Angoulême - WikiHQ

Angoulême (; Poitevin-Saintongeais: Engoulaeme; ) is a small city in the southwestern French department of Charente, of which it is the prefecture.

Located on a plateau overlooking a meander of the river Charente, the city is nicknamed the "balcony of the southwest". The city proper's population is a little less than 42,000 but it is the centre of an urban area of 110,000 people extending more than from east to west.

Formerly the capital of Angoumois during the Ancien Régime, Angoulême was a fortified town for a long time, and was highly coveted due to its position at the centre of many roads important to communication, so therefore it suffered many sieges. From its tumultuous past, the city, perched on a rocky spur, inherited a large historical, religious, and urban heritage which attracts a lot of tourists.

Nowadays, Angoulême is at the centre of an agglomeration, which is one of the most industrialised regions between Loire and Garonne (the paper industry was established in the 16th century, a foundry and electromechanical engineering developed more recently). It is also a commercial and administrative city with its own university of technology, and a vibrant cultural life. This life is dominated by the Angoulême International Comics Festival, the FFA Angoulême Francophone Film Festival and the Musiques Métisses Festival that contribute substantially to the international renown of the city. Moreover, Angoulême hosts 40 animation and video game studios that produce half of France's animated production. Wes Anderson's The French Dispatch was filmed in this city.

Angoulême is called "Ville de l'Image" which means literally "City of the Image". The commune has been awarded four flowers by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.

Geography

Angoulême is an Acropolis city located on a hill overlooking a loop of the Charente limited in area upstream by the confluence of the Touvre and downstream by the Anguienne and Eaux Claires.

Location and access

Angoulême is located at the intersection of a major north–south axis: the N10 Paris-Bayonne; and the east–west axis: the N14 route Central-Europe Atlantique Limoges-Saintes. Angoulême is also connected to Périgueux and Saint-Jean-d'Angely by the D939 and to Libourne by the D674.

By train: the Paris-Bordeaux line, served mainly by TGV, passes through Angoulême and the TER Limoges-Saintes provides connections.
By water: although the river Charente is currently only used for tourism, it was a communication channel, especially for freight, until the 19th century and the port of l'Houmeau was very busy.

The Angoulême-Cognac International Airport is at Brie-Champniers.

Districts

thumb|right|Map of Angoulême in 1914

Old Angoulême is the old part between the ramparts and the town centre with winding streets and small squares. The city centre is also located on the plateau and was portrayed by Honoré de Balzac in "The Lost Illusions" as "the height of grandeur and power". There is a Castle, a town hall, a prefecture, and a cathedral with grand houses everywhere. Unlike Old Angoulême, however, the entire city centre was greatly rebuilt in the 19th century.

Surrounding the city were five old faubourgs: l'Houmeau, Saint-Cybard, Saint-Martin, Saint-Ausone, and la Bussatte. The district of l'Houmeau was described by Balzac as "based on trade and money" because this district lived on trade, boatmen, and their scows. The port of l'Houmeau was created in 1280 on the river bank. It marked the beginning of the navigable part from Angoulême to the sea. Saint-Cybard, on the bank of the Charente, was created around the Abbey of Saint-Cybard then became an industrial area with papermills, especially Le Nil. Saint-Martin - Saint-Ausone is a district composed of two former parishes outside the ramparts. At La Bussatte the Champ de Mars esplanade is now converted into a shopping mall, and adjoins Saint-Gelais.

Today the city has fifteen districts:

Centre-ville
Old Angoulême
Saint-Ausone - Saint-Martin
Saint-Gelais
La Bussatte - Champ de Mars
L'Houmeau
Saint-Cybard
Victor-Hugo, Saint-Roch is notable for its military presence.
Basseau is a district which was created in the 19th century with the port of Basseau, the explosives factory in 1821, the Laroche-Joubert papermill in 1842, then the bridge in 1850.
Sillac - La Grande-Garenne was a private housing estate then was built up with HLM units.
Bel-Air, la Grand Font in the railway station district with housing blocks from the 1950s at Grand Font.
La Madeleine which was completely rebuilt after the bombings of 1944.
Ma Campagne is a district which was detached from Puymoyen commune in 1945 and built-up as a collective habitat from 1972.
Le Petit Fresquet was also detached from Puymoyen and is semi-rural.
Frégeneuil was also detached from Puymoyen and is semi-rural.

