Achrafieh

Achrafieh () is an upper-class area in eastern Beirut, Lebanon. In strictly administrative terms, the name refers to a sector (secteur) centred on Sassine Square, the highest point in the city, as well as a broader quarter (quartier). In popular parlance, however, Achrafieh refers to the whole hill that rises above Gemmayze in the north and extends to Badaro in the south, and includes the Rmeil quarter.

Although there are traces of human activity dating back to the Neolithic era, the modern suburb was heavily settled by Greek Orthodox merchant families from Beirut's old city in the mid-nineteenth century. The area contains a high concentration of Beirut's Ottoman and French Mandate era architectural heritage. During the civil war, when Beirut was separated into eastern and western halves by the Green Line, Achrafieh changed from a mostly Christian residential area (compared to bustling, cosmopolitan Hamra, in Ras Beirut) to a commercial hub in its own right. In the early 2000s, the area became a focal point of the city's real estate boom. The area centers on Beirut's highest point, the hill of Saint Dimitrios, and comprises neighbourhoods that slope towards the port in the north, and to what was once a vast pine forest, to the south. The name long predates the present administrative divisions of the Municipality of Beirut, and first appears to designate a suburb in Salih bin Yahya's History of Beirut, in the early 1400s. The writer Elias Khoury recalls how the area was called the "little mountain" (al-jabal as-saghir) by locals, as if it were a small outpost of nearby Mount Lebanon on the coast. Similarly, certain southern parts of the administrative quarter, such as Adlieh, are generally not considered to be part of the area. Achrafieh is therefore defined somewhat nebulously and synonymously with East Beirut.

Achrafieh comprises residential areas characterized by narrow winding streets and cafes along with more commercial areas, with large apartment and office buildings and major arteries between central Beirut and the north-eastern suburbs. The following neighbourhoods are counted within Achrafieh:

Accaoui, a hill leading from Gemmayze up to the Sursock neighbourhood
Furn el-Hayek
Karm el-Zeitoun, a densely populated settlement that was established by Armenian refugees in the 1920s, who were later joined by Syriac Christians. Syrian & Egyptian laborers (mainly males) as well as domestic migrant workers (mainly females) also reside in the area but live communally in shared apartments to minimize their living expenses
Mar Mitr, named after the Saint Demetrios Church, hosts one of the city's main Greek Orthodox cemeteries
Mar Naqoula or Saint Nicolas, named after the parish church; includes Sursock Street with its old palatial villas, the St Nicolas Stairs (Escalier de l'Art) and many office buildings (Sofil Center, Ivory Building)
Nasra, named after the Dames de Nazareth girls school
Rue Monot
Rue Huvelin
Sassine Square, a busy road intersection atop the Saint Dimitrios hill, roughly coterminous with the Achrafieh sector, named after the Sassine family, the original landowners
Sodeco Square
Sioufi, a residential area on the southern slopes of the hill, built on land that was used for hunting in the mid twentieth century; named for the Sioufi family, which established a furniture factory here
Tabaris Square and Abdel Wahab Street

History

There are traces of human activity on the slopes of Achrafieh in antiquity. The area included a necropolis, with archeological findings now in the National Museum of Beirut,

Ottoman period

After several centuries of being a small, walled city, Beirut expanded rapidly in the mid-nineteenth century, as a result of increased trade and immigration, including refugees from inter-communal conflicts in Mount Lebanon and inland Syria. As the old city became increasingly cramped and overpopulated, many Greek Orthodox trading families relocated from the port into semi-rural eastern areas, where they built spacious villas on the slopes of the hill, with large gardens and views commanding the port. These Orthodox families (including the Sursock, Bustros, Badaro, Trad, Tueni, and Asseily families) made their money through the silk trade as well as money exchanging and tax collection, and were some of the largest property owners and tax payers in the city in the 1860s and 70s. The Orthodox community's communal institutions followed them. The Greek Orthodox Archbishop's palace was also relocated from the Saint George Cathedral complex in downtown Beirut to the Sursock's neighbourhood overlooking the port. The Ecole des Trois Docteurs, founded in 1835 in the Orthodox Cathedral complex in central Beirut, moved eastward until it found its present location at the bottom of the Accaoui hill.

The first palace was built by Nicolas Sursock, probably on what is now the St Nicolas Stairs, and hosted Russia's Grand Duke Nicholas when he visited Beirut in 1872. Other villas included: Taswinat al-Tueni, a palace built by Georges Tueni in the early 1860s and named for the fence that ringed the extensive grounds; the Fadlallah Bustros Palace, completed around 1863 and now housing the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Moussa Sursock's palace, completed around 1870; and Elias Sursock's palace, which hosted General Gouraud during the French Mandate and was demolished in the 1960s. These palatial villas remain emblematic of Achrafieh, with one such palace, built for Abdullah Bustros, being sold for $22 million in 2018.<gallery caption="Late Ottoman palatial residences in Achrafieh">

File:Sursock Palace in Beirut.jpg|Moussa Sursock's palace, completed around 1870

File:Alexandre Sursock's house on Sursock Street, Beirut.jpg|Alexandre Sursock's villa, now known as Villa Mokbel

File:Youssef Sursock's villa in Beirut.jpg|Youssef Sursock's palace, now known as the Feghali House

File:Ibrahim Sursock villa in Beirut.jpg|Ibrahim Sursock's villa, completed around 1875

File:Sursock Museum, Beirut, Lebanon, 1970.jpg|Nicolas Sursock's villa, completed in 1912

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Besides the bourgeois families, many Christian refugees came to settle in the expanding suburbs, starting with the 1860 inter-communal conflict in Mount Lebanon, between Maronites and Druze, and in Damascus, between Orthodox Christians and Muslims. Dimitri Debbas, who had been part of a successful business family in Damascus, rebuilt his wealth from Beirut and built a residence of his own in Achrafieh, on what is now known as Montee Debbas.

