Alexander Martin (October 17, 1740November 2, 1807) was a Founding Father of the United States, framer of the U.S. Constitution, fourth and seventh Governor of North Carolina, and an infantry officer in the American Revolutionary War. In private life, Martin was a lawyer, merchant, planter, and slave owner.
Early life and education
Born in Hunterdon County in the Province of New Jersey in 1740 to James Hugh Martin and Jane Hunter of Ireland, Governor Alexander Martin was a North Carolinian politician and delegate to the Federal Constitutional Convention. Aside from his role in the Constitutional Convention, Martin witnessed several significant chapters in colonial and early U.S. history, including the Regulator Rebellion, the Revolutionary War, and the North Carolina ratification debates.
Martin held bachelor's and master's degrees from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), making him one of the most erudite delegates to the Constitutional Convention. After graduating from Princeton, Martin moved to Salisbury, North Carolina. There he worked first as a merchant and later as an attorney. As his legal career took shape, the Regulator Rebellion began. On September 24, 1770, angry Regulators took over the Hillsboro Court. When their demonstration spilled onto the streets of Hillsboro, several lawyers, including Martin, who likely was serving as a justice of the peace, were whipped and beaten.
In 1778, Martin was elected to the North Carolina Senate while still recuperating from his military service. His tenure in the Senate was eventful: he served as president of the Senate's Board of War and, in 1781, became acting governor of North Carolina when the sitting governor, Thomas Burke, was kidnapped by Tories. In 1782, the General Assembly elected Martin governor of North Carolina. While the cessation of hostilities had eliminated the gravest threat to North Carolina, the end of the Revolution posed many challenges, the most pressing of which was how to treat Tory and Loyalist property. Martin resisted popular pressure to confiscate and redistribute this property, instead advocating its return to all except for North Carolina's more infamous Tories.
Martin's failure in Guilford County did not reflect any loss of popularity in the General Assembly. He was again elected governor in 1789 and held office until 1792, when he reached the term limit. During his second gubernatorial tenure, a permanent seat of the North Carolina government, named Raleigh, was founded in Wake County. Moreover, Martin established the University of North Carolina in 1789.
Immediately after Martin left the governor's seat, he joined the U.S. Senate. His legislative record in the 1790s indicates that Martin's political views were nuanced. Though he had supported the ratification of the Federal Constitution and had always run for election as a Federalist, he repeatedly voted against the Federalists in the 1790s. His convictions appear to have become more Federalist amid the XYZ Affair, and he voted for all of the Alien and Sedition Acts.
In 1799, Martin, having lost the support of North Carolina Federalists, was voted out of the Senate. He returned to the North Carolina General Assembly in 1804, and in 1805 again became Speaker of the North Carolina Senate. He died in 1807.
References
Bibliography
- Charles Beard, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States (Mineola, New York, 2004)
- David F. Burg, A World History of Tax Rebellions (New York, 2004)
- Carol Berkin, A Brilliant Solution: Inventing the American Constitution (New York, 2003)
- Purcell, L. Edward. Who Was Who in the American Revolution. New York: Facts on File, 1993. .
- Sobel, Robert and John Raimo, eds. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789–1978. Westport, CT: Meckler Books, 1978. .
- John R. Vile, The Constitutional Convention: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America's Founding (Santa Barbara, 2005).
- Williams, Max R. "Martin, Alexander"; American National Biography Online, February 2000.