Panorama of the city

thumb|center|upright=5|Panorama of Angoulême from Saint-Martin (South).<br />The church of Saint-Ausone, the cathedral of Saint-Pierre, and the city hall can all be seen.

</div>

Neighbouring communes and villages

Hydrography

The Port-l'Houmeau, the old port on the Charente located in the district of l'Houmeau is in a flood zone and during floods the Besson Bey Boulevard is usually cut.

Geology

thumb|Topography of Angoulême city

Geologically the town belongs to the Aquitaine Basin as does three-quarters of the western department of Charente.

The commune is located on the same limestone from the Upper Cretaceous period which occupies the southern half of the department of Charente, not far from Jurassic formations beginning at Gond-Pontouvre.

The earliest Cretaceous period - the Cenomanian- is in the relatively low areas (l'Houmeau, the heights of Saint-Cybard, Sillac), at an average altitude of 50m.

The city was established on the Plateau (altitude 100m) that dominates the loop of the River Charente, a Turonian (also called Angoumien) formation which forms a dissected plateau of parallel valleys and a cuesta facing north that extends towards La Couronne to the west and Garat to the east.

This limestone plateau contains natural cavities which have been refurbished by man in the form of three or four floors of caves, some of which include antique grain silos.

The valley of the Charente is made up of old and new alluvium which provides rich soil for farming and some sandpits. These alluvial deposits were deposited successively during the Quaternary period on the inside of two meanders of the river that are Basseau and Saint-Cybard. The oldest alluviums are on the plain of Basseau and reach a relative height of 25m.

Relief

The old part of the city is built on the plateau—a rocky outcrop created by the valleys of the Anguienne and Charente at an altitude of —while on the river bank the area subject to flooding is high. Angoulême is characterized by the presence of ramparts on a cliff high.

The plateau of Ma Campagne, south of the old town, has almost the same features and peaks at 109 m in the woods of Saint-Martin. The plateau is elongated and separates the valleys of Eaux Claires, which is the southern boundary of the commune, from that of Anguienne, which is parallel.

Both plateaux overlook the Charente valley and the outlying areas such as l'Houmeau, Basseau, and Sillac at their western ends. The plateau of Angoulême is the northwest extension of the Soyaux plateau. L'Houmeau, the station area, and that of Grand-Font are to the north of the plateau along the small Vimière valley, also a tributary of the Charente, but further north (towards Gond-Pontouvre and L'Isle-d'Espagnac) than Anguienne is to the south.

The highest point of the city of Angoulême is at an altitude of 133 m near Peusec located to the south-east near the border with Puymoyen. The lowest point is 27 m, located along the Charente at Basseau.

The ramparts

Since Roman times ramparts have surrounded the Plateau of Angoulême. Repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt, their reconstruction was finally stopped in the 19th century. The Ramparts are classified as historical monuments and the Ramparts Tour is one of the main attractions of the city.

;The Ramparts of Angoulême

File:Angoulême1.4.JPG|North Rampart

File:Ang remp1.JPG|Near the covered market

File:Ang remp4.JPG|The Léchelle Tower

File:Angouleme20050314Blorg.JPG|The Rampart du midi

</gallery>

Climate

Angoulême is under an oceanic influence and similar to that of the city of Cognac where the departmental weather station is located. Precipitations are modest all year long, with a slight drying tendency during summer.

Toponymy

Since Antiquity and through the Middle Ages, the name of the town has been attested in many forms in Latin and Old French:

Iculisma and Eculisna from the 4th century
civitas Engolismensium around 400AD
Ecolisima (Merovingian currency)
Ecolisina and Aquilisima in 511
Egolisina in the 10th century
Equalisma, Engolma, Egolesma, and Engolisma
Engolesme at the end of the 12th century. In addition the suffix -isnā was not used to produce derivations from Latin words and it is doubtful that it even exists. Finally, independent alterations of regular phonetic changes occur as a result of analogy or more precisely of popular etymology: that is to say analogy with other similar and frequent used names in the region or an attempt to connect the toponym to a term that makes sense. It is clear that the old forms of Angoulême are mostly obscure.

