Biloxi, Mississippi

Biloxi ( ; ) is a city in Harrison County, Mississippi, United States. It lies on the Gulf Coast in southern Mississippi, bordering the city of Gulfport to its west. The adjacent cities are both designated as seats of Harrison County. The population of Biloxi was 49,449 at the 2020 census, making it the state's fourth-most populous city. It is a principal city of the Gulfport–Biloxi metropolitan area, home to 416,259 residents in 2020. The area's first European settlers were French colonists.

The beachfront of Biloxi lies directly on the Mississippi Sound, with barrier islands scattered off the coast and into the Gulf of Mexico. Keesler Air Force Base lies within the city and is home to the 81st Training Wing and the 403rd Wing of the U.S. Air Force Reserve.

History

Colonial era

thumb|left|Old Biloxi (site B) and New Biloxi (site A), French map, beginning of 18th century

In 1699, French colonists formed the first permanent, European settlement in French Louisiana, at Fort Maurepas, now in Ocean Springs, Mississippi, and referred to as "Old Biloxi". The settlement was under the direction of Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville.

The name of Biloxi in French was Bilocci, a transliteration of the term for the local Native American tribe in their language. Labeled along with "Fort Maurepas"

In 1720, the area of today's city of Biloxi was settled for the first time around Fort Louis, and the administrative capital of French Louisiana was moved to Biloxi from Mobile. French Louisiana, part of New France, was known in French as La Louisiane in colonial times. In modern times it is called La Louisiane française to distinguish it from the modern state of Louisiana.

Due to fears of tides and hurricanes, colonial governor Bienville moved the capital of French Louisiana in 1722 from Biloxi to a new inland harbor town named La Nouvelle-Orléans (New Orleans), built for this purpose in 1718–1720.

In 1763, following Britain's victory in the Seven Years' War/French and Indian War, France had to cede their colonies east of the Mississippi River, except for New Orleans, to Great Britain, as part of the Treaty of Paris. At the same time, the French colony west of the Mississippi, plus New Orleans, was ceded to Spain as part of the Treaty of Fontainebleau.

Subsequent history

thumb|left|Aerial view, 1932

British rule lasted from 1763 to 1779, followed by Spanish rule from 1779 to 1810. Despite this, the character of Biloxi remained mostly French, as their descendants made up the majority of the population. In 1811, the U.S. traded with Spain to take over Biloxi and the related area, making it part of their Mississippi Territory. Mississippi, and Biloxi with it, was admitted as a state to the union in 1817.

Biloxi began to grow. In the antebellum period of the 19th century, it became known as a summer resort due to its proximity to the breezes and beaches of the coast. It also had the advantages of proximity to New Orleans and ease of access via water. Summer homes were built by wealthy slave-owners and commercial figures, and hotels and rental cottages were developed to serve those who could not afford their own homes. (It is one of two surviving lighthouses on the Mississippi Gulf Coast, which at one time had twelve. attracting new residents and businesses. By 1958, the first Jewish synagogue had been built in the town. Open gambling ended during the 1950s. The Mississippi Gulf Coast became known as the "Poor Man's Riviera", and was frequented by Southern families interested in fishing expeditions during the summer.

In 1959, Biloxi was the site of "Mississippi's first public assault on racial barriers in its 15-year civil rights struggle." Gilbert R. Mason, a black physician in Biloxi, went swimming at a local beach with seven black friends. They were ordered to leave by a city policeman, who told them that "Negroes don't come to the sand beach". Mason reacted by leading a series of protests, known as the Biloxi Wade-Ins. The protests were followed in 1960 by the worst racial riot in Mississippi history, during which ten people died. Ultimately, the protests led to the desegregation of the beaches of Biloxi. Biloxi hotels upgraded their amenities and hired chefs from France and Switzerland in an effort to provide some of the best seafood cuisine in the country.

On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina hit the Mississippi Gulf Coast with high winds, heavy rains and a storm surge, causing massive damage to the area. Katrina came ashore during the high tide of 6:56am, +2.3 feet more. Commenting on the power of the storm and the damage, Mayor A. J. Holloway said, "This is our tsunami." Mississippi Governor Haley Barbour was quoted as saying the destruction of the Mississippi coastline by Hurricane Katrina looked like an American Hiroshima.

Hurricane Katrina damaged over 40 Mississippi libraries beyond repair, breaking windows and flooding several feet in the Biloxi Public Library, requiring a total rebuild.

Biloxi is the site of a memorial to Katrina victims, created by a team of local artists with assistance from the crew and volunteers of Extreme Makeover: Home Edition.

