The Battle of Beachy Head, also known as the Battle of Bévéziers, was a fleet action fought on 10 July 1690 during the Nine Years' War. The battle was the most significant French naval victory over their Grand Alliance opponents during the war.

The main Allied fleet under Admiral Herbert, Earl of Torrington, was stationed in the English Channel. A substantial part of the fleet was in the Mediterranean under Vice Admiral Henry Killigrew, which the Earl of Nottingham, William's Secretary of State and chosen naval advisor, hoped would neutralize the French Toulon squadron. Sir Cloudesley Shovell remained in the Irish Sea but his squadron was much too small to stop the French controlling these waters if they chose to do so. The French decided not to use their fleet as a subsidiary to the Irish campaign; King Louis XIV instead directed his navy against Torrington in the Channel. Although 6,000 French troops under the command of the Comte de Lauzun were ferried across to Ireland to aid James on 17 March, the French fleet under the Comte de Tourville returned to Brest on 1 May and there remained inactive during May and June, whilst the grand fleet was assembling.

This French inaction had provided William with the opportunity he desired. On 21 June, he embarked his forces at Chester on board 280 transports, escorted by only six men-of-war commanded by Shovell.

Prelude

thumb|left|250px|Battle of Beachy Head, 10 July 1690. Tourville had won a clear victory but failed to exploit the success.

After evading Killigrew off Cádiz, the Toulon squadron (Château-Renault) joined Tourville's fleet on 21 June. Tourville, commanding the combined Brest and Mediterranean fleets, with 75 ships of the line and 23 fire ships, sailed on 23 June into the Channel. By 30 June, the French were off the Lizard. Torrington sailed from the Nore, already convinced the French would be stronger – much of the Royal Navy had been diverted to protect their maritime commerce from privateers and the Allied fleet had only 56 English and Dutch ships of the line, with 4,153 guns, against the French fleet of 4,600 guns.

Torrington's fleet reached the Isle of Wight and was joined by a Dutch squadron, consisting of 22 ships, under the command of Cornelis Evertsen. On 5 July, Torrington sighted the French fleet, calculating their strength at almost 80 ships of the line. Unable to proceed to the westward to link up with Shovell and Killigrew (who was on his way home), Torrington announced his intention of retreating before the superior French fleet to the Straits of Dover, believing that the risk to the fleet in being would be too great.

In William's absence, Queen Mary II and her advisors – the 'Council of Nine' – hastened to take measures for the defence of the country. Carmarthen thought that it was advisable to fight, as did Nottingham and Admiral Russell, who were unconvinced that the French were as strong as Torrington reported and considered that only the admiral's pessimism, defeatism or treachery could account for his reports. Countersigned by Nottingham, the orders reached the admiral on 9 July whilst he was off Beachy Head. Torrington realised that not to give battle was to be guilty of direct disobedience and to give battle was, in his judgment, to incur serious risk of defeat. Torrington called a council of war with his flag-officers, who concluded that they had no option but to obey.

Battle

thumb|left|250px|The French fleet bearing NNW towards the English coast. The French centre sagged exactly where the Comte de [[Anne Hilarion de Tourville|Tourville was stationed.]]

The following day, 10 July, off Beachy Head near Eastbourne, Torrington advanced towards the French in line of battle. He placed the Dutch white squadron with 21 ships – commanded by Cornelis Evertsen – in the van. Torrington was in the centre red squadron; the rear blue squadron, commanded by Vice-Admiral Ralph Delaval, comprised English and Dutch ships.

The French admiral divided his force of 70 ships of the line into the customary three squadrons, with white, blue, and white and blue pennants respectively. Tourville, aboard the , commanded the centre, white squadron. The blue squadron in the French van was commanded by Châteaurenault; Victor-Marie d'Estrées commanded the rear white and blue squadron. In each fleet the squadron commanders were in the centre of their respective squadrons and the division flag officers in the centre of their divisions.

