Biała Podlaska (; ) is a city in the Lublin Voivodeship in eastern Poland with 56,498 inhabitants

In 1569, Biała Podlaska changed ownership; the new owners were the Radziwiłł family. Under their rule, Biała Podlaska had been growing for two and a half centuries. In 1622, Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł built the fortress and the castle. In 1628, Krzysztof Ciborowicz Wilski established Bialska Academy as a regional center of education (since 1633 it was a branch of the Jagiellonian University, then called Kraków Academy). It was one of the best schools in Poland in that time (about 1650–1700). During this time, many churches were erected, as was a hospital.

thumb|left|Castle tower and the regional museum at the [[Radziwiłł family|Radziwiłł park in Biała Podlaska]]

The prosperity period ended with the Swedish invasion in 1655. Then Biała Podlaska was attacked by Cossacks and Rákóczi armies. The town was significantly destroyed; however, thanks to Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł and his wife Katarzyna Sobieska, it was rebuilt. In 1670, Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł gives Biała Podlaska town rights and the coat of arms, which depicts archangel Michael standing on a dragon. The last commander of the regiment, lieutenant colonel Wacław Budrewicz, was taken prisoner of war by the Soviets and murdered by them in the 1940 Katyn massacre, in which also many Polish teachers and policemen from the city, and alumni of local schools were murdered.

World War II

thumb|left|Memorial at the site of public executions of Poles carried out by the Germans in November 1943

World War II halted the town's development because of Nazi and Soviet repression. The Germans captured Biała Podlaska on 13 September 1939, but withdrew on 26 September to allow the Soviets to station in the town. But, on 10 October 1939, in accordance with the terms of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviets departed and the town was reoccupied by the Germans. By that time, the Soviets had already completely plundered the PWS aircraft factory, so that nothing but empty buildings remained.

Poles expelled by the Germans in 1939–1940 from various places in German-annexed western Poland were deported to the area, while their previous homes were handed over to German colonists as part of the Lebensraum policy. In March and July 1940, the Germans imprisoned dozens of Poles in the local prison, and then massacred them in the nearby Grabarka forest. Local starost (head of county administration) Mieczysław Lutman was murdered by the Russians in the Katyn massacre in 1940. Over 40 Polish teachers were arrested in the town on 24 June 1940, imprisoned in Lublin and then deported to concentration camps, as part of the AB-Aktion. On 5 July 1940 the Germans carried out another massacre of Poles in Grabarka, whom they previously imprisoned in the town.

In 1944 the town was recaptured by Polish and Soviet troops and restored to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which remained in power until the Fall of Communism in 1989.

Recent history

In the postwar period and after the fall of communism, Biała Podlaska has developed as a more modern city. It retains many of the historic features in the central Polish old town of the city. From 1975 to 1999 Biała Podlaska was a capital of the voivodeship, later it again became a city county, as before 1975.

History of the Jewish community

The first mention of Jewish settlement in Biała Podlaska dates from 1621, when 30 Jewish families were granted rights of residence there. By 1841, there were 2,200 Jews of a total population of 3,588 in the town. In 1897, the number was 6,549 out of 13,090 inhabitants. In the 19th century, the chasidic movement established strong roots in Biała Podlaska.

A descendant of the Yid Hakodosh of Przysucha formed the Biala chasidic court, which survives to this day with communities in London, and cities in the United States and Israel. The chasidim of Kotsk also had a large presence in Biała Podlaska, some of whom later became Gerrer chasidim. In sovereign Poland by 1931, the Jews constituted 64.7% of the total population, or 6,923 out of 10,697 citizens. Four Yiddish newspapers were published locally between the two world wars.

The Germans captured Biała Podlaska on 13 September 1939 during the invasion of Poland but withdrew on 26 September. On 10 October 1939, the Soviets handed the town back to the Germans when the line of demarcation was finally set up. Around 600 Jews escaped the town during the Soviet departure. The Germans formed a Judenrat in November 1939, which set up a public kitchen and a Jewish infirmary. By the end of the year, the Nazis began to impose discriminatory restrictions against the Jews. On 1 December 1939, they decreed that all Jews had to wear a yellow Star of David. Jews were ordered to move into an open-type ghetto along the Grabanów, Janowa, Prosta and Przechodnia streets, and a Jewish Ghetto Police was established. At the end of 1939, some 2,000 to 3,000 more Jews were brought there as a result of deportations from Suwałki and Serock. The overcrowding and poor sanitations resulted in a typhus epidemic in Biała Podlaska in early 1940, causing many deaths.

Several hundred more Jews were brought in from as far as Kraków and Mława during German "resettlement" actions conducted in 1940 and 1941. The men were sent to new labour camps in the Wola district at an airfield, the train station, and elsewhere. Hundreds were forced to pave roads, drain ditches, construct sewage lines and build barracks. Many Jewish women worked in the Nazi farms. In March 1942 the ghetto had 8,400 inmates.

