Amorphophallus is a large genus of some 200 tropical and subtropical tuberous herbaceous plants from the arum family (Araceae), native to Asia, Africa, Australia and various oceanic islands. The genus includes the Titan arum (A. titanum) of Indonesia, which has the largest inflorescence in the genus, and is known as the 'corpse flower' for the pungent odour it produces during its flowering period, which can take up to seven years of growth before it occurs.

A few species are edible as "famine foods" after careful preparation to remove irritating chemicals.

History

The oldest systematic record of the plants was in 1692, when Van Rheede tot Drakenstein published descriptions of two plants. The name "Amorphophallus" was first mentioned in 1834 by the Dutch botanist Blume from Ancient Greek "without form, misshapen" and "penis", referring to the shape of the prominent spadix. Between 1876 and 1911, Adolf Engler merged a number of other genera into Amorphophallus, with a final monograph published in 1911.

Description

thumb|left|[[Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, the elephant foot yam, a species cultivated in the tropical Indo-Pacific for its edible tubers]]

thumb|150px|Amorphophallus [[infructescence with berry-like fruits]]

These small to massive plants grow from a subterranean tuber. Amorphophallus tubers vary greatly from species to species, from the quite uniformly globose tuber of A. konjac to the elongated tubers of A. longituberosus and A. macrorhizus to the bizarre clustered rootstock of A. coaetaneus. The weight of these tubers range from as little as in Amorphophallus pusillus of Vietnam to as much as for Amorphophallus titanum. From the top of this tuber a single leaf, which can be several metres across in larger species, is produced atop a trunk-like petiole followed, on maturity, by a single inflorescence. This leaf consists of a vertical leaf stalk and a horizontal blade, which may consist of a number of small leaflets. The leaf lasts one growing season. The peduncle (the primary flower stalk) can be long or short.

As is typical of the Arum family, these species develop an inflorescence consisting of an elongate or ovate spathe (a sheathing bract) which usually envelops the spadix (a flower spike with a fleshy axis). The spathe can have different colours, but mostly brownish-purple or whitish-green. On the inside, they contain ridges or warts, functioning as insect traps.

The plants are monoecious. The spadix has tiny flowers: female flowers, no more than a pistil, at the bottom, then male flowers, each with one stamen, and then a blank sterile area. This last part, called 'the appendix', consists of sterile flowers, called staminodes, and can be especially large. The flowers do not have corollas.

Mature female flowers are usually receptive for only one day. In many species, the inflorescence emits a scent of decaying flesh in order to attract insects, though a number of species give off a pleasant odour. Through a number of ingenious insect traps, pollinating insects that entered a spathe when female flowers were receptive remain inside the spathe for about one day while male flowers mature and release pollen. Pollen falls on these insects, and they carry pollen as they exit the spathe and can pollinate female flowers in another spathe. Amorphophallus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species including Palpifer sexnotatus and Palpifer sordida.

Pollinated flowers usually each develop into a globose berry, a fruit. The berries are red, orange-red, white, white and yellow, or blue, depending on the species.

Notable species

The species Amorphophallus titanum, 'corpse flower' or titan arum, has the world's largest unbranched inflorescence, with a height of up to and a width of . After an over -tall flower opened at Chicago Botanic Gardens on 29 September 2015, thousands lined up to see and smell it. The floriculturalist described it as smelling "like roadkill, a barnyard, a dirty diaper, very strong, a little bit of mothball smell too". Native to the Indonesian rainforest, it takes about 10 years to blossom. Dubbed "Alice", its bloom was broadcast via live webcam. It is one of two plants at the Chicago Botanic Gardens, which kept open until 2 am on September 30 to accommodate visitors.

A runner-up is Amorphophallus gigas, which is taller but has a somewhat smaller inflorescence.

Amorphophallus konjac tubers are used to make , a Japanese thickening agent and edible jelly containing glucomannan.

Some species are called voodoo-lily, as are some species of Typhonium (also in the Araceae).

