Arctostaphylos (/ˌɑːrktoʊˈstæfɪləs, -lɒs/; from ἄρκτος árktos "bear" and σταφυλή staphulḗ "bunch of grapes") Many plants within the genus Arctostaphylos are also commonly called manzanitas(/ˌmænzəˈniːtəz/) or bearberries. There are 107 taxa within Arctostaphylos, 106 of which are found in the California Floristic Province. From prostrate shrubs to small erect trees, Arctostaphylos is known for characteristic red bark, urn-shaped flowers and being fire adapted . About ⅓ of all species are Burl formers.

thumb|Arctostaphylos crustacea subsp crinita - resprouting from burl

Fruit - Classified as a drupe, During the Oligocene geologic uplift and an altering climate restricted a majority of the group arbutoideae to western North America.

Ecology

Arctostaphylos can usually can be found on sites with poor soil. Mycorrhizal fungi are a large reason this genus can tolerate low nutrient conditions. Manzanitas have seed that is dispersed in a dormant stage, only germinating post fire due to chemicals found in smoke. Most species are obligate seeders, and population survival depends on post-fire recruitment.In Arctostaphylos, pollination of the unique urn shaped flowers is achieved through sonication or buzz pollination

Cultivation

Arctostaphylos are used in the horticultural trade across much of california. Prized for being drought tolerant, low maintenance and aesthetically interesting, Arctostaphylos hybrids and cultivars are common across many gardens.

!Species

!Common name

!Species

!Common Name

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|A. andersonii

|Santa Cruz Manzanita

|A. pacifica

|Pacific Manzanita

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|A. auriculata

|Mount Diablo Manzanita

|A. pajaroensis

|Pajaro Manzanita

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|A. australis

|Baja Manzanita

|A. pallida

|Alameda Manzanita

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|A. bakeri subsp. bakeri

|Baker’s Manzanita

|A. parryana subsp. parryana

|Parry’s Manzanita

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|A. bakeri subsp. sublaevis

|The Cedars Manzanita

|A. parryana subsp. desertica

|Desert Manzanita

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|A. bolensis

|Bola Manzanita

|A. parryana subsp. tumescens

|Interior Manzanita

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|A. canescens subsp. canescens

|Hoary Manzanita

|A. patula subsp. patula

|Greenleaf Manzanita

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|A. canescens subsp. sonomensis

|Sonoma Canescent Manzanita

|A. patula subsp. gankinii

|Gankin’s manzanita

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|A. catalinae

|Catalina Island Manzanita

|A. pechoensis

|Pecho Manzanita

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|A. columbiana

|Columbia Manzanita

|A. peninsularis subsp. peninsularis

|Peninsula Manzanita

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|A. confertifolia

|Santa Rosa Island Manzanita

|A. peninsularis subsp. juarzensis

|Sierra Juarez Manzanita

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|A. crustacea subsp. crustacea

|Brittleleaf Manzanita

|A. pilosula

|Santa Margarita Manzanita

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|A. crustacea subsp. crinita

|Crinite  Manzanita

|A. pringlei subsp. pringlei

|Pinkbract Manzanita

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|A. crustacea subsp. eastwoodiana

|Eastwood’s Brittleleaf  Manzanita

|A. pringlei subsp. drupacea

|California Pinkbract Manzanita

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|A. crustacea subsp. rosei

|Rose’s  Manzanita

|A. pumila

|Sandmat Manzanita

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|A. crustacea subsp. insulicola

|Island Manzanita

|A. pungens

|Mexican Manzanita

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|A. crustacea subsp. subcordata

|Santa Cruz Island Manzanita

|A. purissima subsp. purissima

|La Purisima Manzanita

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|A. cruzensis

|Arroyo De La Cruz Manzanita

|A. purissima subsp. globosa

|Globose Manzanita

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|A. densiflora

|Vine Hill Manzanita

|A. rainbowensis

|Rainbow Manzanita

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|A. edmundsii

|Little Sur Manzanita

|A. refugioensis

|Refugio Manzanita

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|A. franciscana

|Franciscan Manzanita

|A. regismontana

|King’s Mountain Manzanita

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|A. gabilanensis

|Gabilan Manzanita

|A. rudis

|Sand Mesa Manzanita

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|A. glandulosa subsp. glandulosa

|Eastwood’s Manzanita

|A. sensitiva

|Coinleaf Manzanita

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|A. glandulosa subsp. adamsii

|Adam’s Manzanita

|A. silvicola

|Bonny Doon Manzanita

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|A. glandulosa subsp. atumescens

|Punta Banda Manzanita

|A. stanfordiana subsp. stanfordiana

|Stanford’s Manzanita

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|A. glandulosa subsp. crassifolia

|Del Mar Manzanita

|A. stanfordiana subsp. decumbens

|Rincon Ridge Manzanita

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|A. glandulosa subsp. cushingiana

|Cushing’s Manzanita

|A. stanfordiana subsp. raichei

|Raiche’s Manzanita

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|A. glandulosa subsp. erecta