In September 1942, some 3,000 Jews from the neighbouring towns of Janów and Konstantynów were brought into Biała Podlaska Ghetto. The overcrowding became desperate. The Jews sensed that the ghetto was slated for liquidation. Many escaped to the forests; others prepared hiding places in the basements.

Chil Rajchman, a Sonderkommando who survived the Treblinka revolt and the war, later testified that he witnessed a transport of 6,000 Jews from Biała Podlaska arrive at Treblinka. When the sealed doors were opened, 90 percent of prisonersmen, women, and childrenwere already dead inside. Their bodies were thrown into smouldering mass grave at the "Lazaret".

The remaining Jews of Biała Podlaska were sent to a transit point at the Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto for deportations to death camps.

The Jewish community is commemorated by a memorial erected at the site of the Jewish cemetery, which was destroyed by the Nazis. Another memorial was recently erected by Jewish survivors from the town who now live in the USA. Two former private prayer houses of the Jewish community are still in existence. The cemetery otherwise stands as a reminder of the hole that was ripped out of Biała Podlaska life by the Holocaust and loss of so many Jews. Apart from Israel, Melbourne in Australia has the largest number of Jewish survivors from Biała Podlaska - all now very aged.

Culture and tourism

Popular points of interest include the Old Town, as well as St. Anne's Church built in 1572, St. Anthony's Church from 1672 to 1684, Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary built in 1759, and the historic building Academy of Biała from 1628.

<gallery class="center">

File:Bp-rynek-plac-wolnosci.jpg|Liberty Square

File:Biala Podlaska kosciol na Brzeskiej.jpg|Baroque Virgin Mary Church

File:Biala Podlaska kosciol sw. Anny corr.jpg|St. Anne's Church, built in 1572

File:60816 - Outbuilding eastern of castle in Biala Podlaska - 02.jpg|Eastern outbuilding of the castle, now housing a library

File:60816 - Outbuilding western of Castle in Biala Podlaska - 02.jpg|Western outbuilding of the castle, now housing a music school

File:Zespół klasztorny reformatorów kościół p.w. św. Antoniego (1671-1688r.) - Biała Podlaska ul. Narutowicza 37 woj.lubelskie ArPiCh A-60.JPG|Baroque St. Anthony Church and Pope John Paul II Monument

</gallery>

Popular museums include the most important Muzeum Południowego Podlasia (Museum of Southern Podlasie, founded in 1924), as well as the Oddział Martyrologiczno-Historyczny (Martyrology and Historic Division, since 1973, in the World War II Gestapo jail at Łomaska 21 Street).

Among the local art galleries are the Galeria Podlaska, Galeria Ulica Krzywa (Crooked Street Gallery), Bialskie Centrum Kultury (the Biała Podlaska Cultural Center), and Galeria Autorska Jakusza Maksymiuka (Janusz Maksymiuk's Gallery).

There are two popular cinemas in Biała Podlaska including Novekino Merkury - 1 hall, 282 seats, digital cinema 3D, as well as Cinema 3D - multiplex situated in Rywal Shopping Center; 4 halls; digital cinema 3D, 4K (Ultra HD). Plays are staged in the auditorium of the Pope John II State School of Higher Education in Biała Podlaska and in amphitheater in Radziwiłł park.

There are also several cultural centers in the city including Bialskie Centrum Kultury, Scena, Piast, and Eureka.

Festivals

  • Days of Biała Podlaska
  • Podlasie Jazz Festival
  • Biała Blues Festival
  • Art Of Fun Festival
  • Podlaska Jesień Teatralna (en. Podlasie Theatrical Autumn)

Transport

thumb|Main railway station

The city is a major transport hub: national road 2, which is also the european route E30, two voivodeship roads (DW811, DW812) and national railway line 2, pass through the town.

Biała Podlaska has its own bus lines. The organizer of the communication is the Management of Urban Transport (Polish: ZKM - Zarząd Komunikacji Miejskiej). Buses operate 8 lines marked with letters from "A" to "H" (frequency approx. 30 min). On the basis of an agreement between the neighboring villages, buses carry courses outside the administrative boundaries of the city.

The Biała Podlaska Airport has one of the longest runways in Poland. The airport was used for military purposes, however since 2020 the airport is closed.

Roads

  • 32px|link=National road 2 (Poland) 32px|link=European route E30 National road 2 / European route E30: Terespol - Biała Podlaska - Warsaw - Poznań - Świecko
  • 32px 811 - voivodeship road: Biała Podlaska - Konstantynów - Sarnaki
  • 32px 812 - voivodeship road: Biała Podlaska - Wisznice - Chełm - Krasnystaw

Government

the city mayor of Biała Podlaska is Michał Litwiniuk.

