Avar (, or , , 'language of the mountains'), also known as Avaric, is a Northeast Caucasian language of the Avar–Andic subgroup that is spoken by Avars, primarily in Dagestan. In 2010, there were approximately one million speakers in Dagestan and elsewhere in Russia.

Geographic distribution

Territory and borders of distribution of the Avar language (in the [[Yañalif|Latin alphabet of the 1930s)|thumb|right]]

It is spoken mainly in the western and southern parts of the Russian Caucasus republic of Dagestan, and the Balaken, Zaqatala regions of north-western Azerbaijan.

Status

It is one of six literary languages of Dagestan, where it is spoken not only by the Avar, but also serves as the language of communication between different ethnic and linguistic groups.

Dialects

Glottolog lists 14 dialects of Avar, some of which correspond to the villages where they are spoken. The dialects are listed in alphabetical order based on their name in Glottolog:

  • (Antsukh / Анцух)
  • Andalal-Gxdatl
  • Bacadin
  • Batlux
  • Hid
  • Karax
  • Kaxib
  • Keleb
  • Salatav
  • Shulanin
  • Untib
  • Xunzax (Khunzakh / Xунзах)
  • Zakataly
  • Zaqatala

Phonology

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Consonant phonemes of Avar

|-

! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |

! rowspan="3" | Labial

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Dental

! colspan="4" | Alveolar

! rowspan="3" | Palatal

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Velar

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Uvular

! rowspan="3" | Pharyngeal

! rowspan="3" | Glottal

|- class="small"

! colspan="2" | central

! colspan="2" | lateral

|- class="small"

! lenis

! fortis

! lenis

! fortis

! lenis

! fortis

! lenis

! fortis

! lenis

! fortis

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! colspan="2" | Nasal

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! rowspan="3" | Plosive

! <small>voiced</small>

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! <small>voiceless</small>

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! <small>ejective</small>

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! rowspan="2" | Affricate

! <small>voiceless</small>

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! <small>ejective</small>

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! rowspan="2" | Fricative

! <small>voiceless</small>

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! <small>voiced</small>

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! colspan="2" | Trill

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! colspan="2" | Approximant

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There are competing analyses of the distinction transcribed in the table with the length sign . Length is part of the distinction, but so is articulatory strength, so they have been analyzed as fortis and lenis. The fortis affricates are long in the fricative part of the contour, e.g. (tss), not in the stop part as in geminate affricates in languages such as Japanese and Italian (tts). Laver (1994) analyzes e.g. as a two-segment affricate–fricative sequence [] ( = ).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"

|+Avar Vowels

!

!Front

!Back

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!High

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!Mid

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!Low

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Avar has five phonemic vowels: /a e i o u/.

Lexical accent

In Avar, accent is contrastive, free and mobile, independent of the number of syllables in the word. Changes in lexical accent placement indicate different semantic meaning and grammatical meanings of a word:

  • ~
  • ~

Writing systems

There were some attempts to write the Avar language in the Georgian alphabet as early as the 14th century. The use of the Perso-Arabic script for representing Avar in marginal glosses began in the 15th century. The use of Arabic, which is known as ajam, is still known today. а, б, в, г, ӷ, д, е, ж, һ, 11x11px, 11x11px, і, ј, к, қ, 13x13px, л, м, н, о, п, ԛ, 15x15px, р, с, ҫ, т, ҭ, у, х, х̍, хᷱ, ц, 13x13px, |13x13px / ц̓, 13x13px / ꚑ, ч, ч̍, чᷱ, 13x13px / ч̓, ш, ղ, ղ̓, ղᷱ, 13x13px

As part of Soviet language re-education policies in 1928 the Ajam was replaced by a Latin alphabet, which in 1938 was in turn replaced by the current Cyrillic script. Essentially, it is the Russian alphabet plus one additional letter called palochka (stick, Ӏ), originally the digit 1 on a manual typewriter. The palochka is not included in common computer keyboard layouts, and is often replaced with a capital Latin letter i ( I ) or occasionally a small Latin letter L ( l ) rather than the digit 1.

Cyrillic alphabet

The Avar language is usually written in the Cyrillic script. The letters of the alphabet are (with their pronunciation given below in IPA transcription):