Taxonomy and systematics

The genus was divided into 4 subgenera based on phylogenetic analysis in 2017, with a number of SE Asian genera currently unplaced:

Subgenus Amorphophallus

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"

|-

! Image !! Name !! Year !! Distribution

|-

| ||Amorphophallus adamsensis ||2013 ||Philippines

|-

| || Amorphophallus angulatus ||1994 ||Borneo (Sarawak)

|-

| || Amorphophallus ardii || 2020 || Sulawesi

|-

| ||Amorphophallus asper || 1911 || Sumatera

|-

| || Amorphophallus bangkokensis ||1941 || Thailand

|-

| || Amorphophallus beccarii ||1880 || Sumatera

|-

| || Amorphophallus borneensis ||1911 || Borneo

|-

| || Amorphophallus boyceanus ||2001 || Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia

|-

| || Amorphophallus brachyphyllus ||2001 || Borneo (Kuching)

|-

|120px|| Amorphophallus bufo ||1909 || Malaysia

|-

| || Amorphophallus calcicolus ||2021|| Philippines

|-

| || Amorphophallus caudatus ||2020|| Philippines

|-

| || Amorphophallus cidarioides ||2020|| Philippines

|-

|120px || Amorphophallus commutatus ||1879 || Western India

|-

| || Amorphophallus costatus ||1994 || Borneo (Sarawak, Kalimantan)

|-

| || Amorphophallus declinatus ||1994 || Philippines

|-

|120px || Amorphophallus decus-silvae : West-Java giant amorphophallus ||1920 || Java

|-

| || Amorphophallus discophorus||1920 || Java

|-

| || Amorphophallus eburneus ||1989 || Borneo (Sarawak)

|-

| || Amorphophallus elegans ||1922 || Peninsular Malaysia

|-

| ||Amorphophallus flammeus ||2022 || Philippines

|-

| ||Amorphophallus fontarumii ||2022 || Philippines (Luzon)

|-

| ||Amorphophallus forbesii ||1911 || Sumatra

|-

| ||Amorphophallus fornicatus ||2020 || Philippines (Luzon)

|-

|120px|| Amorphophallus galbra||1893 || New Guinea to N. Australia

|-

|120px || Amorphophallus gigas : Sumatra giant amorphophallus||1862 || Sumatra

|-

|120px || Amorphophallus hewittii ||1920 || Borneo

|-

| || Amorphophallus hirsutus ||1862 || Nicobar Islands, W. Sumatra

|-

| || Amorphophallus hottae ||1992 || Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak)

|-

| || Amorphophallus infundibuliformis ||1994 || Borneo

|-

| || Amorphophallus julaihii ||2004 || Borneo (Sarawak)

|-

| || Amorphophallus juliae ||2010 || Borneo (Sarawak)

|-

| || Amorphophallus koratensis <small>Gagnep.</small>|| 1941|| Cambodia, Laos, Thailand

|-

| || Amorphophallus lambii <small>Mayo & Widjaja</small>||1982 || Borneo

|-

| ||Amorphophallus linguiformis <small>Hett.</small>||1994 || Borneo (Kalimantan)

|-

|120px ||Amorphophallus longispathaceus <small>Engl. & Gehrm.</small>||1911 ||Philippines (Mindanao)

|-

| ||Amorphophallus longistylus <small>Kurz ex Hook.f.</small>||1893 ||Andaman Islands.

|-

| ||Amorphophallus luzoniensis ||1915 ||Philippines (Luzon)

|-

| || Amorphophallus malkmus-husseinii ||2019 || Laos

|-

| || Amorphophallus manta ||1994 || Sumatra to Peninsula Malaysia

|-

| || Amorphophallus merrillii||1912 ||Philippines

|-

| || Amorphophallus minimus ||2021 || Philippines

|-

| || Amorphophallus minor ||1904 || Peninsula Malaysia

|-

| || Amorphophallus myosuroides ||2006 || Laos

|-

| || Amorphophallus niahensis || 2010|| Borneo (Sarawak)

|-

| || Amorphophallus obovoideus ||1922|| Sumatra

|-

| || Amorphophallus obscurus ||2001 || Thailand

|-

| || Amorphophallus ongsakulii ||2006 || Laos

|-

| || Amorphophallus opertus ||1994 || Vietnam

|-

|120px || Amorphophallus paeoniifolius : Whitespot giant arum, elephant yam||1977 || Andaman Island, Assam, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China South-Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Hainan, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sundas Is., Malaya, Maluku, Myanmar, New Guinea, Northern Territory, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam

|-

| || Amorphophallus palawanensis ||1992 || Philippines

|-

| || Amorphophallus pendulus : Brunei amorphophallus ||1986 || Borneo (Brunei, Sarawak)

|-

| || Amorphophallus plicatus ||1936 || Sulawesi

|-

| || Amorphophallus polyanthus ||2001 || Thailand

|-

|120px || Amorphophallus prainii ||1893 || Laos, Malaya, Sumatera, Thailand

|-

| || Amorphophallus pulchellus ||2013 || Laos

|-

| || Amorphophallus pusillus ||1994 || Vietnam

|-

| || Amorphophallus ranchanensis ||2007 || Borneo (Sarawak)

|-

| || Amorphophallus rayongii ||2020 || Philippines

|-

| || Amorphophallus rostratus ||1994 ||Vietnam

|-

| || Amorphophallus rugosus || 1994 || Borneo (Sabah)

|-

| || Amorphophallus sagittarius || 1953|| Java

|-

| || Amorphophallus salmoneus ||1994 || Philippines

|-

| || Amorphophallus scaber ||1994 || Philippines

|-

| || Amorphophallus serrulatus || 2006|| Thailand

|-

| || Amorphophallus spectabilis ||1879 || Java

|-

| || Amorphophallus sumawongii ||1985 || Thailand

|-

| || Amorphophallus terrestris ||2012 || Thailand

|-

| || Amorphophallus tinekeae ||2001 || Borneo

|-

|120px || Amorphophallus titanum : Titan arum, krubi (largest flower structure on earth) ||1879 || Sumatra

|-

| || Amorphophallus urceolatus ||2020 || Philippines

|-

|120px || Amorphophallus variabilis ||1873 || Jawa to Lesser Sunda Islands, Philippines

|-

| || Amorphophallus venustus ||2001 || Borneo

|-

| || Amorphophallus verticillatus ||1994 || Vietnam

|-

| || Amorphophallus yaoi ||2020 || Philippines

|-

| || Amorphophallus samarensis ||2024 || Philippines

|-

|}

Subgenus Scutrandrium

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"

|-

! Image !! Name !! Year !! Distribution

|-

| || Amorphophallus albispathus ||1994 || Thailand

|-

| || Amorphophallus albus ||1984 ||China (Sichuan, Yunnan).

|-

| || Amorphophallus annulifer || 1994|| Java

|-

| || Amorphophallus asterostigmatus ||1992 ||Thailand

|-

| || Amorphophallus bantae ||2024 || Thailand (Sa Kaeo)

|-

| || Amorphophallus bognerianus ||2009 || India (Arunachal Pradesh)

|-

| || Amorphophallus carneus ||1904 ||Malayasia, Thailand

|-

| || Amorphophallus chlorospathus || 1893 ||India, Myanmar

|-

| || Amorphophallus coudercii ||1985 || Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam

|-

| || Amorphophallus curvistylis ||1994 ||Thailand

|-

| || Amorphophallus echinatus ||1985 || Thailand

|-

|120px || Amorphophallus excentricus ||1994 ||Thailand, Malaysia (Pulau Langkawi)

|-

| || Amorphophallus fallax ||2012 ||Vietnam

|-

| || Amorphophallus flotoi ||2018 || Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam

|-

| || Amorphophallus fuscus ||2006 ||Thailand

|-

| || Amorphophallus glaucophyllus ||2006 ||Thailand

|-

| || Amorphophallus haematospadix ||1893 || Thailand, Malaysia (Pulau Langkawi)

|-

| || Amorphophallus hohenackeri ||1911 ||India

|-

|120px || Amorphophallus kachinensis ||1911 ||China (Yunnan, Guangxi), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand

|-

|120px || Amorphophallus konjac : Devil's tongue, elephant foot, elephant-yam, leopard palm, snake palm, umbrella arum, voodoo lily ||1858 || China (Yunnan)

|-

| || Amorphophallus khammouanensis ||2015 || Laos

|-

| || Amorphophallus krausei ||1911 || China (Yunnan), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand

