The bharal (Pseudois nayaur), also called the blue sheep, is a caprine native to the high Himalayas. It inhabits the Himalayan alpine meadows and rocky slopes across Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan, typically at altitudes of .
The bharal is the only member of its genus Pseudois and is genetically closer to goats (Capra) than sheep (Ovis). Two main subspecies are recognized: the Himalayan blue sheep (P. n. nayaur) and the Chinese blue sheep (P. n. szechuanensis), with recent studies suggesting the Helanshan blue sheep may be a distinct subspecies. The dwarf blue sheep was once considered a separate species but is now classified as a variant of the Chinese blue sheep.
The bharal is a medium-sized caprine, measuring in length, and weighing . It has a slate-grey fur with white underparts. Both sexes have horns, with the males having larger curved horns measuring up to . The Helanshan variant is smaller in size, with less pronounced sexual dimorphism and straighter horns.
The bharal is mainly a grazer, feeding on grasses, but also browses shrubs when food is scarce. It relies on camouflage and shelter under the cliffs to evade predators. Rutting occurs from late November to mid-January, with males usually engaging in various maneuvers to mate. Though it is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, it face threats from poaching and competition with livestock, but these impacts are limited due to their often isolated and rugged habitats.
Etymology
Bharal is the common name of the sheep in Hindi, and it is called "blue sheep" in English due to the bluish tint of its fur. The genus name Pseudois is a combination of Greek words pseudes and ois meaning "false" and "sheep", respectively. The species name nayaur appears to come from the Nepali word nahur, a local name for the species. Its native names include yanyang in Mandarin; bharal, barhal, bharar, and bharut in Hindi; na or sna in Tibetan and Ladakhi; nabo in Spitian; and na or gnao in Bhutanese.
Taxonomy and evolution
thumb|left|The dwarf blue sheep was formerly thought to be a distinct species of the bharal
The bharal is the only member of the genus Pseudois. Mitochondrial DNA analysis suggested that the bharal is closely related to the goats (Capra) of the Caprinae sub-family rather than domestic sheep (Ovis). Two subspecies of the bharal have been recognised: the Chinese blue sheep (P. n. szechuanensis) and the Himalayan blue sheep (P. n. nayaur). Recent genetic studies suggest that the Helanshan blue sheep, found in the Helan Mountains may be a distinct subspecies.
The dwarf blue sheep, endemic to Sichuan-Tibet in China was formerly described as a separate species (Pseudois schaeferi), and later as a subspecies of P. nayaur (P. n. schaeferi).
Description
thumb|left|Two pairs of bharals in Nepal
The bharal is a medium-sized caprid measuring long along the head-and-body, with -long tail. It stands high at the shoulder, and weighs around . Males are slightly larger than females. It has a dense fur that is slate grey in colour, sometimes with a bluish sheen. The underparts and backs of the legs are white, while the chest and front of the legs are black. A charcoal-colored stripe separates the grey back and white belly. The ears are small, with a dark bridge of the nose. Horns are found in both sexes and consist of shallow ridges on the upper surface. Males have larger horns, which diverge from each other moving upwards, before turning sideways and curving backwards towards the edges. They may grow to a length of . In females, the horns are much shorter and straighter, growing up to long.
The dwarf blue sheep differs from the other members of the bharal family primarily in size, with adult males weighing around , and with a less differentiated sexual dimorphism. The females are similar in size to its relatives. Its coat is steely grey with a silvery sheen, with darker general colouration than the other bharals, and the horns of the male are smaller, thinner and more upright, with no inward curl. As there is a high degree of diet overlap between common livestock and the bharals in regions where they occur together, it results in resource competition and a decline in the bharal density. The bharal is the favored prey of the snow leopard where their ranges overlap, and is also hunted by Himalayan wolf, and leopard, with a few lambs falling prey to foxes or eagles.
Threats and conservation
The bharal is categorised as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The population faces some threats including poaching for meat and competition with livestock. However, poaching is rare due to its habitat in mountainous terrain, and similarly, livestock do not generally frequent the mountainous regions where the Bharals occur, and even if they do coexist, no notable detrimental effect on the bharal population has been documented.