Media

thumb|Sculpture of [[Michael (archangel)|archangel Michael slaying the dragon]]

thumb|Kindergarten

News websites hailing from the city include biala24.pl, bialanonstop.pl, bialasiedzieje.pl, slowopodlasia.pl, tygodnikpodlaski.pl, Bialczanin.eu, Radiobiper.info,

National radio transmissions are broadcast through the Łosice transmitter. They include:

  • Polskie Radio Jedynka (88.3 FM)
  • Polskie Radio Trójka (90.5 FM)
  • RMF FM (91.9 FM)
  • Radio ZET (105.4 FM)
  • Polskie Radio RDC (103.4 FM)

Broadcast directly from Biała Podlaska include:

  • Radio Maryja (87.8 FM / 107.7 FM also from Łosice transmitter)
  • Polskie Radio Dwójka (98.3 FM)
  • Belarusian Radio Racja (99.2 FM) - radio for the Belarusian minority in Poland

Among the newspapers published locally are:

  • Słowo Podlasia
  • Tygodnik Podlaski
  • Biała Się Dzieje na papierze
  • Kurier Bialski
  • Dziennik Wschodni
  • Życie Bialskie

Films and programs made in Biała Podlaska

  • Smoleńsk - film, which tells the story of the Smolensk plane crash on 10 April 2010. Scenes were recorded at airport in Biała Podlaska.
  • To nie koniec świata! (Eng. It's not the end of the world!) - TV series broadcast on Polsat
  • K2 - Kierowców dwóch - automotive program by TVN Turbo. Some episodes are recorded on Biala Podlaska Airport

Sports and recreation

thumb|Away game of [[Podlasie Biała Podlaska with Motor Lublin, 2017]]

Sport facilities in Biała Podlaska include 4 stadiums, 3 swimming pools, and a popular tennis court. Recreation facilities include also public spaces such as Radziwiłł Park and promenade at Plac Wolności (the Freedom Square).

Sections and clubs

  • AZS-AWF Biała Podlaska – handball, basketball, gymnastics, swimming, volleyball, weightlifting
  • Podlasie Biała Podlaska – men's soccer
  • KU AZS PSW Biała Podlaska – women's soccer, men's handball
  • Bialskopodlaski Klub Jeździecki – horsemanship
  • UKS TOP-54 – men's soccer, handball, korfball, cheerleaders, billiards
  • UKS Piątka plus – handball, billiard
  • UKS Jagiellończyk – soccer, athletics, gymnastics, women's volleyball
  • UKS Orlik-2 – women's basketball, men's soccer
  • UKS Serbinów (men's volleyball)
  • SKS Szóstka (women's volleyball)
  • UKS Olimpia – basketball, taekwon-do, soccer
  • UKS Kraszak – men's handball, basketball
  • UKS TATAMI – judo
  • Międzyszkolny Klub Sportowy ŻAK
  • Klub Żeglarski Biała Podlaska
  • Bialski Klub Sportowy GEM – tennis
  • Klub Sportowy Zakład Karny – volleyball
  • Bialski Klub Karate Kyokushin
  • Klub Sportowy Wushu
  • WOPR Biała Podlaska
  • Automobilklub bialskopodlaski
  • Bialski Klub Rowerowy – cycling
  • Bialskie Stowarzyszenie Koszykówki "KADET" - basketball

Twin towns and sister cities

Biała Podlaska is twinned with:

  • Niort in France

Former twin towns:

  • Brest in Belarus

In March 2022, Biała Podlaska suspended its partnership with the Belarusian city of Brest as a reaction to the Belarusian involvement in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Notable people

thumb|[[Józef Ignacy Kraszewski Bench]]

  • George Bridgetower (1778–1860), Polish/English violinist of African descent, famous for giving the premiere of Beethoven's Kreutzer Sonata
  • Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (1812–1887), Polish writer, author of about 200 novels, received his primary education at the local academy, the Biała's college in 1822–1826
  • Karol Stanisław "Panie Kochanku" Radziwiłł (1734–1790), Polish noble and aristocrat, died in Biała
  • Apolinary Hartglas (1883–1953), lawyer, publicist, Jewish politician, a parliament deputy from 1919 to 1930
  • Xenia Denikina (1892–1973), wife of Anton Denikin, kept a journal of émigré life in France during WWII
  • Benedykt Kraskowski (1904–44), "Righteous Among the Nations"
  • Sebastian Szymański (born 1999), Polish footballer

References

Bibliography

  • Official website
  • A website about Biała Podlaska powiat - on this page there are several maps of the powiat and a link table to individual gmina pages, where information about every city, town, village and hamlet in the powiat is located
  • A website about Biała Podlaska gmina - maps and further information available
  • Photos and history of Biała Podlaska
  • A photo album of Biała Podlaska - 662 photos and 225 digital paintings discovering the beauty of Biała Podlaska region.
  • Holocaust in the Biała Podlaska powiat