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|-

| style="width:5em;" | А а <br />

| style="width:5em;" | Б б <br />

| style="width:5em;" | В в <br />

| style="width:5em;" | Г г <br />

| style="width:5em;" | Гъ гъ <br />

| style="width:5em;" | Гь гь <br />

| style="width:5em;" | ГӀ гӏ <br />

| style="width:5em;" | Д д <br />

|-

| Е е <br /> ,

| Ё ё <br />

| Ж ж <br />

| З з <br />

| И и <br />

| Й й <br />

| К к <br />

| Къ къ <br />

|-

| Кь кь <br />

| КӀ кӏ <br />

| КӀкӏ кӏкӏ <br />

| Кк кк <br />

| Л л <br />

| ЛӀ лӏ <br />

| Лъ лъ <br />

| Лълъ лълъ <br />

|-

| М м <br />

| Н н <br />

| О о <br />

| П п <br />

| Р р <br />

| С с <br />

| Сс сс <br />

| Т т <br />

|-

| ТӀ тӏ <br />

| У у <br />

| Ф ф <br />

| Х х <br />

| Хх хх <br />

| Хъ хъ <br />

| Хь хь <br />

| Хьхь хьхь <br />

|-

| ХӀ хӏ <br />

| Ц ц <br />

| Цц цц <br />

| ЦӀ цӏ <br />

| ЦӀцӏ цӏцӏ <br />

| Ч ч <br />

| Чч чч <br />

| ЧӀ чӏ <br />

|-

| ЧӀчӏ чӏчӏ <br />

| Ш ш <br />

| Щ щ <br />

| Ъ ъ <br />

| Ы ы <br />

| Ь ь <br /> &nbsp;

| Э э <br />

| Ю ю <br />

|-

| Я я <br />

|}

Latin alphabet

The Avar Latin alphabet was originally monocameral. Capital letters were added later. Note that there is no distinction between a cedilla as in and a straight tick as in ; the graphic forms of the letters vary by publication, and k may have a cedilla or t a tick.

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! Latin

! Cyrillic

! Arabic

! IPA

|-

|A a

|А а||آ ,ا||/a/

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|B b

|Б б||ب||/b/

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|C c

|Ч ч||چ||/t͡ʃ/

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|Ꞓ ꞓ

|ЧӀ чӀ||ڃ||/t͡ʃʼ/

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|D d

|Д д||د||/d/

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|E e

|Э э||ئې، ې||/e/

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|G ɡ

|Г г||ڬ||/ɡ/

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|Ƣ ƣ

|Гъ Гъ||غ||/ʁ/

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|H h

|Гь гь||ﻫ||/h/

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|Ħ ħ

|ХӀ хӀ||ح||/ħ/

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|Ⱨ ⱨ

|ГӀ гӀ||ع||/ʕ/

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|I i

|И и||ئێ، ێ||/i/

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|J j

|Й й, Ь ь||ي||/j/, /Cʲ/

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|K k

|К к||ك||/k/

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|Ⱪ ⱪ

|КӀ кӀ||گ||/kʼ/

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|L l

|Л л||ل||/l/

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|Ļ ļ

|Лъ лъ||ڸ||/t͡ɬ/

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|Ꝉ̧ ꝉ̧

| || ||

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|M m

|М м||م||/m/

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|N n

|Н н||ن||/n/

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|O o

|О о||ئۈ، ۈ||/o/

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|P p

|П п||ف ||/p/

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|Q q

|Къ къ||ق||/q͡χʼː/

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|Ꝗ ꝗ

|Кь кь||ڨ||/t͡ɬʼː/

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|R r

|Р р||ر||/r/

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|S s

|С с||س||/s/

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|Ꟊ ꟊ

|Ц ц||ص||/t͡s/

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|Ş ş

|Ш ш||ش||/ʃ/

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|T t

|Т т||ت||/t/

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|Ţ ţ

|ТӀ тӀ||ط||/tʼ/

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|U u

|У у||ئۇ، ۇ||/u/

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|V v

|В в||و||/w/, /Cʷ/

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|X x

|Х х||خ||/χ/

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|Ҳ ҳ

|Хь хь||ڮ||/x/

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|Ӿ ӿ

|Хъ хъ||څ||/q͡χː/

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|Z z

|З з||ز||/z/

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|Ƶ ƶ

|Ж ж||ج||/ʒ/

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|Ⱬ ⱬ

|ЦӀ цӀ||ض||/t͡sʼ/

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|ʼ

|Ъ ъ||ئ ||/ʔ/

|}

Arabic alphabet

One feature of Avar Arabic alphabet is that similar to alphabets such as Uyghur and Kurdish, the script does not omit vowels and does not rely on diacritics to represent vowels when need be. Instead, modified letters with dot placement and accents have been standardized to represent vowels. Thus, Avar Arabic script is no longer an "impure abjad" unlike its parent systems (Arabic, Persian, and Ottoman), it now resembles a proper "alphabet".

While this was not the case for most of the several centuries during which Arabic alphabet has been used for Avar, this has become the case in the latest and most common conventions. This was indeed not the case at the time of writing of a linguistic article for the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society in 1881.!!Cyrillic!!Latin

|- style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"

|dir="rtl"|<poem><span style="font-size:110%;line-height:1.65;"></span></poem>

|<poem>Нолъ макьилъ вихьана, кьалда лъукъ-лъукъун,

Кьурда квер чIван унев, бида вецIцIун дун;

Кьуруги батIалъун цеве унаго,

Цо лъарал рагIалда гIодов кколев дун.

