The American Baptist Churches USA, abbreviated as ABCUSA, is a mainline Protestant and Baptist Christian denomination in the United States of America. The American Baptist Churches is the reorganization from 1907 of the Triennial Convention, established in 1814. It is rooted in the early English and Welsh Baptist settlers in America, especially with the foundation of Rhode Island Colony, tracing its history to the First Baptist Church in America, established by Roger Williams in 1638. The Triennial Convention became the Northern Baptist Convention in 1907, which was renamed as the American Baptist Convention from 1950 to 1972. The ABCUSA headquarters is located in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. The American Baptist Churches cooperates with the Baptist World Alliance, the Baptist Joint Committee, and the World Council of Churches.
Although the denomination is considered mainline Protestant, one of the Seven Sisters of American Protestantism, varying theological and missional emphases may be found among its congregations, including evangelical, conservative, and charismatic orientations. In 2025, Pew Research Center published the Religious Landscape Survey, estimating that 1 percent of US adults, or 2.6 million people, self-identify as adherents of the American Baptist Churches USA.
History
Colonial New England Baptists
The American Baptist Churches USA have their origins in the First Baptist Church in Providence, Rhode Island, now the First Baptist Church in America, founded in 1638 by the minister Roger Williams. Regarded by the more dogmatic Congregationalists of the Massachusetts Bay Colony as a heretic for his views, Williams was banished into the New England wilderness where he, John Clarke, and his Congregationalists and Baptists followers created the settlement of Providence and later, the colony of Rhode Island. Williams is credited with being the pioneer of bringing the Baptist tradition to America, the founder of the state of Rhode Island, and the first highly visible public leader in America to call for the separation of the Church from state.
thumb|The [[First Baptist Church in America was formed in 1638 in Providence, Rhode Island.]]
Triennial Convention (1814–1907)
Operating under a congregationalist polity, Baptist churches in America existed autonomously from one another, following an array of Protestant theological paths, but were often unified in their missions to evangelize. In the 18th century, they established the first Baptist regional associations in America for fellowship, support, work, and education, resulting in the founding of Brown University in Rhode Island, in 1764. The Philadelphia Baptist Association, headquartered in Andorra, at Andorra Baptist Church, was one of these regional associations and it is considered the oldest Baptist regional association still in existence in the United States, linked to the founding of Brown. With the Second Great Awakening, evangelical missions led to the establishment of the national Triennial Convention in 1814, a collaborative organization by local churches, regional associations, and state conventions to organize, fund, and deploy missionaries. Some used the Philadelphia Confession of Faith and the New Hampshire Confession as guides to faith. The modern-day ABCUSA is the continuation of the Triennial Convention, as a renewed version or reorganization in its structure. Through the Triennial Convention, a number of mission-oriented societies were formed, including the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society (1814), American Baptist Home Mission Society (1832), American Baptist Publication Society (1841), and the American Baptist Education Society (1888).
In May 1845, the majority of Baptist churches in the South split from the Triennial Convention largely in response to the decision of its delegates to ban slave holders from becoming ordained missionaries. They went to found their own organization: the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC). The Triennial Convention was structured loosely and offered local churches full autonomy, in contrast, however, was the SBC that had a more centralized organizational structure for carrying on missionary and benevolent work, a more traditional characteristic of Baptist ecclesiastical polity. The Triennial Convention continued to work through the separate cooperating societies for missions and benevolence.
In 1882, May Jones became the first ordained female minister in the convention.
Northern Baptist Convention (1907–1950)
thumb|At [[Calvary Baptist Church (Washington, D.C.)|Calvary Baptist Church in Washington, D.C., the Northern Baptist Convention first met to bring the 19th century mission societies of the Triennial Convention closer together.]]The Northern Baptist Convention was organized in Washington, D.C., on May 17, 1907. Charles Evans Hughes, then Governor of New York and later Chief Justice of the United States, served the body as president.
The purpose of the Northern Baptist Convention as a reorganization of the Triennial Convention was to bring about a consistent cooperation among the convention societies and Baptist bodies out of the mainstream organization then existing. It was the first step in bringing together Baptists in the North "with ties to the historic American Baptist mission societies in the nineteenth century." These had contributed to establishing many schools for freedmen in the South after the American Civil War, as well as working on issues of health and welfare. Many of their missionaries and members had worked as teachers in the South. In 1911, most Free Will Baptist churches merged with it.
Due to the development of theological liberalism in some affiliated seminaries, such as Crozer Theological Seminary, conservative seminaries have been founded by convention ministers, including the Northern Baptist Theological Seminary in Chicago in 1913 and the Eastern Baptist Theological Seminary in Philadelphia in 1925.
American Baptist Convention (1950–1972)
thumb|[[Emmanuel Baptist Church (Brooklyn)|Emmanuel Baptist Church in Brooklyn, New York City, affiliated with ABCUSA]]
The name of the convention was changed in 1950 to the American Baptist Convention (ABC), and it operated under this name until 1972. It was the second step at bringing together on a national level Baptists with ties to the mission societies. The ABC was characterized from 1950 to 1966 with annual resolutions at its conventions having to do with the civil rights movement and race relations.