpheme-level palatalization prosody. The 3 vowel phonemes are /a/, /i/ and /ɨ/. The consonants are as follows:

{| class="wikitable"

|+Proto Biu-Mandara Consonants

! colspan="2" |

!Bilabial

!Alveolar

!Laminal

!Velar

!Labiovelar

|-

! colspan="2" |Nasal

|m

|n

|

|

|

|-

! rowspan="4" |Stop

!<small>Voiceless</small>

|p

|t

|t͡s

|k

|kʷ

|-

!<small>Voiced</small>

|(b)

|d

|d͡z

|g

|gʷ

|-

!<small>Implosive</small>

|ɓ

|ɗ

|

|

|

|-

!<small>Prenasalized</small>

|ᵐb

|ⁿd

|ⁿd͡z

|(ᵑg)

|(ᵑgʷ)

|-

! rowspan="2" |Fricative

!<small>Voiceless</small>

|

|ɬ

|s

|x

|xʷ

|-

!<small>Voiced</small>

|v

|ɮ

|z

|ɣ

|ɣʷ

|-

! colspan="2" |Trill

|

|r

|

|

|

|-

! colspan="2" |Approximant

|

|

|j

|

|w

|}

Notes

References

• Central Chadic resources at africanlanguages.org