Multiple plans were laid out to rebuild the waterfront areas of Biloxi, and in 2007 the federal government announced it was considering buying out up to 17,000 Mississippi coast homeowners to form a hurricane protection zone. Meanwhile, the city of Biloxi is rapidly implementing plans to allow the redevelopment of commercial properties south of Highway 90.

Geography

thumb|Location of Biloxi, east of [[Gulfport, Mississippi|Gulfport (center), on Gulf of Mexico]]

Biloxi is located in southeastern Harrison County, bordered to the south by Mississippi Sound (part of the Gulf of Mexico) and to the northeast partially by Biloxi Bay, which forms part of the Jackson County line. To the northeast, across Biloxi Bay, are the Jackson County city of Ocean Springs and the unincorporated community of St. Martin. The Back Bay of Biloxi continues west from the Jackson County line, crossing the city of Biloxi to Big Lake on the city's western boundary, where the Biloxi and Tchoutacabouffa rivers join. The Tchoutacbouffa flows from east to west across the city and forms part of the city's eastern boundary. Biloxi is bordered to the north and east by the city of D'Iberville and to the west by the city of Gulfport.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Biloxi has a total area of , of which are land and , or 18.14%, are water.

| date = August 2010

Demographics

Biloxi is the smaller of two principal cities of the Gulfport-Biloxi, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula Combined Statistical Area.

Racial and ethnic composition

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsed collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"

! Historical racial composition !! 1970!! 1990!! 2000 !! 2010

| White || 85.6% || 74.6% || 60.0% || 58.0% || 62.3%

| Black || 13.6% || 18.6% || 35.8% || 34.9% || 19.9%

| Asian || 0.4% || 5.7% || 1.6% || 2.0% || 3.7%

| Native || 0.1% || 0.3% || 0.3% || 0.4% || 0.5%

| Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander || - || - || 0.1% || 0.1% || 0.1%

| Other race || 0.3% || 0.7% || 1.0% || 2.8% || 1.0%

| Two or more races || - || – || 1.3% || 1.9% || 9.6%

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+Biloxi city, Mississippi – Racial and ethnic composition

!Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic)

!Pop 2000

!Pop 2010

!% 2000

!% 2010

|White alone (NH)

|35,292

|28,402

| style="background: #ffffe6; " |28,771

|69.69%

|64.47%

| style="background: #ffffe6; " |58.18%

|Black or African American alone (NH)

|9,569

|8,491

| style="background: #ffffe6; " |10,779

|18.90%

|19.27%

| style="background: #ffffe6; " |21.80%

|Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)

|232

|160

| style="background: #ffffe6; " |148

|0.46%

|0.36%

| style="background: #ffffe6; " |0.30%

|Asian alone (NH)

|2,558

|1,923

| style="background: #ffffe6; " |2,123

|5.05%

|4.37%

| style="background: #ffffe6; " |4.29%

|Pacific Islander alone (NH)

|50

|84

| style="background: #ffffe6; " |67

|0.10%

|0.19%

| style="background: #ffffe6; " |0.14%

|Some Other Race alone (NH)

|75

|68

| style="background: #ffffe6; " |208

|0.15%

| style="background: #ffffe6; " |0.42%

|Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH)

|1,020

|1,079

| style="background: #ffffe6; " |2,668

|2.01%

|2.45%

| style="background: #ffffe6; " |5.40%

|Hispanic or Latino (any race)

|1,848

|3,847

| style="background: #ffffe6; " |4,685

|3.65%

|8.73%

| style="background: #ffffe6; " |9.47%

|Total

|50,644

|44,054

| style="background: #ffffe6; " |49,449

|100.00%

| style="background: #ffffe6; " |100.00%

2020 census

As of the 2020 census, Biloxi had a population of 49,449. The median age was 37.1 years. 22.6% of residents were under the age of 18 and 16.4% of residents were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 96.7 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 95.3 males age 18 and over.

There were 20,052 households, including 10,922 families; 29.9% had children under the age of 18 living in them. Of all households, 37.7% were married-couple households, 22.1% were households with a male householder and no spouse or partner present, and 33.4% were households with a female householder and no spouse or partner present. About 32.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Racial composition as of the 2020 census Casinos in Biloxi include:

Beau Rivage
Golden Nugget Biloxi
Hard Rock Hotel and Casino
Harrah's Gulf Coast
IP Casino Resort Spa
Palace Casino Resort
Boomtown Casino
Treasure Bay Casino

Arts and culture

thumb|right|[[Ohr-O'Keefe Museum Of Art]]

Ohr-O'Keefe Museum Of Art, designed by Frank Gehry, opened in 2010.
Order of Mithras Carnival Association was organized in Biloxi in 1924.
The Blessing of the Fleet started in 1929, and occurs annually prior to shrimp season to promote safe and prosperous fishing. The event is associated with the Shrimp Festival, as well as ceremonial dropping of a wreath in remembrance of fishermen who have died.
From 1990 to 1994, the Miss Teen USA Pageant took place in Biloxi.

