The Asclepiadoideae are a subfamily of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae. Formerly, these plants together with those now in the Apocynaceae subfamilies Periplocoideae and Secamonoideae were treated as a separate family under the name Asclepiadaceae,

They form a group of perennial herbs, twining shrubs, lianas or rarely trees but notably also contain a significant number of leafless stem succulents. The name comes from the type genus Asclepias (milkweeds).

There are 348 genera, with about 2,900 species. They are mainly located in the tropics to subtropics, especially in Africa and South America.

The florally-advanced tribe Stapelieae within this family contains several relatively familiar stem succulent genera, such as Orbea, Huernia, Stapelia and Hoodia. They are remarkable for the complex mechanisms which they have developed for pollination, independently parallel to the unrelated Orchidaceae, such as the grouping of their pollen into pollinia. The "fragrance" (or odor) of the flowers, often called "carrion flowers", attracts flies, the chief pollinators for these plants. Additionally, the color, appearance and texture of the flowers often is thought to resemble decaying flesh or raw meat to further entice pollination by flies.

Many new hybrids have been formed due to the unique fertilization method of the flowers.

Taxonomy

Gilbert Thomas Burnett in 1835 is considered to be the first botanist to recognize a primary division of the family Apocynaceae using the name Asclepiadeae, an ending now used for tribes rather than subfamilies. In 2014, Endress, Liede-Schumann and Meve recognised five tribes within the subfamily. A molecular phylogenetic study in 2019 confirmed the distinctness of the five tribes, which were related as shown in the following cladogram:

Tribes and genera

thumb|right|[[Asclepias syriaca]]

thumb|right|[[Microloma calycinum, Richtersveld, South Africa]]

The assignment of genera to tribes is based on Endress, Liede-Schumann and Meve (2014),

Asclepiadeae

  • Araujia <small>Brot.</small>
  • Asclepias <small>L.</small>, including Aidomene <small>Stopp</small>, Odontostelma <small>Rendle</small>, Trachycalymma <small>(K.Schum.)</small>
  • Aspidoglossum <small>E.Mey.</small>
  • Aspidonepsis <small>Nicholas</small>
  • Astephanus <small>R.Br.</small>
  • Barjonia <small>Decne.</small>
  • Blepharodon <small>Decne.</small>
  • Calciphila <small>Liede</small>
  • Calotropis <small>R.Br.</small>
  • Cordylogyne <small>E.Mey.</small>
  • Cynanchum <small>L.</small>, including Adelostemma <small>Hook.f.</small>, Glossonema <small>Decne.</small>, Metaplexis <small>R.Br.</small>, Pentarrhinum <small>E.Mey.</small>, Seshagiria <small>Ansari</small>, Sichuania <small>M.G.Gilbert</small>
  • Diplolepis <small>R.Br.</small>
  • Ditassa <small>R.Br.</small>
  • Fanninia <small>Harv.</small>
  • Fischeria <small>DC.</small>
  • Funastrum <small>E.Fourn.</small>
  • Glossostelma <small>Schltr.</small>
  • Gomphocarpus <small>R.Br.</small>
  • Gonolobus <small>Michx.</small>
  • Graphistemma <small>(Champ.</small>
  • Gyrostelma <small>E.Fourn.</small>
  • Hemipogon <small>Decne.</small>
  • Holostemma <small>R.Br.</small>
  • Hypolobus <small>E.Fourn.</small>
  • Ibatia <small>Decne.</small>
  • Jobinia <small>E.Fourn.</small>
  • Kanahia <small>R.Br.</small>
  • Lachnostoma <small>Kunth</small>
  • Macroscepis <small>Kunth</small>
  • Mahawoa <small>Schltr.</small>
  • Margaretta <small>Oliv.</small>
  • Matelea <small>Aubl.</small>
  • Metastelma <small>R.Br.</small>
  • Microloma <small>R.Br.</small>
  • Minaria <small>T.U.P.Konno</small>
  • Miraglossum <small>Kupicha</small>
  • Monsanima <small>Liede</small>
  • Morrenia <small>Lindl.</small>
  • Nautonia <small>Decne.</small>
  • Nephradenia <small>Decne.</small>
  • Odontanthera <small>Wight</small>
  • Oncinema <small>Arn.</small>
  • Orthosia <small>Decne.</small>
  • Oxypetalum <small>R.Br.</small>
  • Oxystelma <small>R.Br.</small>
  • Pachycarpus <small>E.Mey.</small>
  • Parapodium <small>E.Mey.</small>
  • Pentacyphus <small>Schltr.</small>, including Tetraphysa <small>Schltr.</small>
  • Pentastelma <small>Tsiang</small>
  • Pentatropis <small>R.Br.</small>
  • Peplonia <small>Decne.</small>
  • Pergularia <small>L.</small>
  • Petalostelma <small>E.Fourn.</small>
  • Phaeostemma <small>E.Fourn.</small>
  • Pherotrichis <small>Decne.</small>
  • Philibertia <small>Kunth</small>, including Mitostigma <small>Decne.</small>
  • Pseudolachnostoma <small>Morillo</small>
  • Raphistemma <small>Wall.</small>
  • Rhyssostelma <small>Decne.</small>
  • Rhytidostemma <small>Morillo</small>
  • Rojasia <small>Malme</small>
  • Schizoglossum <small>E.Mey.</small>
  • Schizostephanus <small>Hochst.</small>
  • Schubertia <small>Mart.</small>
  • Scyphostelma <small>Baill.</small>
  • Solenostemma <small>Hayne</small>
  • Stathmostelma <small>K.Schum.</small>
  • Stelmagonum <small>Baill.</small>
  • Stenostelma <small>Schltr.</small>
  • Tassadia <small>Decne.</small>, including Stenomeria <small>Turcz.</small>
  • Tweedia <small>Hook.</small>
  • Tylodontia <small>Griseb.</small>
  • Vincetoxicum <small>Wolf</small>, including Merrillanthus <small>Chun</small>, Oncostemma <small>K.Schum.</small>, Rhyncharrhena <small>F.Muell.</small>
  • Widgrenia <small>Malme</small>
  • Woodia <small>Schltr.</small>
  • Xysmalobium <small>R.Br.</small>