|Pedregoso’s Manzanita

|A. tomentosa subsp. tomentosa

|Woolyleaf Manzanita

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|A. glandulosa subsp. gabrielensis

|San Gabriel Manzanita

|A. tomentosa subsp. bracteosa

|Glandular Woolyleaf Manzanita

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|A. glandulosa subsp. howellii

|Howell’s Manzanita

|A. tomentosa subsp. daciticola

|Dacite Manzanita

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|A. glandulosa subsp. leucophylla

|Whiteleafed Manzanita

|A. tomentosa subsp. hebeclada

|Explorer’s Manzanita

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|A. glandulosa subsp. mollis

|Transverse Range Manzanita

|A. uva-ursi subsp. uva-ursi

|Bearberry or Kinnikinnick

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|A. glauca

|Bigberry Manzanita

|A. uva-ursi subsp. cratericola

|Guatemala Bearberry

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|A. glutinosa

|Schreiber’s Manzanita

|A. virgata

|Marin Manzanita

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|A. hispidula

|Gasquet Manzanita

|A. viridissima

|White-haired Manzanita

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|A. hookeri subsp. hearstiorum

|Hearst’s Manzanita

|A. viscida subsp. viscida

|Whiteleaf Manzanita

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|A. hookeri subsp. hookeri

|Hooker’s Manzanita

|A. viscida subsp. mariposa

|Mariposa Manzanita

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|A. hooveri

|Hoover Manzanita

|A. viscida subsp. pulchella

|Coast Whiteleaf Manzanita

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|A. imbricata

|San Bruno Mountain Manzanita

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|A. incognita

|Incognito Manzanita

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|A. insularis

|Santa Cruz Island Manzanita

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|A. klamathenis

|Klamath Manzanita

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|A. luciana

|Santa Lucia Manzanita

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|A. malloryi

|Mallory’s Manzanita

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|A. manzanita subsp. manzanita

|Common Manzanita

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|A. manzanita subsp. elegans

|Konocti Manzanita

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|A. manzanita subsp. glaucescens

|Glaucous Manzanita

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|A. manzanita subsp. laevigata

|Contra Costa Manzanita

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|A. manzanita subsp. roofii

|Roof’s Manzanita

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|A. manzanita subsp. wieslanderi

|Wieslander’s Manzanita

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|A. mewukka subsp. mewukka

|Indian Manzanita

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|A. mewukka subsp. truei

|True’s Manzanita

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|A. montana subsp. montana

|Mount Tamalpais Manzanita

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|A. montana subsp. ravenii

|Presidio Manzanita

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|A. montaraensis

|Montara Mountain Manzanita

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|A. montereyensis

|Monterey Manzanita

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|A. moranii

|Moran’s Manzanita

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|A. morroensis

|Morro Manzanita

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|A. myrtifolia

|Ione Manzanita

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|A. nevadensis subsp. nevadensis

|Pine Mat Manzanita

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|A. nevadensis subsp. knightii

|Knight’s Pine Mat Manzanita

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|A. nissenana

|El Dorado Manzanita

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|A. nortensis

|Del Norte Manzanita

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|A. nummularia subsp. nummularia

|Glossyleaf Manzanita

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|A. nummularia subsp. mendocinoensis

|Pygmy Manzanita

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|A. obispoensis

|Bishop Manzanita

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|A. ohloneana

|Ohlone Manzanita

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|A. osoensis

|Oso Manzanita

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|A. otayensis

|Otay Manzanita

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Ranges

  • Subgenus Micrococcus
  • Sect. Micrococcus

{|class="wikitable"

! Species

! Common name

! Range

|-

| Arctostaphylos mendocinoensis

| Pygmy manzanita

|

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| Arctostaphylos myrtifolia

| Ione manzanita

| California (Amador, Calaveras Counties)

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| Arctostaphylos nissenana

| Nissenan manzanita

| California (coastal and inland ranges north of San Francisco Bay)

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| Arctostaphylos nummularia

| Glossyleaf manzanita

| California (Mendocino County)

|}

  • Subgenus Arctostaphylos, which has three sections:
  • Sect. Arctostaphylos

{|class="wikitable"

! Species

! Common name

! Range

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| Arctostaphylos alpina

| Alpine bearberry

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| Arctostaphylos bakeri

| Baker's manzanita

| California (Sonoma County)

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| Arctostaphylos densiflora

| Sonoma manzanita

| California (Sonoma County)

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| Arctostaphylos edmundsii

| Little Sur manzanita

| California (Monterey County)

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| Arctostaphylos franciscana

| Franciscan manzanita

| California (San Francisco County)

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| Arctostaphylos gabrielensis

| San Gabriel manzanita

| California (Los Angeles County)

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| Arctostaphylos glauca

| Bigberry manzanita

| California and Baja California

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| Arctostaphylos hispidula

| Gasquet manzanita

| Coastal mountain ranges of southern Oregon and northern California

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| Arctostaphylos hookeri

| Hooker's manzanita

| California

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| Arctostaphylos insularis

| Island manzanita

| California (Santa Cruz Island)