Historic districts

Biloxi has six historic districts that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Biloxi Downtown Historic District is a combination of two older districts, the East Howard Avenue Historic District and the Lameuse Street Historic District. Many architectural styles are present in the districts, most from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, Italianate, Art Deco, Late Victorian, and bungalow.

Sports

{| class="wikitable sortable"

! scope="col" | Club

! scope="col" | League

! scope="col" | Sport

! scope="col" | Venue

! scope="col" | Founded

! scope="col" | Affiliate

! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | Biloxi Shuckers

| style="text-align:center;"| SL

| Baseball

| Keesler Federal Park

| align=center | 2015

| Milwaukee Brewers

! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center;" | Biloxi Breakers

| style="text-align:center;" | FPHL

| Ice Hockey

| Mississippi Coast Coliseum

| align=center | 2022

The Biloxi Shuckers, the Double-A Southern League affiliate of the Milwaukee Brewers play at Keesler Federal Park.

The Biloxi Breakers of the Federal Prospects Hockey League have played at the Mississippi Coast Coliseum since 2022. Biloxi was previously home to the original Sea Wolves team of the ECHL, and the Mississippi Surge of the Southern Professional Hockey League.

Biloxi was the host city of the 2009 Women's World Military Cup.

Biloxi City Futbol Club joined the Louisiana Premier League for the fall of 2016.

Government

thumb|right|Biloxi City Hall

Local government

In 1978, Biloxi voters opted to replace the three-person mayor-commissioner system with a city council and mayor. This electoral system enables a wider representation of residents on the city council. The mayor is elected at large citywide. The city council consists of seven members who are each elected from one of seven wards, known as single-member districts.

Various powers rest according to the City charter and the Mayor-Council Form of government outline directed by Mississippi law in the city of Biloxi. The mayor can appoint heads of city municipal agencies, with approval from the city council, create new agencies if their orders are not vetoed or overturned by the city council, and can hire and fire city contractors. The city council is responsible for approving city policy and setting the annual budget.

City Hall, which has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is located at 140 Lameuse Street.

Biloxi's current mayor is Andrew "FoFo" Gilich of the Republican Party, who was elected in May 2015 to finish A. J. Holloway's term and elected in June 2017 for a full term.

State government

Biloxi is represented on the state level within the Mississippi Legislature. In the Mississippi Senate districts, the map divides the city into two sections. The western side of the city is in the 49th State Senate District and seats Billy Hewes, the President pro Tempore (Republican Party). The eastern side of the city comprises the 50th State Senate district and seats Tommy Gollott (Republican Party). In the Mississippi House of Representatives map, the city is divided into three districts. The southeastern side of the city reside in House District 115 and is represented by Randall Patterson (Democratic Party). The northeastern portion of the city makes up the entirety of House District 116 and is represented by Steven Palazzo (Republican Party). The southwestern portion of the city lies within House District 117 and is represented by Michael Janus (Republican Party). The Bolton State Office Building in Biloxi includes the headquarters of the Mississippi Department of Marine Resources and the South Regional Office of the Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality.

Federal government

The entire city of Biloxi is part of Mississippi's 4th congressional district. U.S. Representative Mike Ezell, a Republican, has served since 2023. He has been Chairman of the Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation and a member of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure since 2023.

The United States Postal Service operates the Biloxi, West Biloxi, CPU Triangle, and Keesler Air Force Base post offices.

Education

The city is served by the Biloxi Public School District and the Harrison County School District. The Gulf Coast has a large Catholic school system, 15 of which are in Biloxi. Mississippi State University also operates a campus in the city. As of the Fall 2008 semester, 763 students from 33 counties throughout the state and several in Alabama attended the college.

Media

Biloxi has one daily newspaper, the Sun Herald, which is headquartered in nearby Gulfport.