|-

| || Amorphophallus kuznetsovii ||2012 || Vietnam

|-

| || Amorphophallus lacourii ||1878 || Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam

|-

| || Amorphophallus lanceolatus ||2012|| Vietnam

|-

| || Amorphophallus longituberosus ||1911 || Bangladesh, Malaya, Thailand

|-

| || Amorphophallus macrophyllus ||2012 || Thailand, Vietnam

|-

| || Amorphophallus maxwellii ||1994 || Thailand

|-

| || Amorphophallus nicolsonianus ||1986 || India (Kerala)

|-

| || Amorphophallus napalensis ||1985 || Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, and India

|-

| ||Amorphophallus purpurascens || 1893 ||Myanmar

|-

| || Amorphophallus ravenii ||2018 ||Laos

|-

| || Amorphophallus rhizomatosus ||1994 ||Laos, Vietnam

|-

| || Amorphophallus saraburensis || 1941||Thailand

|-

| || Amorphophallus schmidtiae ||2006 ||Laos

|-

| || Amorphophallus scutatus ||2001 ||Thailand

|-

| || Amorphophallus smithsonianus || 1989 || India

|-

| ||Amorphophallus tenuistylis ||1994 || Cambodia, Thailand

|-

| || Amorphophallus tenuispadix ||1994 ||Thailand

|-

| || Amorphophallus wasa ||2022 ||Myanmar

|-

|}

Subgenus Metandrium

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"

|-

! Image !! Name !! Year !! Distribution

|-

| ||Amorphophallus aberrans <small>Hett.</small>||1994||Thailand

|-

| ||Amorphophallus amygdaloides <small>Hett. & Sizemore</small>||2001 ||SW. Thailand

|-

| ||Amorphophallus angustispathus <small>Hett.</small>||1994 ||Myanmar

|-

| ||Amorphophallus atrorubens <small>Hett. & Sizemore</small>||2001 ||NE. Thailand

|-

|120px||Amorphophallus atroviridis <small>Hett.</small>||1994 ||central Thailand

|-

| ||Amorphophallus bonaccordensis <small>Sivad. & N.Mohanan</small>||1994 ||Kerala

|-

| ||Amorphophallus brevispathus <small>Gagnep.</small>||1941 ||Central Thailand

|-

|120px||Amorphophallus bulbifer <small>(Schott) Blume</small>||1837 ||Indian subcontinent to Myanmar

|-

| ||Amorphophallus carnosus <small>Engl.</small>||1911 ||S. Andaman Islands

|-

| ||Amorphophallus cicatricifer ||1994 || SW. Thailand

|-

| ||Amorphophallus cirrifer ||1924 || Thailand

|-

| ||Amorphophallus coaetaneus ||1986 || China (Yunnan, Guangxi), Vietnam

|-

| ||Amorphophallus croatii ||2006 || Laos

|-

| ||Amorphophallus cruddasianus ||1898 || Laos, Myanmar, Thailand

|-

|120px||Amorphophallus dunnii <small>Tutcher</small>||1911 ||SE. China

|-

| ||Amorphophallus dzui <small>Hett.</small>||2001 ||Vietnam

|-

| ||Amorphophallus elatus ||1893 || Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar

|-

| ||Amorphophallus gallowayi ||2006 || Laos

|-

| ||Amorphophallus glossophyllus ||1994 || Vietnam

|-

| ||Amorphophallus harmandii <small>Engl. & Gehrm.</small>||1911 ||Indochina

|-

| ||Amorphophallus hayi <small>Hett.</small>||1994 ||SE China, northern Vietnam

|-

| frameless|198x198px||Amorphophallus henryi <small>N.E.Br.</small><br />(Taiwan amorphophallus)||1903 ||Taiwan

|-

||120px||Amorphophallus hirtus <small>N.E.Br.</small>||1903 ||Taiwan

|-

| ||Amorphophallus interruptus <small>Engl. & Gehrm.</small>||1911 ||northern Vietnam

|-

| ||Amorphophallus josefbogneri <small>Hett.</small>||2006 ||SW. Thailand

|-

| ||Amorphophallus kiusianus <small>(Makino) Makino</small>||1913 ||SE. China, Japan (Shikoku, S. Kyushu) to Taiwan