Some hypotheses have been advanced with a stronger basis:

It is possible to recognize the suffix -isma in some of the oldest forms which represents an evolution of the Gallic suffix -isama (usually a superlative mark) In this context the first element would be Icul- / Ecol- an unknown pre-Latin element. Xavier Delamarre analysed the element Eco- to come from Equoranda (or Egoranda) as the origin of many names in France and considers that the element ico / equo- was not Celtic.

History

Antiquity

The history of the city is not very well known before the Roman period: it is simply known that the plateau was occupied by an oppidum, traces of which were found during excavations in the Saint-Martial cemetery under the name Iculisma. Its currency was Lemovice.

thumb|A [[Capital (architecture)|capital from the 2nd century discovered in 1888 on the Rue des Halles]]

The town was not located on major roads and was considered by the poet Ausonius as a small town. No Roman monuments have been found but it benefited from the Pax Romana and from trade on the river. The town had a prosperous period at the end of the Roman Empire. The rocky promontory overlooking the Charente high and over the Anguienne high formed a strategic position. It was raised to the rank of capital of civitas (at the end of the 3rd or 4th centuries) and the first fortress dates from the end of the Roman Empire. The rampart called Bas-Empire which surrounds 27 hectares of land was maintained until the 13th century. The network of Roman roads were then reorganized to link the town with the surrounding cities of Bordeaux, Saintes, Poitiers, Limoges, and Périgueux.

The city of Haut-Empire remained unknown for a long time. Recent excavations have provided details on the power of the Roman city. A well dug in an early era shows that the water table was very high. A large thermal spa complex was found under the courthouse which is usually related to water supply through an aqueduct.

The first bishop of Angoulême was Saint Ausone of Angoulême in the 3rd century. The administrative importance of the city was strengthened by the implementation of a County in the 6th century with Turpion (or Turpin) (839–863), adviser to Charles the Bald. However, the town was always attached to the various kingdoms of Aquitaine and the end of antiquity for the city was in 768, when Pepin the Short defeated Hunald II and linked it to the Frankish kingdom. In June 2019, archeologists discovered a prehistoric stone with an engraving of a horse and other animals near Angoulême station. The Palaeolithic stone plate is estimated to be about 12,000 years old.

Middle Ages

thumb|150px|left|Flag of the ancient province of Angoumois

When held by the Visigoths, the city followed the Arian version of Christianity and was besieged for the first time by Clovis in 507 after Vouillé then taken in 508; "miraculously" according to Gregory of Tours and Ademar of Chabannes.

During the battle, however, Clovis was seriously wounded in the leg - probably a fracture. The fact is reported by tradition and on a wall of a tower from the 2nd century a leg is carved called the "leg of Clovis".

thumb|The Leg of Clovis

During his stay in Angoulême, after putting the garrison to the sword, Clovis pulled down the old Visigothic cathedral dedicated to Saint-Saturnin to build a new one bearing the name of Saint-Pierre. All that remains of the original building are two carved marble capitals that frame the bay of the axis in the apse of the present cathedral.

In the 7th century Saint Cybard stayed secluded in a cave beneath the extension to the north wall of Angoulême called Green Garden which caused the creation of the first abbey: the Abbey of Saint-Cybard, then created the first abbey for women: the Abbey of Saint-Ausone where the tomb of the first bishop of the city is located.

In 848 Angoulême was sacked by the Viking chief Hastein. In 896 or 930 the city suffered another attack from invading Vikings but this time the Vikings faced an effective resistance. Guillaume I, third Count of Angoulême, at the head of his troops made them surrender in a decisive battle. During this engagement, he split open to the waist Stonius, the Norman chief, with a massive blow together with his helmet and breastplate.

It was this feat that earned him the name Taillefer, which was borne by all his descendants until Isabella of Angoulême who was also known as Isabelle Taillefer, the wife of King John of England. The title was withdrawn from the descendants on more than one occasion by Richard Coeur-de-Lion then the title passed to King John of England at the time of his marriage to Isabella of Angoulême, daughter of Count Aymer of Angoulême. After becoming a widow, Isabella subsequently married Hugh X of Lusignan in 1220, and the title was passed to the Lusignan family, counts of Marche. On the death of Hugh XIII in 1302 without issue, the County of Angoulême passed his possessions to the crown of France.

From the 10th to the 13th centuries the counts of Angoulême, the Taillefer, then the Lusignan strengthened the defences of the city and widened it to encompass the district of Saint-Martial.

