Anadenanthera colubrina (also known as vilca, huilco, huilca, wilco, willka, curupay, curupau, cebil, or angico) is a South American tree closely related to yopo, or Anadenanthera peregrina. It grows to tall and the trunk is very thorny. In Argentina, A. colubrina produces flowers from September to December and bean pods from September to July. In Brazil A. colubrina has been given "high priority" conservation status.

Nomenclature

Anadenanthera colubrina is known by many names throughout South America. In Peru it is known as willka (also spelled wilca, vilca and huilca) which in the Quechua languages means "grandchild."

Geography

A. colubrina is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Cuba, and Mauritius.

Natural growing conditions

thumb|right|Anadenanthera colubrina flowers

A. colubrina grows at altitudes of about with roughly per year of precipitation and a mean temperature of . It tends to grow on rocky hillsides in well-drained soil, often in the vicinity of rivers. It grows quickly at per year in good conditions. The growing areas are often "savannah to dry rainforest." Flowering can begin in as soon as two years after germination.

General uses

thumb|right|Anadenanthera colubrina

Food

A sweetened drink is made from the bark.

Tannin

A. colubrina's tannin is used in industry to process animal hides.

It is also believed that the ground beans were used as a snuff by the Tiwanaku. There have been reports of active use of vilca by Wichi shamans, under the name hatáj.

Between 2013 and 2017, archaeological excavations at the Quilcapampa site in southern Peru, found that the Wari used seeds from the vilca tree and combined the hallucinogenic drug with chicha, or beer made from the molle tree.

Archaeological evidence shows Anadenanthera colubrina beans have been used as hallucinogens for thousands of years. The oldest clear evidence of use comes from pipes made of puma bone (Felis concolor) found with A. colubrina beans at Inca Cueva, a site in the Humahuaca gorge at the edge of the Puna of Jujuy Province, Argentina. The pipes were found to contain the hallucinogen DMT, one of the compounds found in Anadenanthera beans. Radiocarbon testing of the material gave a date of 2130 BC, suggesting that Anadenanthera use as a hallucinogen is over 4,000 years old. Snuff trays and tubes were found in the central Peruvian coast dating back to 1200 BC. Archaeological evidence of insufflation use within the period 500-1000 AD, in northern Chile, has been reported.

Traditional medicine

thumb|right|300px|Anadenanthera colubrina foliage and flowers.

thumb|right|300px|Anadenanthera colubrina leaves and bark at [[Iguazu Falls.]]

The tree's bark is the most common part used medicinally.

Wood

thumb|right|Anadenanthera colubrina trunk

In northeastern Brazil, the tree is primarily used as timber and for making wooden implements. "It is used in construction and for making door

and window frames, barrels, mooring masts, hedges, platforms, floors,

agricultural implements and railway sleepers."

  • 2-methyltryptoline – plant
  • Bufotenin-oxide – fruit,
  • DMT-oxide – fruit
  • Methyltryptamine – bark