The Republic of China (Taiwan) is divided into multi-layered statutory subdivisions. Due to the complex political status of Taiwan, there is a significant difference in the de jure system set out in the original constitution and the de facto system in use today.
The Republic of China (ROC) government defines the Taiwan Area (Free Area) as its actual controlled territories, which is constitutionally divided into two provinces and six special municipalities, with each province subdivided into cities and counties. After a constitutional amendment in 1997, the provinces became non-self-governing bodies and remained as nominal divisions under the constitution, with no governing powers. The provincial governments were abolished in 2018. Provincial borders remained for statistical purposes.
With provinces non-functional in practice, Taiwan is divided into 22 subnational divisions (6 special municipalities, 3 cities, and 13 counties), each with a local government led by an elected head and a local council. Special municipalities and cities are further divided into districts for local administration. Counties are further divided into townships and county-administered cities; these divisions have a degree of autonomy with elected leaders and local councils, which share responsibilities with the county governments. Matters for which local governments are responsible or partially responsible include social services, education, urban planning, public construction, water management, environmental protection, transport and public safety.
When the ROC retreated to Taiwan in 1949, its claimed territory consisted of 35 provinces, 12 special municipalities, 1 special administrative region (Hainan) and several autonomous regions (Tibet, reclaimed Mongolia in 1953). However, since its retreat, the ROC has controlled only Taiwan Province and some islands of Fujian Province. The ROC also controls the Pratas Island and Taiping Island in the Spratly Islands, which are part of the disputed South China Sea Islands. They were placed under Kaohsiung administration after the retreat to Taiwan.
Since 1949, the government has made some changes in the area under its control. Taipei became a special municipality in 1967 and Kaohsiung in 1979. The two provincial governments were "streamlined", with their functions transferred to the central government (Fujian in 1956 and Taiwan in 1998). In 2010, New Taipei, Taichung, and Tainan were upgraded to special municipalities. And in 2014, Taoyuan County was also upgraded to Taoyuan special municipality. This brought the top-level divisions to their current state:
According to Article 4 of the Local Government Act, laws pertaining to special municipalities also apply to counties with a population exceeding 2 million. This provision does not currently apply to any county, although it previously applied to Taipei County (now New Taipei City) and Taoyuan County (now Taoyuan City).
History
Territory
After the end of World War II in 1945, the Republic of China (1912–1949) received Taiwan (Formosa) and Penghu (the Pescadores) from the Empire of Japan. After the Chinese Civil War in 1949, the ROC was reduced to mainly the island of Taiwan and some offshore islands, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) controlling the mainland. However, it continued to formally claim all 35 provinces (including those that no longer form part of the area of the People's Republic of China) in official maps by the ROC government and ignored the changes imposed by the PRC. After 1953, the authorities in Taiwan once claimed that Mongolia was ROC territory, but this claim was abolished under the Chen Shui-bian administration in 2002. By 1967 and 1979, the ROC set up Taipei and Kaohsiung as its special municipalities, with three more added in 2010 and one in 2014. As of , the ROC has not officially renounced claims in mainland China ruled by the CCP, though the ROC has also not recently published official maps depicting mainland China as part of its territory.
This history gives two different sources of the current Taiwanese administrative divisions on the free area of the Republic of China or Taiwan Area.
- Taiwan Province: The island of Taiwan (Formosa) and Penghu (the Pescadores): inherited from the divisions of Taiwan under the Empire of Japan.
- Fuchien Province: Kinmen (Quemoy) and the Matsu Islands – offshore islands inherited from the ROC's Fuchien divisions. The original province was partitioned between the PRC and the ROC following the Battle of Guningtou in 1949. In addition, the ROC still controls over Pratas Island and part of the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. These were originally part of the Hainan Special Administrative Region, but were transferred to the special municipality of Kaohsiung in 1996. These provinces were streamlined in 1998 and their governments became non-functional in 2019.
Changes to divisions
See also: <br />
In 1945, the ROC replaced the Japanese prefectures with eight counties (Hsinchu, Hualien, Kaohsiung, Penghu, Taichung, Tainan, Taipei, and Taitung) and nine cities (Changhwa, Chiayi, Hsinchu, Kaohsiung, Keelung, Pingtung, Taichung, Tainan, and Taipei).
On 16 August 1950, a law reorganizing Taiwan Province was passed by the Executive Yuan. In September 1950, the Taiwan Province County and Municipal Administrative District Modification Proposal reorganized Taiwan Province into 16 counties (Changhwa, Chiayi, Hsinchu, Hualien, Ilan, Kaohsiung, Miaoli, Nantou, Penghu, Pingtung, Taichung, Tainan, Taipei, Taitung, Taoyuan, Yunlin) and five cities (Kaohsiung, Keelung, Taichung, Tainan, and Taipei). This allowed the county to have the organizational and budgetary framework of a de jure municipality, but it was still formally styled as a county. Taichung County and Tainan City lobbied the central government for similar status. Taoyuan County was also upgraded to a quasi-municipality on 1 January 2011, as its population was above 2 million on the date of elevation.