In 1110, Bishop Girard II ordered the construction of the present cathedral.

The commune charter

On 18 May 1204 a charter was signed by King John of England to make official the creation of the commune of Angoulême. The King "grants to residents of Angoulême to keep the freedoms and customs of their fair city and defend their possessions and rights". The city celebrated their 800th anniversary throughout 2004.

The Hundred Years War

In 1360 the city, like all of Angoumois, passed into the hands of the Plantagenet English with the Treaty of Brétigny. From 16 to 22 October 1361, John Chandos, Lieutenant of King Edward III of England and the Constable of Aquitaine responsible for implementing the Treaty particularly in Angoumois, took possession of the city, its castles, and the "mostier" (monastery) of Saint-Pierre. He received oaths of allegiance to the King of England from the main personalities of the city.

The English were, however, expelled in 1373 by the troops of Charles V who granted the town numerous privileges.

Angoulême was affected by the Revolt of the Pitauds peasant revolt: in 1541, the gabelle (salt tax) was imposed on Saintonge and Angoumois. These provinces did not pay the tax on salt. The revolt broke out around Angoulême and farmers from the surrounding countryside took the city in July 1548

During the first wars of religion the city took up arms: it was reconquered in 1563 by Montpensier. In 1565 Charles IX passed through the city during his royal tour of France (1564–1566) accompanied by the court. In October 1568 the city was taken by the Protestants under Coligny.

Henry III was, in his infancy, the Duke of Angoulême. He left an unflattering description: "The streets of Engolesme are twisted, houses are disordered, the walls built out of various kinds of masonry which show that it was built several times and often taken and ruined"

In 1588 the mayor of Angoulême, François Normand Lord of Puygrelier, was ordered by Henri III to arrest the Duke of Épernon, governor of Angoumois. He led the assault, was repelled, and died on 10 August 1588.

In 1619 Marie de Médicis escaped and was received by the Duke of Épernon, governor of Angoumois. At that time the castle was the residence of the governors.

French Revolution

During the French Revolution the city was called Mountagne-Charente. The first tree of liberty was planted on 5 July 1792.

World War II

thumb|The network of Tramway of Angoulême served the city from 1900 to 1935. Seen here is a carriage at the Place des Halles before the [[First World War.]]

thumb|The city was also the terminus of a [[metre-gauge light railway called the to Chalais which ran from 1910 to 1948.]]

On 24 June 1940, the 2nd Verfügungstruppe division (special intervention troops) Das Reich supported by other units of the Wehrmacht arrived in Angoulême. These troops took prisoners and neutralized the many refugee French soldiers in the city. Their number is estimated between 10 and 20 thousand. They were released in the following days.

The Das Reich division, which became tragically famous in 1944 during the Battle of Normandy, continued their "lightning war" by quickly moving to the Spanish border to quickly set the line of demarkation to cut France in two. Angoulême was located in the occupied zone under German authority and was the seat of the Feld Kommandatur. The border with the free zone, colloquially called the zone nono (non-occupied) passed about east of Angoulême through the Forest of Braconne and split the department in two.

On 20 August 1940 a convoy of Spanish Republicans were sent from Angoulême: convoy 927. This was the first convoy of the history of Deportation in Europe. Men over the age of 13 were sent to the Mauthausen camp where very few survived; women and children were sent to Franco. These refugees were gathered in camps of "Combe aux Loups" at Ruelle-sur-Touvre and "Alliers" in Angoulême. It also served as a concentration camp for Gypsies until June 1946.

On 21 October 1941 the young Gontran Labrégère, who tried with his friend Jean Pierre Rivière to set fire to a train carrying straw and munitions in Angoulême railway station, was shot by the occupiers. This was the first of a long list of 98 resistance fighters or hostages from Charente. In 1942 Mayor Guillon was dismissed and accused of belonging to an organisation outlawed by the Vichy regime. He was replaced by a notable industrialist, Pallas.

On 8 October 1942, 387 people of Jewish origin were arrested and deported to Auschwitz. Only eight of them ever returned. On 19 March 1944 allied bombing caused widespread damage and one casualty at the National Explosives factory. On 15 June and 14 August 1944, the railway station was the target of American Flying Fortresses that dumped a carpet of bombs with little damage to the Germans but killing 242 civilians, destroying 400 houses, and caused 5,000 disaster victims in l'Éperon, l'Houmeau, Madeleine, and Grand-Font districts. At the end of August 1944 the Elster column, which was composed of the remains of various German units and the Indische Legion, passed through the city without incident and withdrew.