At about 08:00 the Allies, who had the weather gage, ran down together in line abreast, elongated in order to cover the whole French fleet and prevent doubling at either end. The Dutch squadron bore down on the leading French squadron to engage on a parallel course but left the leading division of Châteaurenault's squadron unmarked. This division cut across Evertsen's path and doubling on the Dutch squadron, was able to inflict much loss.

Vice Admiral Ashby of the red squadron failed to help the Dutch, as the Marquis de Villette succeeded in tacking ahead, placing Ashby between two fires. When Torrington brought the remainder of the red squadron into action, he found difficulty in getting close enough because of the sag in the French line and came no closer than twice gunshot range. Outmatched, Torrington ended the battle late in the afternoon. Diarist John Evelyn wrote – "The whole nation now exceedingly alarmed by the French fleet braving our coast even to the very Thames mouth", a fear compounded by news from the Continent of French victory at the Battle of Fleurus on 1 July. To oppose the threatened invasion, 6,000 regular troops, together with the hastily organised militia, were prepared by the Earl of Marlborough for the country's defence.

In the prevailing atmosphere of panic, no-one attributed the defeat to overwhelming odds.

There was some good news for the Allies. The day after Beachy Head, 11 July, William decisively defeated Louis' ally, James II, at the Battle of the Boyne in Ireland. James fled to France but appeals to Louis for an invasion of England were not heeded. The Marquis de Seignelay, who had succeeded his father Colbert as naval minister, had not planned for an invasion and had thought no further than Beachy Head, writing to Tourville before the engagement – " ... I shall be content if you will let me know as soon as possible after the battle your thoughts on the employment of the fleet for the rest of the campaign". Tourville anchored off Le Havre to refit and land his sick. The French had failed to exploit their success. To the fury of Louis and Seignelay, the sum of Tourville's victory was the symbolic and futile burning of the English coastal town of Teignmouth in July. Tourville was relieved of command.

The English squadrons rallied to the main fleet. By the end of August the Allies had 90 vessels cruising the Channel and temporary French control had come to an end. To the outrage and astonishment of William and his ministers – and the delight of the Englishmen who regarded him as a political sacrifice to the Dutch – the court-martial acquitted him. Torrington took up his seat in the House of Lords but William refused to see him and dismissed him from the service on 12 December (O.S). Torrington was temporarily replaced by a triumvirate of Sir Henry Killigrew, John Ashby and Sir Richard Haddock. These were in turn replaced by Admiral Russell as sole commander of the English fleet.

Notes

References

  • Aubrey, Philip (1979). The Defeat of James Stuart's Armada 1692. Leicester University Press.
  • Chandler, David G (2003). Marlborough as Military Commander. Spellmount Ltd.
  • Churchill, Winston (2002). A History of the English-Speaking Peoples: Age of Revolution. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
  • Dupuy, R. E & Dupuy, T. N (1995). The Collins Encyclopaedia of Military History 4th ed. HarperCollins Publishers.
  • Guizot, Francois P. G. A Popular History of France From The Earliest Times, Volume V. [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11955/11955-h/11955-h.htm#image-68]
  • Lynn, John A (2002). The French wars 1667–1714: The Sun King at War. Osprey Publishing.
  • Lynn, John A (1999). The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714. Longman.
  • Macaulay, Thomas. The History of England: Volume 3. [http://yarchive.net/macaulay/history/contents.html]
  • Mahan, Alfred Thayer. The Influence of Sea Power on History, 1660–1783. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070113104406/http://www.bellum.nu/literature/mahan002.html]
  • Rodger, N.A.M. (2006). The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815, Penguin Group.
  • Warnsinck, JCM. De vloot van den Konig-Stadhouder 1689-1690 (1934).
  • Winfield, Rif, and Roberts, Stephen S (2017). French Warships in the Age of Sail 1626-1786.
  • Lists of sailing warships