Berenice Troglodytica

Berenice Troglodytica, also called Berenike (Greek: ) or Baranis, is an ancient seaport of Egypt on the western shore of the Red Sea. It is situated about 825 km south of Suez, 260 km east of Aswan in Upper Egypt and 140 km south of Marsa Alam.

A high mountain range runs along the African coast and separates the Nile Valley from the Red Sea; Berenice was sited upon a narrow rim of shore between the mountains and the Red Sea, at the head of the Sinus Immundus,) and was one of a few sources of gemstones local to Berenice. The harbour is marginal, but was improved by engineering.

Etymology

The name Troglodytica refers to the native people of the region, the "Troglodytai" or "cave dwellers". Although the name is attested by several ancient writers, the more ancient Ptolemaic inscriptions read Trogodytai, which Huntingford (1980)

History

Ptolemaic era

Berenice was prosperous and quite famous in antiquity. The city is noted by most ancient geographers, including Strabo, Pliny the Elder, and Stephanus of Byzantium. Its prosperity after the third century was mostly due to three reasons:

patronage by the Ptolemaic kings
safe anchorage
being at the eastern terminus of the main road from Upper Egypt.

The other terminus of that road is Coptos (now Qift), an Egyptian city on the Nile, which made Berenice and Myos Hormos the two main shipping centers for trade between Aethiopia and Egypt on the one hand, and Syria, Tamilakkam, and Tamraparni (ancient Sri Lanka) on the other. The road across the desert from Coptos was 258 Roman miles long, or 11 days' journey. Watering stations (Greek hydreumata, see Hadhramaut) were built along the road; the wells and resting places for caravans are listed by Pliny, and in the Itineraries.

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In the 19th century Belzoni found traces of several of the watering stations.

Berenice was able to generate some commerce locally: The mines of Gebel Zabara and Mons Smaragdus at Wadi Sikait in the adjacent mountains, and the island of Ophiodes (now Zabargad Island) in the mouth of Berenice's harbor, were rich sources of gemstones (peridot?) at that time called “topaz” and “emerald”.

Imperial Roman era

From the 1st century BCE until the 2nd century CE, Berenice was one of the critical way-stations for trade between the Indian subcontinent, Arabia, and Upper Egypt. It was connected to Antinoöpolis on the River Nile in Lower Egypt by the Via Hadriana in 137 CE.

The trade from Berenice along the Red Sea coast is described in the 1st century CE travelogue Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, written by a Greek merchant based in Alexandria. The Periplus states that "on the right-hand coast next below Berenice is the country of the Berbers", thereby placing Berenice Troglodytica just north of ancient Barbara.

In the 4th century Berenice had again become an active port. Under the Roman administration, Berenice itself formed an entire district with its own prefect, who was called Praefectus Berenicidis, or P. montis Berenicidis.

Despite its favorable location, after the 6th century the port was abandoned and the bay has since nearly filled with sediment; it has a sand-bar at its entrance that can only be crossed by shallow-draft boats. The gemsites on Zabargad Island are flooded.

19th century archaeology

In 1818, the ruins of Berenice were identified by Giovanni Battista Belzoni, confirming an earlier opinion of d'Anville. Belzoni wrote that the city measured from north to south, and from east to west. He estimated the ancient population at 10,000. Since then, several excavations have been undertaken.

A large number of significant finds have been made providing evidence of the cargo from the Malabar Coast and the presence of Tamil people from South India being at this last outpost of the Roman Empire (see ancient Indo-Roman trade relations).

<blockquote>Among the unexpected discoveries at Berenike were a range of ancient Indian goods, including the largest single concentration (7.55 kg) of black peppercorns ever recovered in the classical Mediterranean world ("imported from Southern India" and found inside a large vessel made of Nile silt in a temple courtyard); substantial quantities of Indian-made fine ware and kitchen cooking ware and Indian style pottery; Indian-made sail cloth, basketry, matting, etc. from trash dumps; a large quantity of teak wood, black pepper, coconuts, beads made of precious and semi-precious stones, cameo blanks; "a Tamil Brahmi graffito mentioning Korra, a South Indian chieftain"; evidence that "inhabitants from Tamil South India (which then included most of Kerala) were living in Berenike, at least in the early Roman period"; evidence that the Tamil population implied the probable presence of Buddhist worshippers; evidence of Indians at another Roman port 300 km north of Berenike; Indian-made ceramics on the Nile road; a rock inscription mentioning an Indian passing through en route; "abundant evidence for the use of ships built and rigged in India"; and proof "that teak wood (endemic to South India), found in buildings in Berenike, had clearly been reused" (from dismantled ships).</blockquote>

thumb|upright|The [[Berenike Buddha, discovered in Berenice Troglodytica in 2022.]]

In 2009 the first find of frankincense was reported and "two blocks of resin from the Syrian fir tree (Abies cilicica), one weighting about 190 g and the other about 339 g, recovered from 1st century CE contexts in one of the harbor trenches. Produced in areas of greater Syria and Asia Minor, this resin and its oil derivative were used in mummification, as an antiseptic, a diuretic, to treat wrinkles, extract worms and promote hair growth." In the same year was excavated an Isis temple and there, there were found fragments of a statue of the Meroitic god Sebiumeker.

In 2020–2021, 2,000 year-old remains of monkeys, cats, and dogs were discovered at Berenike to be considered the oldest pet cemetery in the world.

In Berenike in March 2022 an American-Polish archaeological mission excavating the main early Roman period temple dedicated to the Goddess Isis uncovered in the forecourt of the temple a marble statue of a Buddha, the Berenike Buddha.

Footnotes

References

I. Zych, J. K. Rądkowska (2019). "Exotic cults in Roman Berenike? An investigation into two temples in the harbour temenos". [In] A. Manzo, C. Zazzaro, & D. Joyce de Falco (eds), Stories of Globalisation: The Red Sea and the Persian Gulf from late prehistory to early modernity, Selected Papers of Red Sea Project VII, Brill nv, Leiden, NL. pp. 225–245
J. Then-Obłuska (2018). "Beads and pendants from the Hellenistic to early Byzantine Red Sea port of Berenike, Egypt. Season 2014 and 2015." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 27 (1), pp. 203–234
M. Woźniak (2017). "Shaping a city and its defenses: fortifications of Hellenistic Berenike Trogodytika." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 26 (2), pp. 43–60.
I. Zych (2017). "The harbor of early Roman “Imperial” Berenike: overview of excavations from 2009 to 2015." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 26 (2), pp. 93–132.
M. Osypińska & P. Osypiński (2017). "New evidence for the emergence of a human–pet relation in early Roman Berenike (1st–2nd century AD)". Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 26 (2), pp. 167–192.
S. E. Sidebotham, I. Zych, J. K. Rądkowska, & M. Woźniak (2015). "The Berenike Project: Hellenistic fort, Roman harbor and late Roman temple. Archaeological fieldwork and studies in the 2012 and 2013 seasons". Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean, 24 (1), pp. 297–322.
David Meredith (Dec 1957). "Berenice Troglodytica". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, vol. 43, pp. 56–70
S. Sidebotham and W. Wendrich, (2001). "Roms Tor am Roten Meer nach Arabien und Indien". AW 32 (3), p. 251-263.
Berenike Project run by Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw

External links

Fordham.edu: Periplus of the Erythraean Sea — Schoff translation.
The Berenike Project
Excavations at Berenike 1994–2020 - lecture by Professor Steven Sidebotham on Youtube