Ceropegieae

thumb|[[Ceropegia candelabrum]]

thumb|right|Caralluma acutangula, Burkina Faso

thumb|right|[[Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Burkina Faso]]

thumb|[[Stapelia gigantea]]

  • Anisotoma <small>Fenzl</small>
  • Apteranthes <small>J.C.Mikan</small>
  • Australluma <small>Plowes</small>
  • Baynesia <small>Bruyns</small>
  • Boucerosia <small>Wight</small>
  • Brachystelma <small>Sims</small>
  • Caralluma <small>R.Br.</small>
  • Caudanthera <small>Plowes</small>
  • Ceropegia <small>L.</small>
  • Conomitra <small>Fenzl</small>
  • Desmidorchis <small>Ehrenb.</small>
  • Duvalia <small>Haw.</small>
  • Duvaliandra <small>M.G.Gilbert</small>
  • Echidnopsis <small>Hook.f.</small>
  • Edithcolea <small>N.E.Br.</small>
  • Emplectanthus <small>N.E.Br.</small>
  • Heterostemma <small>Wight</small>
  • Hoodia <small>Sweet</small>
  • Huernia <small>R.Br.</small>
  • Larryleachia <small>Plowes</small>
  • Lavrania <small>Plowes</small>
  • Leptadenia <small>R.Br.</small>
  • Monolluma <small>Plowes</small>
  • Neoschumannia <small>Schltr.</small>
  • Notechidnopsis <small>Lavranos</small>
  • Ophionella <small>Bruyns</small>
  • Orbea <small>Haw.</small>, including Orbeanthus <small>L.C.Leach</small>
  • Orthanthera <small>Wight</small>
  • Pectinaria <small>Haw.</small>
  • Pentasacme <small>Wall.</small>
  • Piaranthus <small>R.Br.</small>
  • Pseudolithos <small>P.R.O.Bally</small>, including Anomalluma <small>Plowes</small>
  • Quaqua <small>N.E.Br.</small>
  • Rhytidocaulon <small>P.R.O.Bally</small>
  • Richtersveldia <small>Meve</small>
  • Riocreuxia <small>Decne.</small>
  • Sisyranthus <small>E.Mey.</small>
  • Socotrella <small>Bruyns</small>
  • Stapelia <small>L.</small>
  • Stapelianthus <small>Choux</small>
  • Stapeliopsis <small>Pillans</small>
  • Tavaresia <small>Welw.</small>
  • Tridentea <small>Haw.</small>
  • Tromotriche <small>Haw.</small>
  • Whitesloanea <small>Chiov.</small>

Eustegieae

  • Emicocarpus <small>R.Br.</small>
  • Eustegia <small>K.Schum. & Schltr.</small>

Fockeeae

  • Cibirhiza <small>Bruyns</small>
  • Fockea <small>Endl.</small>

Marsdenieae

thumb|right|Stephanotis floribunda

  • Anatropanthus <small>Schltr.</small>
  • Anisopus <small>N.E.Br.</small>
  • Asterostemma <small>Decne.</small>
  • Campestigma <small>Pierre</small>
  • Cionura <small>Griseb.</small>
  • Cosmostigma <small>Wight</small>
  • Dischidanthus <small>Tsiang</small>
  • Gymnemopsis <small>Costantin</small> - no molecular evidence but kept separate from Pseudosarcolobus and Harmandiella in Marsdenieae.
  • Periglossum <small>Decne.</small> – Asclepiadeae
  • Polystemma <small>Decne.</small>, including Microdactylon – Asclepiadeae (possible synonym of Matelea)
  • Ptycanthera <small>Decne.</small> – Asclepiadeae (possible synonym of Matelea)
  • Schistonema <small>Schltr.</small> – Asclepiadeae (possible synonym of Tweedia)
  • Vailia <small>Rusby</small> – Asclepiadeae (possible synonym of Blepharodon)

References

  • Stapeliads.info
  • Field Manual for Seed Collectors, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
  • Asclepiad info from ig-ascleps.org
  • Asclepiadaceae Family
  • The Genera of Asclepiadoideae, Secamonoideae and Periplocoideae (Apocynaceae)
  • Asclepiadaceae in BoDD &ndash; Botanical Dermatology Database