20 FM and 7 AM radio stations operate in and/or serve the Biloxi area.

According to Nielsen Media Research, the Biloxi market, as of the 2015–2016 season, is the third largest of five television markets in Mississippi, and the 158th largest in the country. Three major television stations serve the Biloxi area. ABC and CBS affiliate WLOX 13 and PBS/MPB member station WMAH-TV 19 are located in Biloxi, while Fox/MyNetworkTV affiliate WXXV-TV 25 is located in Gulfport. In addition to the stations' main programming, WLOX and WXXV-TV broadcast programming from other networks on digital subchannels. WLOX-DT2 serves as the market's CBS affiliate, while WXXV-TV operates the market's respective NBC and CW affiliates on DT2 and DT3.

Filming location

Several films have been produced in Biloxi, including:

Stone Cold, 1991 film starring Brian Bosworth.
Mississippi Masala, 1992 film starring Denzel Washington.
Arsenal, 2017 film starring Adrian Grenier, John Cusack, and Nicolas Cage.
Vanquish, 2021 film starring Morgan Freeman and Ruby Rose.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Biloxi is served by the Gulfport-Biloxi International Airport in Gulfport. Amtrak service also began serving the city when the Mardi Gras Service debuted on August 18, 2025.

The Coast Transit Authority provides bus service to the region with fixed-route and paratransit services.

Biloxi's main highway is U.S. Highway 90 (Beach Boulevard), which runs along the beach and by the casinos. It connects the city to Gulfport and points westward and to Ocean Springs and Pascagoula to the east. The Biloxi Bay Bridge, connecting Biloxi and Ocean Springs, was rebuilt after Hurricane Katrina, and was fully reopened in April 2008.

Interstate 10 passes through the northern sections of the city, leading west to New Orleans and east to Mobile, Alabama. Interstate 110 splits off from I-10 at D'Iberville and heads south across the Back Bay of Biloxi to U.S. 90 near Beau Rivage, providing the city with an important hurricane evacuation route.

North–south highways serving the area include:

Mississippi Highway 15 (runs concurrently with I-110 for the first few miles)
Mississippi Highway 67

Notable people

Jessica Alba, model and actress, lived in Biloxi while her father was stationed at Keesler Air Force Base
Lionel Antoine, Chicago Bears third overall pick in 1972 NFL Draft
Laura Bailey, voice actress and the wife of Travis Willingham
Matt Barlow, heavy metal singer
Alan Belcher, MMA fighter with UFC
Belladonna, retired pornographic actress, director, producer, and model
Jimmy Bertrand, jazz drummer
Malcolm Brown, NFL running back for Los Angeles Rams
Hector Camacho, world champion boxer
Isaiah Canaan, NBA point guard, KK Crvena zvezda
Chris Carson, NFL running back for Seattle Seahawks
Gary Collins, actor and television personality
Jefferson Davis, U.S. Army general and West Point graduate; U.S. Secretary of War (Defense); only president of Confederate States of America
Gwen Dickey, singer best known as the front-woman of the R&B band Rose Royce
Ronald Dupree, professional basketball player
Leonard Fairley, football player
Damion Fletcher, University of Southern Mississippi running back
Jeff Gann, professional wrestler known as "The Gambler"
Mary S. Graham, academic administrator
Fred Haise, Apollo 13 and Space Shuttle Enterprise astronaut
Ted Hawkins, singer-songwriter
Michael Janus, Mississippi state legislator
Tim Jones (American football), wide receiver NFL player for Jacksonville Jaguars
Chris LeDoux, country singer
Barry Lyons, catcher for New York Mets
James Millhollin, character actor, died in Biloxi in 1993
Mark Miloscia, former Washington State Senator
Mary Ann Mobley, actress and Miss America
Russell D. Moore, President of the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission (ERLC)
Francis D. Moran, third director of NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps
Jack Nelson, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist who began career at Biloxi Daily Herald
George E. Ohr, groundbreaking potter and father of American Abstract-Expressionism movement
Mathieu Olivier, ice hockey player
Chuck Pfarrer, former Navy SEAL, Hollywood screenwriter, New York Times best selling author, novelist
Eric Roberts, Oscar-nominated actor, brother of Oscar-winning actress Julia Roberts, and father of actress Emma Roberts
Wes Shivers, NFL player for Tennessee Titans and mixed martial artist
John Kennedy Toole, author of A Confederacy of Dunces, committed suicide in Biloxi in 1969
Brenda Venus, model and actress

In popular culture

Biloxi is the setting of Neil Simon's play and film Biloxi Blues.
Biloxi is the setting for the John Grisham novels The Runaway Jury (1996), The Partner (1997) and The Boys from Biloxi (2022).
In 1995, Jimmy Buffett released the album Biloxi.

References

External links

Photographs and Video of Hurricane Katrina's Aftermath from photosfromkatrina.com