Lebanese Civil War

thumb|Celebrations on Sassine Square following the election of Bachir Gemayel as president in 1982

Given its large Christian population, Achrafieh was a focal point of conflict during the Lebanese Civil War. The area was the Beirut heartland of the Christian militias under the Lebanese Front. The Hundred Days' War in 1978 saw the Christian militias of the Lebanese Front fight the Syrian deterrent forces. In 1982, Lebanon's president-elect Bachir Gemayel was assassinated by a bomb explosion at the Kataeb office on Sassine Street. The documentary Beirut: The Last Home Movie (1987) by Jennifer Fox shows the day-to-day life of the Bustros family, inside the Tueni-Bustros palace during the early 1980s. Mouna Bustros, who features in the film, was killed in 1989 when a rocket was fired from the nearby Rizk Tower at the palace. The Achrafieh experience of the war is also chronicled by Elias Khoury in his novel The Little Mountain (1989).

Contemporary Achrafieh

In 2005, journalist Samir Kassir was assassinated by a bomb placed under his car at his residence in Achrafieh.

In 2006, as part of the unrest surrounding the Danish cartoons of Muhammad, protestors torched the Danish embassy building in Tabaris and damaged the nearby Mar Maroun Church in Saifi.

In October 2012, Wissam al-Hassan, head of the Intelligence Branch of Lebanon's Internal Security Force, was killed along with 8 others by a bomb on Sassine Street.

Demographics

In 2014, Christians made up 83.34% and Muslims 15.28% of registered voters in Achrafieh. 26.84% of the voters were Greek Orthodox, 14.39% were Maronite Catholics, 13.47% Armenian Orthodox, 11.59% Greek Catholics, 11.45% Sunni Muslims and 5.00% Syriac Orthodox.

Urbanism

thumb|Tanios Ward Building in St Nicolas, the core of which collapsed in 2017, and which was heavily affected by the explosion at Beirut's port in 2020

Achrafieh contains some of Beirut's largest remaining clusters of historic buildings from the late Ottoman and French Mandate periods. However, much of this heritage was destroyed during the Civil War (1975–1990), with many structures undergoing reconstruction in the following decades. The area also saw several construction booms (including during the Civil War, in the mid-1990s, and the 2000s), during which much of the built heritage including gardens was replaced with tower blocks to maximize land value. Heritage buildings have been torn down for inheritance reasons, as a way of evicting tenants on so-called "old rents", or because of lack of maintenance. Several civil society organizations, most notably the Beirut Heritage Initiative, have been working to restore groups of houses affected by the disaster.

Very few of the remaining heritage buildings have any official protection, despite lobbying from civil society groups. A new bill was passed in 2017 by the Lebanese government to protect heritage sites around the city, marking a historical turning point for activists who have pressed for legislative action since the end of the war, but has not been ratified.

Timeline

thumb|Sassine Square

1st century AD - Roman necropolis established on hill of St Dimitrios
1839 - Reform under Egyptian administration allows expansion of city beyond walls
1862 - Greek Orthodox Archbishop's residence moved from central Beirut to Achrafieh's Sursock Street
Collège de la Sagesse
Collège Notre-Dame de Nazareth
Greater Beirut Evangelical School

American University of Science and Technology
University of Balamand, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences
Zahrat al-Ihsan
École des Trois Docteurs
SSCC Sioufi

Places of worship

Catholic churches:

St Youhanna Maronite Church, on Adib Ishak Street

Greek Orthodox churches:

Notre Dame de l'Annonciation, historic church on Lebanon Street
Saydet el Doukhoul Church
St Dimitrios Church, hosting the Greek Orthodox cemetery for eastern Beirut
St George Church, attached to the St George Hospital
St Nicolas Church, an important parish church that was rebuilt in Byzantine style in the mid-twentieth century

Mosques:

Beydoun Mosque

Syriac Orthodox church:

St Ephraim Church under Syriac Orthodox Archdiocese of Beirut

Notable people

Michel Sassine, Prominent Lebanese politician, MP for the district of Beirut for 24 years (1968-1992)
Bachir Gemayel, born in the Achrafieh, he founded the Lebanese Forces. On 23 August 1982, he was elected President of Lebanon.
Carlos Ghosn, businessman and former head of Nissan
Gebran Tueini, former editor and publisher of the daily paper An-Nahar
Joe Kodeih, writer, actor and director
Samir Assaf, CEO of HSBC Global Banking & Markets
Nicolas Amiouni, rally driver
Nancy Ajram, singer

References

External links

SOUWAR.com
Ikamalebanon.com
Lebanonatlas.com
Article on the history of Ashrafieh and how it evolved through time - Interview with Former Ashrafieh MP Michel Sassine (December 2011): https://www.scribd.com/doc/77669439/Interview-on-the-History-of-Achrafieh-with-HE-Michel-Sassine-Dec-2011