Various units of FFI from the department and reinforcements from Dordogne then began the encirclement of the city. On the evening of 31 August an attack was launched, putting to flight the remnants of the German garrison. They did not have an opportunity to reorganize the defence of the city using the numerous and formidable fortifications erected for this purpose. On the night of 31 August to 1 September the city was liberated and a Liberation Committee with a new prefect was installed. This attack, however, resulted in 51 casualties among the different units involved: Maquis de Bir Hacheim, Groupe Soleil, SSS (Special Section for Sabotage), etc.

A museum in the commune is devoted to the Resistance and the deportations of Jewish and political prisoners. A statue near the station commemorates the deportations to the concentration camps. The survivors of Operation Frankton, notable for their daring raid by canoe on the German U-boat base at Bordeaux, made their escape across country to a safe house at Ruffec just north of Angoulême. This is now the site of a shop featuring British goods. The Monument to the Resistance is in Chasseneuil to the east.

Postwar history

After the war, the city underwent a major expansion of its suburbs. First Grand Font and Bel-Air, following the MRU reconstruction program for war damage of the area around the station which was bombed in 1944. Then in the 1960s the districts of Basseau (ZAC) and the Grande-Garenne were built and then there was the creation of Priority Urban Zones (ZUPs) at Ma Campagne in the 1970s.

Gradually industries moved into more spacious industrial zones created in the peripheral communes between 1959 and 1975:

In 1972, the city signed a "pilot city" contract with the State (DATAR, represented by Albin Chalandon), which allowed the city to make large scale public works - e.g. the small ring road (bridge and Rue Saint-Antoine, Boulevard Bretagne, Tunnel of Gâtine) penetrating Ma Campagne and called the way to Europe, the ZUPs at Ma Campagne, the Saint-Martial town centre, underground parking at Bouillaud and Saint-Martial, Montauzier indoor swimming pools at Ma Campagne, a pedestrianized street, a one-way traffic plan with computerized management of traffic lights (Angoulême is one of the first cities in France with Bordeaux which has the Gertrude computerized system called Philibert in Angoulême

In 1989 after defeat in the municipal elections, the PS deputy mayor, Jean-Michel Boucheron left a hole of 164 million francs in the finances of the city and a debt of 1.2 billion francs. This deficit has burdened the finances of the city and long served as justification for the non-involvement in the completion of public works.

The small ring road (the southwest quarter - i.e. the Aquitaine Boulevard, a second bridge over the Charente, and the connection to the way of Europe) was completed in 1995.

Following the construction of the Nautilis swimming complex at Saint-Yrieix by the urban community, the town of Angoulême closed three swimming pools in 2001 (Montauzier, Ma Campagne and the Bourgines summer pool).

Heraldry

;Development of the coat of arms

The first known blazon was: Azure Semé-de-lis of Or, a city gate with two towers of argent debruised by the whole.
Under Philip V in 1317: The Two Towers became three.
Under Charles VI in 1381 are: Azure Semé-de-lis of Or, a bend compony of Argent and Or debruised by the whole for brisure. The door at tower three encloses an outdoor ornament.
Under Charles VII in 1452 the brisure changes for: a label of three points, with the middle pointed.
In the 16th century, the door with two towers reappears surmounted by a fleur de lys of gold.
In 1850 a star replaced the fleur de lys which reappeared in 1855.
At an unknown date the crown was added.

