ASEAN

The ASEAN has initiated its transition to cleaner energy sources. This transition is characterised as Demanding, Doable, and Dependent. With approximately 700 million inhabitants, the region is witnessing a substantial surge in energy demand, projected to triple by 2050. However, transitioning energy sources requires significant resources. Southeast Asia would need to invest US$27 billion annually in renewable energy to achieve the target of 23% renewables in the primary energy supply by 2025. Nevertheless, this goal is attainable with the implementation of appropriate policies. Since 2019, Vietnam has emerged as a regional leader, with solar and wind energy accounting for 13% of its electricity mix in 2022, a remarkable increase from nearly zero in 2017. Though, the region requires international assistance to meet its net-zero emission targets. Several high-profile leaders such as the head of the Indonesian national energy company PLN, Darmawan Prasodjo, have stated that the ASEAN Power Grid proposal is key to unlocking the potential for green energy in southeast Asia.

Education

thumb|ASEAN Delegation at the EU-ASEAN Youth Diplomat Program 2023 in Faculty of International Relations of [[University Malaya|left]]

To enhance the region's status in education, ASEAN education ministers have agreed four priorities for education at all levels, promoting ASEAN awareness among ASEAN citizens, particularly youth, strengthening ASEAN identity through education, building ASEAN human resources in the field of education strengthening the ASEAN University Network. At the 11th ASEAN Summit in December 2005, leaders set new direction for regional education collaboration when they welcomed the decision of the ASEAN education ministers to convene meetings on a regular basis. The annual ASEAN Education Ministers Meeting oversees co-operation efforts on education at the ministerial level. With regard to implementation, programs, and activities are carried out by the ASEAN Senior Officials on Education (SOM-ED). SOM-ED also manages co-operation on higher education through the ASEAN University Network (AUN). It is a consortium of Southeast Asian tertiary institutions of which 30 currently belong as participating universities. Founded in November 1995 by 11 universities, the AUN was established to:

ASEAN also has a scholarship program offered by Singapore to the 9 other member states for secondary school, junior college, and university education. It covers accommodation, food, medical benefits and accident insurance, school fees, and examination fees. Its recipients, who perform well on the GCE Advanced Level Examination, may apply for ASEAN undergraduate scholarships, which are tailored specifically to undergraduate institutions in Singapore and other ASEAN member countries.

'Australia for ASEAN' scholarships are also offered by the Australian Government to the 'next generation of leaders' from ASEAN member states. By undertaking a Master's degree, recipients are to develop the skills and knowledge to drive change, help build links with Australia, and also participate in the Indo-Pacific Emerging Leaders Program to help develop the ASEAN Outlook for the Indo-Pacific. Each ASEAN member state is able to receive ten 'Australia for ASEAN' scholarships.

Demographics

thumb|The [[Jakarta metropolitan area, the largest city in the world, is nicknamed "the capital of ASEAN."]]

In July 2019, the population of the ASEAN was about 655 million people (8.5% of the world population). In ASEAN in 2019, 55.2 million people were children age 0–4 and 46.3 million people were older than 65. This corresponds to 8.4% and 7.1% of the total ASEAN population. The region's population growth is 1.1% per year. Thailand is the lowest at 0.2% per year, and Cambodia is the highest at 1.9% per year. ASEAN's sex ratio is 99.4 males per 100 females, as of 2017.

Urbanisation

Just over half (around 50.1%) of Southeast Asia's inhabitants lived in urban areas in 2020, projected to rise to 55.6% in 2030, a total of almost 405 million people. Urbanisation is concentrated in coastal plains and river deltas, giving the region a dense belt of large cities around the Java Sea, South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand. Southeast Asia contains dozens of metropolitan areas with populations of over 1 million; ASEAN data indicate that about 13% of the region's citizens live in 28 cities with more than one million inhabitants, with a further 14% in 367 settlements of between 100,000 and 1 million people.

