(; , ) is a Flemish municipality of Belgium, much of which consists of a number of small Belgian exclaves fully surrounded by the Netherlands.

Parts of are surrounded by the Dutch province of North Brabant, but it is part of the Belgian province of Antwerp. , it had a population of 2,935. The total area is .

Geography

Border with Baarle-Nassau

thumb|Map showing the enclaves of

is noted for its complicated borders with , Netherlands.

The border's complexity results from a number of medieval treaties, agreements, land-swaps and sales between the Lords of and the Dukes of Brabant. Generally speaking, predominantly agricultural or built environments became constituents of Brabant and other parts devolved to . These distributions were ratified and clarified as a part of the border settlements agreed under the Treaty of Maastricht in 1843. The tight integration of the European Union and in particular the Schengen Agreement have made many of the practicalities of the situation substantially simpler since the 1990s.

In total, the municipality of Baarle-Hertog consists of 26 separate parcels of land. Four are linked to other Belgian municipalities, from west to east: the Baalbrugse Bemden, a strip of land along the Merkske, Zondereigen-Ginhoven and an area near Weelde-Station. The largest single section, Zondereigen (named after its main hamlet), is located within mainland Belgium on the contiguous Dutch-Belgian border (north of the town of ). In addition to this, there are 22 Belgian exclaves fully within the Netherlands. There are also seven Dutch enclaves within the Belgian exclaves (i.e., counter-exclaves) that are part of the territory of the Netherlands. Six of these Dutch enclaves are located within the largest Belgian exclave, and a seventh in the second-largest Belgian exclave. An eighth Dutch exclave is located near .

During the First World War, this situation meant that the Imperial German Army could not occupy these parts of Belgium without crossing the Netherlands, which the Dutch government did not allow. Thus, these pieces of Belgium became a place where refugees could safely stay. A clandestine radio transmitter was smuggled in and from there worked with the Belgian resistance. The Dutch government fenced off these areas and controlled access in or out of them, building a church and school for the Belgian people who were effectively stranded within the enclaves. This situation did not exist in the Second World War, as both countries were occupied by Nazi Germany.

Some houses in the town of / are divided between the two countries. At one time, differences between laws meant restaurants in the Netherlands had to close earlier than those in Belgium. For some restaurants directly on the border, this simply meant that customers had to move to a table on the Belgian side. In 2020, restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic differed between the two countries; for instance, preventing a Belgian citizen living metres away from an open Dutch bar from patronising it.

Many fireworks shops are found in , as Belgian laws controlling the sale of fireworks are more lenient than those of the Netherlands. Many Dutch tourists come to to buy fireworks to celebrate the New Year.

Two villages in the municipality, Zondereigen and Ginhoven, are located in the main territory of Belgium.

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File:Baarle-Nassau frontière café.jpg|Café in , showing border between Belgium and the Netherlands

File:P1020708Sint-Remigiuskerk.JPG|Church of Saint Remigius

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List of enclaves

Netherlands enclaves

These are all part of municipality.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left; font-size:87%; border:1; cellpadding:5; cellspacing:0;"

|- bgcolor="#ececec"

!scope="col" width="275px"|Serial no. and local name

!scope="col" width="50px" data-sort-type="number"|Area (ha)

!area

acre

! scope="col" width="525px" class="unsortable" |Notes

<onlyinclude>

|-

| N1, ||5.3667

|13.2615||Counter-enclave surrounded by Belgian exclave H1, in ; contains a mix of dwellings and farmland; boundary of N1 and H1 runs through one building.

|-

| N2, ||1.3751

|3.3981||Counter-enclave surrounded by Belgian exclave H1, in ; contains 8 dwellings.

|-

| N3, ||0.2863

|0.7075||Counter-enclave surrounded by Belgian exclave H1, in ; boundary of N3 and H1 bisects the loading dock of a liquor store.

|-

| N4, ||1.2324

|3.0454||Counter-enclave surrounded by Belgian exclave H1, in ; boundary of N4 and H1 runs through a warehouse, with vacant Dutch land to the rear of the warehouse.

|-

| N5, ||1.9212

|4.7475||Counter-enclave surrounded by Belgian exclave H1, in ; boundary of N5 and H1 runs through a furniture showroom, a shed and a barn.

|-

| N6, ||1.4527

|3.5898||Counter-enclave surrounded by Belgian exclave H1, in ; consists of farmland with two buildings.

|-

| N7, ||0.5812

|1.4363||Counter-enclave surrounded by Belgian Oordeel exclave H8, in ; occupies part of a field.

|-

| N8, Vossenberg||2.8528

|7.0496||Farmland enclave situated within Zondereigen, Belgium, less than 50 meters south of the Dutch border.

|-

</onlyinclude>

|}

Belgian enclaves

These are all part of municipality, and are surrounded by municipality (Netherlands).

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left; font-size:87%; border:1; cellpadding:5; cellspacing:0;"

|- bgcolor="#ececec"

!scope="col" width="350px"|Serial no. and local name

Education

has two elementary schools: De Vlinder and De Horizon.

It shares, with Baarle-Nassau, a joint library with Belgian and Dutch staff.

Notable inhabitants

  • Petrus Christus, 15th-century painter

See also

  • , an exclave of Germany surrounded by Switzerland
  • , an exclave of Italy surrounded by Switzerland
  • , an exclave of Spain surrounded by France
  • India–Bangladesh enclaves, 173 former enclaves (not including counter-enclaves)
  • The City & The City, a novel about two fictional co-existing city states

References

  • Official website Baarle-Hertog
  • Official website Baarle-Nassau
  • The Baarle Enclaves outlined with Maps
  • Open Topo Arcgis map
  • Barry Smith's Baarle Site (with maps)
  • Photos from Baarle-Nassau/Hertog
  • Jan S. Krogh's Geosite about the Baarles
  • Photograph of H-22, the smallest enclave of B.-Hertog at 51°26'54"N 4°50'10"E
  • New York Times, Frugal Traveler Blog, August 2008 (Matt Gross) – see video of Baarle-Hartog in middle of page
  • 'En Territoire Belge et a quarante centimetres de la frontiere' - English-language PhD thesis on the historical geography of Baarle's enclaves, including photos and detailed maps