Лъар чваххулеб буго чабхил кIкIалахъан,

Лъин кIанцIулеб буго ганчIазда тIасан;

ТIарамагъадисеб къвал балеб буго,

Къо лъикIилан дица согIаб ракьалда.</poem>

| <poem>Noļ maꝗiļ viҳana, ꝗalda ļuq-ļuqun,

Ꝗurda кvеr çvan unеv, bida vеⱬⱬun dun;

Ꝗuruⱨ baţaļun s̶еvе unago,

Co ļaral raⱨalda ⱨodov ккolеv dun.

Łar cvaxxulеb bugo cabxil ⱪⱪalax̶an,

Łin ⱪanⱬulеb bugo gançazda ţaсan;

Ţaramaƣadiсеb qval balеb bugo,

Qo ļiⱪilan dis̶a сoⱨab raꝗalda.</poem>

|}

Morphosyntax

Avar is an agglutinative language, of SOV order.

Adverbs do not inflect, outside of inflection for noun class in some adverbs of place: e.g. the in 'inside' and 'in front'. Adverbs of place also distinguish locative, allative, and ablative forms suffixally, such as 'inside', 'to the inside', and 'from the inside'. is an emphatic suffix taken by underived adjectives.

Literature

The literary language is based on the болмацӏ (bolmaⱬ)—bo and maⱬ —the common language used between speakers of different dialects and languages. The bolmaⱬ in turn was mainly derived from the dialect of Khunzakh, the capital and cultural centre of the Avar region, with some influence from the southern dialects. Nowadays the literary language is influencing the dialects, levelling out their differences.

The most famous figure of modern Avar literature is Rasul Gamzatov, the People's Poet of Dagestan. Translations of his works into Russian have gained him a wide audience all over the former Soviet Union.

Sample sentences

{| class="wikitable"

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! Cyrillic !! Latin !! Arabic !! IPA !! Meaning

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| Ворчӏами! || Vorçami! || !وۈرڃامێ || /wort͡ʃ’ami/ || Hello!

|-

| Щиб хӏaл бугеб? || Şşib ħal bugeb? || شّێب حال بۇڬېب؟ || /ʃːib ʜal bugeb/ || How are you doing?

|-

| Иш кин бугеб? || Iş kin bugeb? || ئێش كێن بۇڬېب؟ || /iʃ kin bugeb/ || How are you?

|-

| Дуда цӏар щиб? || Duda ⱬar şşib? || دۇدا ضار شّێب؟ || /duda t͡s’ar ʃːib/ || What is your name?

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| Дур чан сон бугеб? || Dur can son bugeb? || دۇر چان سۈن بۇڬېب؟ || /dur t͡ʃan son bugeb/ || How old are you?

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| Mун киве ина вугев? || Mun kive ina vugev? || مۇن كێوې ئێنا وۇڬېو؟ || /mun kiwe ina wugew/ || Where are you going?

|-

| Тӏаса лъугьа! || Ţasa ļuha! || طاسا ڸۇﻫا! || /t’asa t͡ɬuɦa/ || Sorry!

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| эбель || ebelj || ئېبېلې || /ebelʲ/ || mother

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| эмен || emen || ئېمېن || /emen/ || father

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| Киве гьитӏинав вас унев вугев? || Kive hiţinav vas unev vugev? ||كێوې ھێطێناو واس ئۇنېو وۇڬېو؟ || /kiwe ɦit’inaw was unew wugew/ || Where is the little boy going?

|-

| Васас шиша бекана. || Vasas şişa bekana. || واساس شێشا بېكانا. || /wasas ʃiʃa bekana/ || The boy broke a bottle.

|-

| Гьез нух бале (гьабулеб) буго. || Hez nux bale (habuleb) bugo. || ھېز نۇخ بالې (ھابۇلېب) بۇڬۈ. || /ɦez nuχ bale (ɦabuleb) bugo/ || They are building the road.

|}

Sample text

{| class="wikitable"

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!colspan="3"| Avar

!rowspan="2"| Translation

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! Cyrillic

! Latin

! Arabic

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| Ja, zobalazda wugew niƶer Emen, dur ⱬar ⱨadamaz muqadasabļun, riⱪⱪagi, dur Parccaħļi ţade şşvagi. Zobalazdago ⱨadin raꝗaldagi dur amru biļļanӿagi. Ƶaqa niƶer beţerbaӿijaļe xinⱪ-ced ꝗe niƶeje. Niƶer naļi-ħaqalda ţasagi ļuha, niƶergo naļulazda, ţasa niƶgi ļuharal rugin. Niƶer ħalbiҳizegi biccage, Kveşaldasa ⱬune niƶ

|

| Our Father who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, as in heaven, so on earth. Give us this day our daily bread, And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And bring us not into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one.

|}

See also

  • Northeast Caucasian languages
  • Languages of the Caucasus

References

Further reading

  • RFE/RL North Caucasus Radio (also includes Chechen and Adyghe)
  • Avar language corpus (in English, Russian, Polish and Belarusian)
  • Avar Cyrillic-Latin text and website converter
  • Online Avar–Russian dictionary, including Arabic and Latin scripts
  • Avar language information in Russian