Under President Ma Ying-jeou's administration, the central government has reorganized more counties and cities. Four mergers and promotions were approved in 2009 and became effective on 25 December 2010 and one more became effective on 25 December 2014.
The summary of changes on administrative divisions are shown below.
{|class=wikitable
!width=120|Name!!Notes
|-
|Fuchien Province||The provincial capital was moved from Foochow (Fuzhou) to Jincheng, Kinmen in 1949. The provincial government was downscaled in 1956 and dissolved in 2019.
|-
|Taiwan Province||The provincial capital was moved from Taipei to Zhongxing New Village in 1956. The provincial government was downscaled in 1998 and dissolved in 2018.
|-
|Kaohsiung City||Formerly a provincial city, elevated to a special municipality in 1979. In 2010, a new Kaohsiung special municipality was established by merging former Kaohsiung County with the existing Kaohsiung City.
|-
|New Taipei City||Formerly Taipei County, elevated to a special municipality in 2010.
|-
|Taichung City||Elevated to a special municipality by merging Taichung City and Taichung County in 2010.
|-
|Tainan City||Elevated to a special municipality by merging Tainan City and Tainan County in 2010.
|-
|Taipei City||Formerly a provincial city, elevated to a special municipality in 1967.
|-
|Taoyuan City||Formerly Taoyuan County, elevated to a special municipality in 2014.
|}
This brought the top-level divisions of Taiwan (ROC) to its current state: 2 nominal provinces without administrative function and 6 special municipalities; and under the provinces, 13 counties and three cities.
Current system
Special municipalities, counties, and cities
Currently there are three types and in total 22 administrative divisions are directly governed by the central government (Executive Yuan). According to the Local Government Act of Taiwan, a place with population more than 1.25 million may become a special municipality, a place with population between 0.5 and 1.25 million may become a city. Counties with population more than 2 million may grant some extra privileges in local autonomy that was designed for special municipalities.
{|class=wikitable
!!!Name!!Chinese!!Pinyin!!Pe̍h-ōe-jī!!Count
|-
|bgcolor=f5c3c4| ||Special municipality||align=center|<span style="font-size:125%;"></span>
|align=center|zhíxiáshì||align=center|ti̍t-hat-chhī||align=center|6
|-
|bgcolor=e3edc3| ||County||align=center|<span style="font-size:125%;"></span>
|align=center|xiàn||align=center|koān||align=center|13
|-
|bgcolor=ceb2cd| ||City||align=center|<span style="font-size:125%;"></span>||align=center|shì||align=center|chhī||align=center|3
|}
These 22 divisions are also regulated by the Local Government Act as local self-governance bodies. Each division has its own executive called "city/county government" and own legislature called "city/county council". The city mayors, county magistrates and all legislators are elected by the people under its jurisdiction every four years. Geographically,
- Six special municipalities, three provincial cities, and ten counties are on the main island of Taiwan
:{|class=wikitable
!Special municipalities!!colspan=2|Counties!!Cities
|-
|valign=top|Kaohsiung City<br>New Taipei City<br>Taichung City<br>Tainan City<br>Taipei City<br>Taoyuan City
|valign=top|Changhua County<br>Chiayi County<br>Hsinchu County<br>Hualien County<br>Miaoli County
|valign=top|Nantou County<br>Pingtung County<br>Taitung County<br>Yilan County<br>Yunlin County
|valign=top|Chiayi City<br>Hsinchu City<br>Keelung City
|}
- Penghu County administers the Penghu Islands.
- Kinmen County administers the Kinmen Islands and the Wuqiu Islands.
- Lienchiang County administers the Matsu Islands.
- Kaohsiung also administers Pratas Island (Tungsha Island or Dongsha Island) and Taiping Island of the South China Sea Islands.
Townships, county-administered cities and districts
The 22 main divisions in the country are further divided into 368 subdivisions. These 368 divisions can be categorized as the following.
{|class=wikitable
!Name!!Chinese!!Pinyin!!Pe̍h-ōe-jī!!Administered by!!Self-gov.!!No.
|-
|Mountain indigenous township||align=center|<span style="font-size:125%;"></span>||align=center|shāndì xiāng||align=center|soaⁿ-tē hiong||align=center|County||align=center|Yes||align=center|24
|-
|Rural township||align=center|<span style="font-size:125%;"></span>||align=center|xiāng||align=center|hiong||align=center|County||align=center|Yes||align=center|122
|-
|Urban township||align=center|<span style="font-size:125%;"></span>||align=center|zhèn||align=center|tìn||align=center|County||align=center|Yes||align=center|38
|-
|County-administered city||align=center|<span style="font-size:125%;"></span>||align=center|xiànxiáshì||align=center|koān-hat-chhī||align=center|County||align=center|Yes||align=center|14
|-
|Mountain indigenous district||align=center|<span style="font-size:125%;"></span>||align=center|yuánzhùmín qū||align=center|gôan-chū-bîn khu||align=center|Special municipality||align=center|Yes||align=center|6
|-
|District||align=center|<span style="font-size:125%;"></span>||align=center|qū||align=center|khu
|align=center|Special municipality<br>City||align=center|No||align=center|164
|}
According to the Local Government Act, a county is divided into townships and county-administered cities. The county seat or place with population between 100,000 and 500,000 may become a county-administered city. A special municipality or a city is divided into districts.
