Artes mechanicae

thumb|right|A [[high medieval construction site from the Maciejowski Bible]]

Artes mechanicae (mechanical arts) are a medieval concept of ordered practices or skills, often juxtaposed to the traditional seven liberal arts (artes liberales). Also called "servile" and "vulgar", from antiquity they had been deemed "unbecoming" for a free man, as they minister to basic needs:

Sedulius Scotus, In Priscianumpag.: 58, linea: 50

liberales quoque artes nominat ipsas disciplinas quas liberi et ingenui homines discunt quaeque non sunt seruiles.

ed. Bengt Löfstedt (Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis, 40C), Turnhout, 1977, p. 57-84.

See also Thomas Aquinas on Aristotle's Metaphysics, distinctio: 37, quaestio: 1, art.: 5, quaestiuncula: 2, resp. ad argum.: 2, linea: 1:

Ad secundum dicendum, quod opera servilia mystice intelliguntur peccata; sed ad litteram opera servilia dicuntur ad quorum exercitium servos deputatos habemus, in quibus debent artes mechanicae dirigere, quae contra liberales dividuntur.

See also Ramon Llull's De Fine, dist. 2, lin. 1117: DE MECHANICIS In parte ista dicemus, quod bellator rex de suo ordine habeat praeceptores, qui sciant artes mechanicas et seruiles, et ea, quae sunt in tali exercitu necessaria, gubernare.

Overview

Johannes Scotus Eriugena (9th century) divided them into seven parts:

(tailoring, weaving)
(agriculture)
(architecture, masonry)
and (warfare and hunting, military education, "martial arts")
(trade)
(cooking)
(blacksmithing, metallurgy)

In his Didascalicon, Hugh of St Victor (12th century) includes navigation, medicine and theatrical arts instead of commerce, agriculture and cooking. Hugh's treatment somewhat elevates the mechanical arts as ordained to the improvement of humanity, a promotion which was to represent a growing trend among late medievals.

The classification of the as applied geometry was introduced to Western Europe by Dominicus Gundissalinus (12th century) under the influence of his readings in Arabic scholarship.

In the 19th century, "mechanic arts" referred to some of the fields that are now known as engineering. Use of the term was apparently an attempt to distinguish these fields from creative and artistic endeavors like the performing arts and the fine arts, which were for the upper class of the time, and the intelligentsia. The mechanic arts were also considered practical fields for those that did not come from good families.

Related phrases, "useful arts" or "applied arts" probably encompass the mechanic arts as well as craftsmanship in general.

In the United States, the most famous usage of the term "mechanic arts" (and the one in which it is most commonly encountered today) is in the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act.

Footnotes

References

Walton, S.A., An Introduction to the Mechanical Arts in the Middle Ages, AVISTA, University of Toronto, 2003