Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi

Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I (), often simply Abd al-Malik or Mulay Abdelmalek, (b. 1541 – d. 4 August 1578) was the Saadian Sultan from 1576 until his death right after the Battle of Alcácer Quibir against Portugal in 1578.

Biography

Saadian Prince (1541–1557)

Abd al-Malik was one of the sons of the Saadian Sultan Mohammed al-Shaykh and Sahaba al-Rehmania, his father was assassinated by the Ottomans in 1557 by order of Hasan Pasha, son of Barbarossa, as he was preparing for an alliance with Spain against the Ottomans.

One of his brothers Abdallah al-Ghalib (1557–1574) then took power and ascended to the throne. He planned to eliminate his other brothers in the process. Abd al-Malik had to escape from Morocco and stay abroad with his mother Sahâba al-Rehmânia, his elder brother Abd al-Mu'min al-Saadi and his younger brother Ahmad until 1576.

Exile to the Ottoman Empire (1557–1576)

Abd al-Malik spent 17 years among the Ottomans with his brothers, most of the time in the Regency of Algiers, benefiting from Ottoman training and contacts with Ottoman culture. He was captured during the battle and transported to Spain and then brought before the Spanish king Philip II. The Spanish king decided, upon the advice of Andrea Gasparo Corso, to hold him captive in the Spanish possession of Oran, in order to use him when the opportunity arose. However, Abd al-Malik managed to escape from Oran in 1573 and travelled back to the Ottoman Empire.

In January 1574, while in Constantinople, French physician Guillaume Bérard saved Abd al-Malik's life during an epidemic. As a result, they later became friends. When Abd al-Malik became Sultan, he asked Henry III of France that Guillaume Bérard be appointed Consul of France in Morocco.

In 1574, Abd al-Malik participated in the conquest of Tunis by the Ottomans.

thumb|Abd al-Malik participated in the Ottoman [[Conquest of Tunis (1574)|Conquest of Tunis in 1574]]In the following period he tried to revive trade with Europe and especially England, starting an Anglo-Moroccan alliance with Elizabeth I. According to Richard Hakluyt, as quoted by Edmund Hogan, ruler "Abdelmelech" bears "a greater affection to our Nation than to others because of our religion, which forbids the worship of Idols". He wrote a letter in Spanish to Elizabeth in 1577. Most contingents were equipped with arquebuses and large muskets, an Ottoman model imported from Algiers. A heavy shot charge unleashed by the Zwawa and renegades scattered the Portuguese forces and was likely the primary cause of their defeat.thumb|Battle order of Abd al-Malik’s army in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir

The campaign turned out to be a complete failure after they were defeated at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir in 1578. The battle ended after nearly four hours of heavy fighting and resulted in the total defeat of the Portuguese and Abu Abdallah's army leaving 8,000 dead, including the slaughter of almost the whole country's nobility, with 15,000 taken as prisoners. Perhaps 100 survivors had managed to escape to the coast. The body of King Sebastian, who led a charge into the midst of the enemy and was then cut off, was never found. The disappearance of Sebastian and the deaths of Abu Abdallah and Abd al-Malik has earned the battle the name "Battle of the Three Kings".

Death (1578)

Abd al-Malik is known to have been seriously ill in the days leading up to the battle. During the battle itself, he died under unclear circumstances, possibly in combat or from natural causes from his illness. Other accounts, mainly by Moroccan historians, claim that he had been poisoned by some of his officers of Turkish background as part of an Ottoman conspiracy, similar to what had happened to Muhammad al-Shaykh in 1557. While plausible, this account may also have reflected anti-Ottoman attitudes that were present in the court of Ahmad al-Mansur, who succeeded his brother to the throne and ruled from 1578 to 1603.

References

Bibliography

Stephan and Nandy Ronart: Lexikon der Arabischen Welt. Artemis Verlag, 1972