With a population of roughly 42 million in 2025, Greater Jakarta (Jabodetabek) is the largest metropolitan area in Southeast Asia and one of the largest urban agglomerations in the world, followed by the Greater Manila Area with about 28 million inhabitants. Jakarta and Manila, together with Bangkok, form the three largest metropolitan areas in Southeast Asia and are widely classed as megacities with metropolitan populations exceeding ten million. They are followed by major metropolitan regions centred on Ho Chi Minh City, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Hanoi, Surabaya and other large cities across Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam and Malaysia. The region also contains several polycentric or corridor-type urbanised regions, including the Jakarta–Bandung mega-urban corridor (JBMUR) on Java, the Singapore–Johor Bahru–Batam growth triangle (SIJORI), the extended Bangkok–Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC) along the Gulf of Thailand, and cross-border clusters in the Greater Mekong Subregion and the Brunei–Indonesia–Malaysia–Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area (BIMP–EAGA).|city_2=Greater Manila Area|div_2=Philippines|pop_2=28,250,517|city_3=Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area|div_3=Vietnam|pop_3=21,281,639|city_4=Hanoi Capital Region|div_4=Vietnam|pop_4=19,980,000|city_6=Greater Surabaya|div_6=Indonesia|pop_6=9,924,509|city_9=Yangon Region|div_9=Myanmar|pop_9=7,360,703|city_10=Semarang metropolitan area|div_10=Indonesia|pop_10=6,009,982|city_12=Da Nang|div_12=Vietnam|pop_12=5,622,814|city_20=Greater Yogyakarta|div_20=Indonesia|pop_20=2,485,163 and the ASEAN Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award. In addition, the ASEAN region has been recognised as one of the world's most diverse regions ethnically, religiously and linguistically.

Media

thumb|ASEAN 2018 Press Conference in Singapore, cooperative efforts within SEA media was set by ACPM standards

Member states have promoted co-operation in information to help build an ASEAN identity. One of the main bodies in ASEAN co-operation in information is the ASEAN Committee on Culture and Information (COCI). Established in 1978, its mission is to promote effective co-operation in the fields of information, as well as culture, through its various projects and activities. It includes representatives from national institutions like the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministries of Culture and Information, national radio and television networks, museums, archives and libraries, among others. The representatives meet annually to formulate and agree on projects in support of their mission. On 14 November 2014, foreign ministers of member states launched the ASEAN Communication Master Plan (ACPM). It provides a framework for communicating the character, structure, and overall vision of ASEAN and the ASEAN community to key audiences within the region and globally.

ASEAN Media Cooperation (AMC) sets digital television standards and policies in preparation for broadcasters to transition from analogue to digital broadcasting. This collaboration was conceptualised during the 11th ASEAN Ministers Responsible for Information (AMRI) Conference in Malaysia on 1 March 2012 where a consensus declared that both new and traditional media were keys to connecting ASEAN peoples and bridging cultural gaps in the region. Several key initiatives under the AMC include:

The ASEAN Media Portal was launched 16 November 2007. The portal aims to provide a one-stop site that contains documentaries, games, music videos, and multimedia clips on the culture, arts, and heritage of the ASEAN countries to showcase ASEAN culture and the capabilities of its media industry.
The ASEAN NewsMaker Project, an initiative launched in 2009, trains students and teachers to produce informational video clips about their countries. The project was initiated by Singapore. Students trained in NewsMaker software, video production, together with developing narrative storytelling skills. Dr Soeung Rathchavy, Deputy Secretary-General of ASEAN for ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community noted that: "Raising ASEAN awareness amongst the youth is part and parcel of our efforts to build the ASEAN Community by 2015. Using ICT and the media, our youths in the region will get to know ASEAN better, deepening their understanding and appreciation of the cultures, social traditions and values in ASEAN."
The ASEAN Digital Broadcasting Meeting, is an annual forum for ASEAN members to set digital television (DTV) standards and policies, and to discuss progress in the implementation of the blueprint from analogue to digital TV broadcasting by 2020. During the 11th ASEAN Digital Broadcasting Meeting members updated the status on DTV implementation and agreed to inform ASEAN members on the Guidelines for ASEAN Digital Switchover. An issue was raised around the availability and affordability of set-top boxes (STB), thus ASEAN members were asked to make policies to determine funding for STBs, methods of allocation, subsidies and rebates, and other methods for the allocation of STBs. It was also agreed in the meeting to form a task force to develop STB specifications for DVB-T2 to ensure efficiency.
The ASEAN Post was launched on 8 August 2017 to commemorate ASEAN's 50th Anniversary. It is an independent regional digital media company that is headquartered in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It was founded by former investment banker Rohan Ramakrishnan.