|-

| ||Amorphophallus konkanensis <small>Hett., S.R.Yadav & K.S.Patil</small>||1994 || India

|-

| ||Amorphophallus lanuginosus <small>Hett.</small>||1994 || Vietnam

|-

| ||Amorphophallus laoticus <small>Hett.</small>||2006 || Laos

|-

| ||Amorphophallus linearis <small>Gagnep.</small>|| 1941|| Thailand

|-

| ||Amorphophallus longicomus <small>Hett. & Serebryanyi</small>||2001 || Vietnam

|-

| ||Amorphophallus longiconnectivus <small>Bogner</small>||1995 || India (Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra)

|-

| ||Amorphophallus lunatus <small>Hett. & Sizemore</small>||2006 || Thailand

|-

| ||Amorphophallus macrorhizus <small>Craib</small>||1912 || Thailand

|-

| ||Amorphophallus margaritifer ||1837 || Assam, Bangladesh, East Himalaya, India, Myanmar

|-

| ||Amorphophallus mirabilis <small> K.Z.Hein, Naive, Serebryanyi & Hett.</small>||2023 ||Myanmar

|-

| ||Amorphophallus muelleri ||1837 || Assam, Borneo, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Myanmar, Sumatera, Thailand

|-

| ||Amorphophallus mysorensis ||1940 || India

|-

| ||Amorphophallus napiger ||1941 || Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam

|-

| ||Amorphophallus natolii || 2012|| Philippines

|-

| ||Amorphophallus ochroleucus || 2001|| Vietnam

|-

| ||Amorphophallus oncophyllus ||1893 || Andaman Islands (Coco Islands)

|-

| ||Amorphophallus operculatus ||2003 || Thailand

|-

| ||Amorphophallus pilosus ||1994 || Vietnam

|-

| ||Amorphophallus prolificus ||2006 || Thailand

|-

| ||Amorphophallus putii ||1941 || Myanmar, Thailand

|-

| ||Amorphophallus pygmaeus ||1994 || Thailand

|-

| ||Amorphophallus reflexus ||2006 || Thailand

|-

| ||Amorphophallus sakonnakhonensis ||2023 || Thailand

|-

| ||Amorphophallus saururus ||2001 || Thailand

|-

| ||Amorphophallus shyamsalilianum ||2017|| India

|-

| ||Amorphophallus sinuatus ||2003 || Vietnam

|-

| ||Amorphophallus sizemoreae ||2001 || Thailand

|-

|120px||Amorphophallus sylvaticus ||1841 || India, Sri Lanka

|-

| ||Amorphophallus symonianus ||2001 || Thailand

|-

| ||Amorphophallus synandrifer ||2001 || Vietnam

|-

| ||Amorphophallus thaiensis <small>(S.Y.Hu) Hett.</small>||2012||northern Thailand

|-

| ||Amorphophallus tonkinensis <small>Engl. & Gehrm.</small>||1911||Yunnan, northern Vietnam

|-

| ||Amorphophallus tuberculatus ||2006 || Vietnam

|-

| ||Amorphophallus vogelianus ||2003 || Thailand

|-

| ||Amorphophallus xiei ||2006 || China (W. Yunnan)

|-

| ||Amorphophallus yuloensis ||1998 || China (Yunnan), Myanmar

|-

|120px||Amorphophallus yunnanensis <small>Engl.</small><br />(Kerri's giant arum)||1911 ||China, Laos, northern Thailand and Vietnam

|-

|}

Subgenus Afrophallus

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"

|-

! Image !! Name !! Year !! Distribution

|-

|120px || Amorphophallus abyssinicus ||1901 || southern Ethiopia

|-

| || Amorphophallus andranogidroensis ||2006 ||Madagascar

|-

| || Amorphophallus angolensis ||1901 ||Angola, Cabinda, Gabon, Sudan, Zaïre

|-

| || Amorphophallus ankarana ||1999 ||Madagascar

|-

| || Amorphophallus antsingyensis ||1999 ||Madagascar

|-

| || Amorphophallus aphyllus ||1936 ||Burkina, Central African Repu, Chad, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo

|-

|120px || Amorphophallus barthlottii ||1997 ||Ivory Coast, Liberia

|-

| || Amorphophallus baumannii ||1901 ||Benin, Burkina, Central African Repu, Chad, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo

|-

| || Amorphophallus bequaertii ||1922 ||Zaïre

|-

| || Amorphophallus calabaricus ||1901 ||Benin, Cameroon, Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda, Zaïre

|-

| || Amorphophallus canaliculatus ||1997 ||Gabon

|-

| || Amorphophallus consimilis || 1837 ||Gambia, Senegal

|-

|120px || Amorphophallus dracontioides ||1901 ||Benin, Burkina, Central African Repu, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Niger, Nigeria, Togo

|-

| || Amorphophallus eichleri ||1889 ||Zaïre

|-

| || Amorphophallus elliottii ||1894 ||Sierra Leone

|-

| || Amorphophallus erythrorrhachis ||2014 ||Madagascar

|-

| || Amorphophallus gallaensis ||1901 ||Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia

|-

| || Amorphophallus gomboczianus ||1950 ||Ethiopia

|-

| || Amorphophallus goetzei ||1901 ||Mozambique, Tanzania, Zaïre

|-

| ||Amorphophallus gracilior ||1939 ||Benin, Nigeria

|-

| || Amorphophallus hetterscheidii ||1997 ||Central African Republic, Gabon, Zaïre

|-

| || Amorphophallus hildebrandtii ||1911 ||Madagascar

|-

| || Amorphophallus impressus ||1997 ||Malawi, Tanzania

|-

| || Amorphophallus johnsonii ||1901 ||Benin, Burkina, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali

|-

| || Amorphophallus lewallei ||1993 || Burundi

|-

| || Amorphophallus mangelsdorffii ||2003 || Madagascar.

|-

| || Amorphophallus margretae ||1997 ||Zaïre

|-

|120px || Amorphophallus maximus ||1901 ||Kenya, Mozambique, Somalia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe

|-

| ||Amorphophallus mildbraedii ||1924||Cameroon

|-

|120px || Amorphophallus mossambicensis ||1901 ||Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe

|-

| ||Amorphophallus mullendersii ||1993||Angola, Zaïre

|-

| || Amorphophallus perrieri ||2014 ||Madagascar

|-

| || Amorphophallus preussii ||1901 ||Cameroon

|-

| || Amorphophallus richardsiae ||1997 ||Zambia

|-

| || Amorphophallus staudtii ||1901 ||Cameroon, Congo

|-

| || Amorphophallus stuhlmannii ||1911 ||Kenya, Tanzania, Zaïre

|-

| || Amorphophallus taurostigma ||1999 ||Madagascar

|-

| || Amorphophallus teuszii ||1892 ||Angola, Zaïre

|-

| || Amorphophallus zenkeri ||1901 ||Cameroon, Gulf of Guinea Is., Nigeria

|-

|}

Subgenus unplaced

  • Amorphophallus gliruroides Engl. – Myanmar
  • Amorphophallus incurvatus Alderw. – Sumatra
  • Amorphophallus lyratus (Roxb.) Kunth – SE India
  • Amorphophallus mekongensis Engl. & Gehrm. – Laos, Vietnam
  • Amorphophallus paucisectus Alderw. – Sumatra
  • Amorphophallus perakensis Engl. – Peninsula Malaysia

References

Bibliography

  • Hetterscheid, W.L.A. 1994. Preliminary taxonomy and morphology of Amorphophallus Blume ex Decaisne (Araceae). In: M.M. Serebreyanyi (ed.), Proc. Moscow Aroid Conference 1992: 35-48. Moscow.
  • Hetterscheid, W.L.A. & G.J.C.M. v. Vliet, 1996. Amorphophallus, giant from the forest. CITES/C&M, 2(4): 86-96.
  • List of Amorphophallus species with photos from the International Aroid Society
  • Amorphophallus in Brunken, U., Schmidt, M., Dressler, S., Janssen, T., Thiombiano, A. & Zizka, G. 2008. West African plants – A Photo Guide. Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt/Main.