Administration

thumb|left|City Hall

Municipality

{| class="wikitable"

! From !! To !! Name

| 1212 || || Barthélémy du Puy

| 1215 || || Pierre Guillaume

| 1218 || || Hélie d'Aurifont

| 1381 || 1382 || Jehan Teinturier

| 1390 || 1392 || Jehan Prevost

| 1393 || || Brugier

| 1396 || 1399 || Bernard de Jambes

| 1397 || || Cumon

| 1399 || || Mangot Prevost

| 1400 || || Jehan Prevost

| 1402 || || Hélie Martin

| 1410 || || Gentil

| 1415 || || Baron

| 1420 || || Pelletan

| 1429 || || de Lage

| 1431 || || Seguin

| 1435 || || Fourreau

| 1437 || || Jehan Musnier

| 1438 || || Arnauld Mat

| 1439 || || de Lisee

| 1443 || 1444 || Pierre Dormois

| 1445 || 1446 || Arnauld Mat

| 1446 || 1447 || Jehan Pelletan

| 1453 || || Faure

| 1457 || || Héliot Martin

| 1458 || || Jehan du Mayne

| 1460 || || Pierre du Sou

| 1461 || || Guillaume Prevost

| 1462 || || Perrinet de la Combe

| 1463 || || Jehan Maqueau

| 1464 || || Penot de la Combe

| 1465 || || Perrinet de la Combe

| 1466 || || Penot Seguin

| 1467 || || Penot de la Combe

| 1468 || || Hélie Martin

| 1469 || || Perrinet de la Combe

| 1470 || || Penot de la Combe

| 1471 || || Guillaume Prevost

| 1472 || || Penot Seguin

| 1473 || || Perrinet du Sou

| 1474 || || Penot de la Combe

| 1475 || || Perrinet de la Combe

| 1476 || || Jehan du Mayne

| 1477 || || Pierre du Sou

| 1478 || || Penot de la Combe

| 1479 || || Jacques Bareau

| 1480 || 1481 || Philippe de la Combe

| 1482 || || Penot de la Combe

| 1482 || 1483 || Michel Montgeon

| 1483 || || Jacques Bareau

| 1484 || 1485 || Guillaume Brugier

| 1486 || 1487 || Jacques Bareau

| 1488 || || Philippe de la Combe

| 1489 || || Jehan Fourreau

| 1490 || || Hélie Debresme

| 1491 || || Bernard Seguyn

| 1491 || 1492 || Jehan du Mayne

| 1492 || || Jehan de Lousmelet

| 1493 || 1494 || André de Bar

| 1495 || 1498 || Hélie Seguin

| 1498 || 1499 || Penot du Mayne

| 1499 || 1500 || Georges Cimitiere

| 1500 || || Anthoyne Gentilz

| 1501 || || Regnault Caluau

| 1502 || 1503 || Hélie du Tillet

| 1504 || || Hélie de Lagear

| 1505 || || Cibard Couillard

| 1506 || 1507 || Pierre de La Place

| 1509 || 1510 || Guillaume Caluau

| 1511 || || Cibard Couillard

| 1512 || || Pierre de La Combe

| 1513 || || Charles Odeau

| 1514 || 1515 || Charles de Lousmellet

| 1516 || || Etienne Rousseau

| 1517 || 1518 || Caluau

| 1519 || || Pierre Boessot

| 1520 || 1522 || Bernard de Marcilhac

| 1523 || || Jehan de Paris

| 1524 || || Laurent Journault

| 1528 || || Jacques de Lesmerie

| 1529 || || Martial Lizee

| 1530 || || Guillaume Caluau

| 1533 || || Pierre Pascauld

| 1534 || || Guillaume Ruspide

| 1535 || || Loys Estivalle

| 1536 || || Jean Montgeon

| 1537 || || Georges Ruspide

| 1538 || || François Rouhault

| 1539 || || Simon Moreau

| 1540 || || François de Couillault

| 1541 || || Ythier Jullien

| 1543 || || Jean Blanchard

| 1544 || || Jean de Paris

| 1545 || || Guillaume Ruffier

| 1546 || || Jean Blanchard

| 1547 || || Aymar Le Coq

| 1548 || || Poirier

| 1549 || || Simon Moreau

| 1550 || || Guillaume de La Combe

| 1551 || 1552 || François de Couillard

| 1553 || || François Terrasson

| 1554 || 1555 || Guillaume Rousseau

| 1556 || 1557 || Jean Desmoulins

| 1558 || || Jean Ruffier

| 1559 || 1560 || Hélie Dexmier

| 1561 || || Hélie de La Place

| 1562 || || Jean Paulte

| 1563 || || Hélie Baiol