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| Arctostaphylos klamathensis

| Klamath manzanita

| California (Klamath Mountains)

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| Arctostaphylos manzanita

| Common manzanita, whiteleaf manzanita

| California (Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada foothills)

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| Arctostaphylos mewukka

| Indian manzanita

| California (Sierra Nevada)

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| Arctostaphylos nevadensis

| Pinemat manzanita

| California

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| Arctostaphylos parryana

| Parry manzanita

| California (southern)

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| Arctostaphylos patula

| Greenleaf manzanita

| Western North America

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| Arctostaphylos pumila

| Sandmat manzanita

| California (Monterey County)

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| Arctostaphylos pungens

| Pointleaf manzanita

| Southwestern United States and to northern and central Mexico

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| Arctostaphylos rudis

| Shagbark manzanita

| California (southern central coast)

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| Arctostaphylos stanfordiana

| Stanford's manzanita

| California (Outer North Coast Ranges north of the San Francisco Bay Area)

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| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

| Bearberry

| Europe, Asia, North America

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| Arctostaphylos viscida

| Sticky manzanita, whiteleaf manzanita

| California and Oregon

|}

  • Sect. Foliobracteata

{|class="wikitable"

! Species

! Common name

! Range

|-

| Arctostaphylos andersonii

| Santa Cruz manzanita

| Santa Cruz Mountains (CA)

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| Arctostaphylos auriculata

| Mount Diablo manzanita

| Mount Diablo (CA)

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| Arctostaphylos canescens

| Hoary manzanita

| Coastal ranges of SW OR and N CA

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| Arctostaphylos catalinae

| Santa Catalina Island manzanita

| Santa Catalina Island (CA)

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| Arctostaphylos columbiana

| Hairy manzanita

| West coast from N. CA to S. BC

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| Arctostaphylos confertiflora

| Santa Rosa Island manzanita

| Santa Rosa Island (CA)

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| Arctostaphylos cruzensis

| La Cruz manzanita

| Monterey and San Luis Obispo counties (CA)

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| Arctostaphylos glandulosa

| Eastwood manzanita

| Coastal slops from OR, CA, Baja California

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| Arctostaphylos glutinosa

| Schreiber's manzanita

| Santa Cruz County (CA)

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| Arctostaphylos hooveri

| Hoover's manzanita

| Santa Lucia Mountains (CA)

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| Arctostaphylos imbricata

| San Bruno Mountain manzanita

| San Bruno Mountain (CA)

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| Arctostaphylos luciana

| Santa Lucia manzanita

| southern Santa Lucia Mountains (CA)

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| Arctostaphylos malloryi

| Mallory's manzanita

| Inner North Coast Ranges west and northwest of the Sacramento Valley (CA)

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| Arctostaphylos montaraensis

| Montara manzanita

| San Bruno Mountain and Montara Mountain (CA)

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| Arctostaphylos montereyensis

| Monterey manzanita

| Monterey County (CA)

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| Arctostaphylos morroensis

| Morro manzanita

| Morro Bay (CA)

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| Arctostaphylos nortensis

| Del Norte manzanita

| Del Norte County (CA), Curry County (OR), Josephine County (OR)

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| Arctostaphylos obispoensis

| Serpentine manzanita

| Southern Santa Lucia Mountains (CA)

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| Arctostaphylos osoensis

| Oso manzanita

| Los Osos Valley (San Luis Obispo, CA)

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| Arctostaphylos otayensis

| Otay manzanita

| San Diego County (CA)

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| Arctostaphylos pajaroensis

| Pajaro manzanita

| Monterey County, Santa Cruz County, San Benito County (CA)

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| Arctostaphylos pallida

| Pallid manzanita

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| Arctostaphylos pechoensis

| Pecho manzanita

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| Arctostaphylos pilosula

| La Panzo manzanita

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| Arctostaphylos purissima

| La Purissima manzanita

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| Arctostaphylos refugioensis

| Refugio manzanita

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| Arctostaphylos regismontana

| Kings Mountain manzanita

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| Arctostaphylos silvicola

| Bonny Doon manzanita

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| Arctostaphylos tomentosa

| Woolyleaf manzanita

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| Arctostaphylos virgata

| Bolinas manzanita

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| Arctostaphylos viridissima

| Whitehair manzanita

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| Arctostaphylos wellsii

| Wells' manzanita

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|}

  • Sect. Pictobracteata

{|class="wikitable"

! Species

! Common name

! Range

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| Arctostaphylos pringlei

| Pringle manzanita

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|}

  • Unassigned

{|class="wikitable"

! Species

! Common name

! Range

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| Arctostaphylos rainbowensis

| Rainbow manzanita

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| Arctostaphylos gabilanensis

| Gabilan manzanita

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| Arctostaphylos ohloneana

| Ohlone manzanita

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See also the closely related genus Comarostaphylis, previously often included in Arctostaphylos.

References

Further reading

  • Treatment from the Jepson Manual
  • Jepson Manual Treatment