The townships, county-administered cities in counties, and mountain indigenous district in special municipalities are also local self-governance bodies. Each division has its own executive called "township/city/district office" and own legislature called "township/city/district council". The city mayors, township/district chiefs and all legislators are elected by the people under its jurisdiction every four years. The normal districts in special municipalities and cities are governed as branches of the municipality/city government and do not hold any local self-governance power.
The mountain indigenous township and districts are created for its significant population of Taiwanese indigenous peoples, in these divisions, only Taiwanese indigenous peoples may be elected to be the township/district chiefs.
Lower-level administrative divisions
The 368 divisions are further divided into villages and neighborhoods.
{|class=wikitable
!Name!!Chinese!!Pinyin!!Pe̍h-ōe-jī!!Administered by!!No.
|-
|Rural village||align=center|<span style="font-size:125%;"></span>||align=center|cūn||align=center|chhun||align=center|Mountain indigenous township<br>Rural township||rowspan=2 align=center|7,835
|-
|Urban village||align=center|<span style="font-size:125%;"></span>||align=center|lǐ||align=center|lí||align=center|Urban township<br>County-administered city<br>Mountain indigenous district<br>District
|-
!colspan=6|
|-
|Neighborhood||align=center|<span style="font-size:125%;"></span>||align=center|lín||align=center|lîn||align=center|Rural village<br>Urban village||align=center|147,877
|}
The village chiefs are elected by the people under its jurisdiction every four years. The neighborhood chiefs are appointed by the village chief.
Other issues
Joint Service Centers of Executive Yuan
The central government operates five regional Joint Service Centers (JSC, ) outside Taipei as outposts of the government ministries in the Executive Yuan, similar to the cross-departmental mode of working in the former Government Offices in England. These regions, laid out the Comprehensive National Spatial Development Plan for Taiwan (), can be considered a de facto level of government, perhaps equivalent to the English regions or the federal districts of Russia.
{|class=wikitable
!Name!!Chinese!!Date of creation!!Service area
|-
|Southern Taiwan JSC||<span style="font-size:125%;"></span>||Jun. 1, 1998||Kaohsiung, Penghu, Pingtung
|-
|Central Taiwan JSC||<span style="font-size:125%;"></span>||May 14, 2003||Changhua, Miaoli, Nantou, Taichung
|-
|Eastern Taiwan JSC||<span style="font-size:125%;"></span>||Sep. 29, 2007||Hualien, Taitung
|-
|Yunlin-Chiayi-Tainan JSC||<span style="font-size:125%;"></span>||Mar. 27, 2012||Chiayi (city and county), Tainan, Yunlin
|-
|Kinmen-Matsu JSC||<span style="font-size:125%;"></span>||Jan. 18, 2017||Kinmen, Lienchiang
|}
The divisions of northern Taiwan are not covered by any JSC, including Hsinchu (city and county), Keelung, New Taipei, Taipei, Taoyuan and Yilan. They are served directly by the headquarter of Executive Yuan in Taipei.
Romanization
The romanization used for Taiwanese placenames above the county level is a modified form of Wade–Giles, ignoring the apostrophes and hyphens of the original, thus yielding "Taipei" instead of "T'ai-pei" and "Yilan" instead of "I-lan", for example. Some postal romanizations also exist, like "Keelung" and "Kinmen".
In 2002, the ROC adopted Tongyong Pinyin as its national standard for romanization. Most townships and county-administered cities changed their romanization to Tongyong Pinyin at that time. However, some local administrations, like Taipei and Taichung, decided to use Hanyu Pinyin. In 2009, Tongyong Pinyin was replaced by Hanyu Pinyin as the ROC government standard. Currently, most of the divisions are romanized by Hanyu Pinyin system, but some local governments still use Tongyong Pinyin, like Kaohsiung. In 2011, the ROC Ministry of the Interior restored historical romanizations for two towns, Lukang and Tamsui.
See also
- List of administrative divisions of Taiwan
- List of administrative divisions of Fujian
- History of Taiwan
- History of the Republic of China
- Political divisions of Taiwan (1895–1945)
- Provinces of China
- History of the administrative divisions of China (1912–1949)
- Mainland China
- Free area of the Republic of China
- Indigenous Area (Taiwan)
- ISO 3166-2:TW