| 1563 || || François de La Combe

| 1564 || || Michel Constantin

| 1565 || || François de La Combe

| 1566 || || Michel Constantin

| 1567 || || François de La Combe

| 1568 || || Jean Girard

| 1569 || || Etienne Pontenier

| 1570 || || Jean Paulte

| 1571 || || Nicolas Ythier

| 1572 || || François de Voyon

| 1573 || || Mathurin Martin

| 1574 || 1577 || Jean Pommaret

| 1578 || || François Redond

| 1579 || || Pierre Gandillaud

| 1580 || || Pierre Terrasson

| 1581 || 1582 || Pierre Bouton

| 1583 || || Louis de Lesmerie

| 1585 || || Hélie Laisne

| 1586 || || Denys Chappiteau

| 1587 || || Guymarc Bourgoing

| 1588 || || François Normand de Puygrelier

| 1589 || || Etienne Villoutreys

| 1590 || || Hélie Laisne

| 1591 || || Jacques Lemercier

| 1592 || 1593 || François Le Meusnier

| 1594 || || Cybard Laisne

| 1595 || || Jean Nesmond

| 1596 || || Pierre Terrasson

| 1597 || || Jean Pommaret

| 1598 || 1599 || Jacques Le Mercier

| 1600 || || François Le Meusnier

| 1601 || || Antoine Moreau

| 1602 || || Jean du Fosse

| 1603 || || Jacques de Villoutreys

| 1604 || || Jean de Paris

| 1605 || || Charles Raoul

| 1606 || || François Desruaux

| 1607 || 1608 || François Ruffier

| 1609 || 1610 || Jacques Le Meusnier

| 1611 || || Jean Nesmond

| 1612 || || Guillaume Guez de Balzac

| 1613 || || François Desruaux

| 1614 || 1616 || Jacques Le Meusnier

| 1617 || 1619 || Jean Guerin

| 1620 || || Jean de Paris

| 1621 || || François Desruaux

| 1622 || || Jacques Le Meusnier

| 1623 || || Antoine Gandillaud

| 1624 || || Pierre Desforges

| 1625 || 1626 || Guillaume Lambert

| 1627 || || François Dufosse

| 1628 || || Pierre Bareau

| 1629 || || Jean de Paris

| 1630 || || Jean Guerin

| 1631 || || Abraham Jameu

| 1632 || 1633 || Paul Thomas

| 1634 || 1635 || Jean Souchet

| 1636 || 1637 || Hélie Levequot

| 1638 || || Hélie Houlier

| 1639 || 1640 || Philippe Arnold

| 1641 || 1642 || Jean Boisson

| 1643 || 1644 || Antoine Racault

| 1645 || 1646 || François Normand de Puygrelier

| 1647 || || François Pommet

| 1648 || 1649 || Jean Lambert

| 1650 || 1651 || Jean Guymard

| 1652 || || Pierre Briant

| 1653 || 1654 || François Normand de Puygrelier

| 1655 || || Philippe Arnaud

| 1656 || || Jean Preverauld

| 1657 || 1658 || Jean Gilibert

| 1659 || || Samuel Paquet

| 1660 || || Abraham de La Farge

| 1662 || || Jean du Thiers

| 1664 || 1666 || Jean de l'Etoile

| 1667 || 1669 || Jacques Morin

| 1670 || || François Castin

| 1673 || || François Abraham de Guips

| 1676 || || Louis de Chazeau

| 1679 || || François Nadaud

| 1682 || 1683 || Jean Arnauld

| 1686 || || Jean Cadiot de Pontenier

| 1689 || || Jean Louis Guitton

| 1692 || || Jean Fe

| 1693 || || Etienne Cherade

| 1708 || || Mesnard de Laumont

| 1718 || || Jean Gervais

| 1721 || || Pierre Arnauld

| 1723 || || Henri Rambaud

| 1724 || || François Arnauld

| 1728 || || Jean Mesnard

| 1731 || || Louis Cosson

| 1738 || || Jean Valteau

| 1741 || || Elie-Philippe Maulde

| 1744 || || Pierre de Sarlande

| 1747 || || Léonard du Tillet

| 1754 || || Pierre de Labatud

| 1757 || || Claude Tremeau

| 1760 || || Noël Limousin

| 1765 || || Dassier

| 1766 || || Dumas

| 1768 || || François Bourdage

| 1771 || || Chaigneau de La Graviere

| 1773 || || Pierre Marchais de La Berge

| 1790 || || Jean Valleteau de Chabrefy

| 1790 || || Perier de Gurat