Arnulf I, Count of Flanders

Arnulf I (/899 – 27 March 964), called "the Great", was the first Count of Flanders.

Life

Arnulf was the son of margrave Baldwin II of Flanders and Ælfthryth of Wessex, daughter of Alfred the Great. Through his mother he was a descendant of the Anglo-Saxon kings of England, and through his paternal grandmother Judith of Flanders, a descendant of Charlemagne. Presumably Arnulf was named either after Saint Arnulf of Metz, a progenitor of the Carolingian dynasty, or King Arnulf of Carinthia, whom his father supported.

At the death of their father in 918, Arnulf became Count of Flanders and inherited the historical territories of the County of Flanders, while his brother Adeloft or Adelolf received the territories conquered by his father and became Count of Boulogne and Counf of Tournois. However, in 933 Adeloft died, and Arnulf took the countship of Boulogne for himself. Arnulf titled himself count by the Grace of God.

Arnulf I greatly expanded Flemish rule to the south, taking all or part of Artois, Ponthieu, Amiens, and Ostrevent. He exploited the conflicts between Charles the Simple and Robert I of France, and later those between Louis IV and his barons. Arnulf also made Bruges the center of his administration, contributing to the rise of the town as a major trading hub.

In his southern expansion Arnulf inevitably had conflict with the Normans, who were trying to secure their northern frontier. This led to the 942 murder of the Duke of Normandy, William Longsword, at the hands of Arnulf's men. The Viking threat was receding during the later years of Arnulf's life, and he turned his attentions to the reform of the Flemish government. When Dunstan, abbot of Glastonbury, fled into exile, Arnulf received him with honour and lodged him in the Abbey of Mont Blandin, near Ghent.

Arnulf earned his epithet "The Great" with his religious reforms. He was a strong supporter of the Cluniac Reforms. His motivation was not religious: abbeys owned larges estates, were an economical power and made many lay abbots very rich. But in the first half of the tenth century their power declined because of looser interpretation of the Rule of Saint Benedict and bad management. In 940 Arnulf appointed Gérard of Brogne as abbot of Saint Peter's Abbey in Ghent, where he enforced monastic discipline by reintroducing the Benedictine rule, and by replacing the canons by monks. Between 940 and 953 Gérard reformed all abbeys in the county of Flanders: Saint Bavo's Abbey in Ghent, Abbey of Saint Bertin in Saint-Omer, Abbey of Saint-Vaast in Atrecht and Saint-Amand Abbey. While the Cluniac reforms insisted on abbeys being completely independend from secular power, and the abbots being appointed by the head of their congregation, Gérard granted these abbeys much autonomy and allowed Arnulfs to interference in their management. These reforms not only reestablished these abbeys as economical powers but also stimulated their cultural influence: The first annals of the county of Flanders, the Gesta Abbatum Sithiensium was written by Folcuin in the abbey of Saint-Bertain.

Family

The name of Arnulf's first wife is unknown but he had at least one daughter by her:

Name unknown; married Isaac of Cambrai. Their son Arnulf succeeded his father as Count of Cambrai. King Lothair respected the agreement and sent his mother Gerberga of Saxony and his 12-year old brother Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine to Flanders to guard Arnulf II.

Notes

References

Sources

Additional references

Folcwine
Lambert of Ardres
Platts, Beryl. The Scottish Hazard: Flemish Nobility and their Impact on Scotland, 1985