National public/state-owned radio and television networks of ASEAN

: Radio Television Brunei
: Bayon Television and National Television of Cambodia
: Televisi Republik Indonesia and Radio Republik Indonesia
: Lao National Radio and Lao National Television
: Radio Televisyen Malaysia
: Myanmar International, Myanmar National Television and Myanmar Radio and Television
: People's Television Network, Radio Philippines Network <small>(20% minority stakes)</small>, Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation and Presidential Broadcast Service
: Mediacorp
: MCOT, National Broadcasting Services of Thailand, Radio Thailand, Royal Thai Army Radio and Television Station and Thai Public Broadcasting Service
: Radio-Televisão Timor Leste
: Ho Chi Minh City Television, Vietnam Television and Voice of Vietnam

Music

Music plays a significant role in ASEAN affairs, as evidenced by the new music composed for, and to be performed at, the 34th ASEAN Summit in Bangkok in June 2019.

Since ASEAN's founding, a number of songs have been written for the regional alliance:

"The ASEAN Way", the official regional anthem of ASEAN. Music by Kittikhun Sodprasert and Sampow Triudom; lyrics by Payom Valaiphatchra.
"ASEAN Song of Unity" or "ASEAN Hymn". Music by Ryan Cayabyab.
"Let Us Move Ahead", an ASEAN song. Composed by Candra Darusman.
"ASEAN Rise", ASEAN's 40th anniversary song. Music by Dick Lee; lyrics by Stefanie Sun.
"ASEAN Spirit", ASEAN's 50th anniversary song. Composed by Chino Toledo. Lyrics by National Artist for Literature, Rio Alma. Performed by Christian Bautista; video directed by Joaquin Pedro Valdes.

Sports

The main sporting event of ASEAN is the Southeast Asian Games, a biennial meet of athletes from the eleven member-states.

Games events

SEA Games
ASEAN University Games
ASEAN School Games
ASEAN Para Games

Championships events

thumb|[[Bukit Jalil National Stadium during the second leg of the 2014 AFF Championship final]]

thumb|Team Timor-Leste scoring a goal at the [[2024 ASEAN Championship]]

thumb|A contingent from Brunei Darussalam playing [[Gasing pangkah|gasing, in front of Candi Prambanan during ASEAN Sports Day.]]

Southeast Asian Football Championship (ASEAN Championship) – Since 1996
Southeast Asian Basketball Championship (SEABA Championship) – Since 1994
Southeast Asian Shooting Championship – Since 1967 - South East Asia Shooting Championship - 46th SEASA in 2025 in With HKG, TPE and some of JPN and Korea.
Southeast Asian Cricket Championship
Southeast Asian Handball Championship
Southeast Asian Floorball Championships
Southeast Asian Hockey Championship
Southeast Asian Baseball Championship
Southeast Asian Volleyball Championship (SEA V.League) – Since 2019
Southeast Asian Sepaktakraw Championship
Southeast Asian Footvolley Championship
Southeast Asian Youth Athletics Championships
Southeast Asian Swimming Championships
Southeast Asian Gymnastics Championship
Southeast Asian Cycling Championship
Southeast Asian Shooting Championship
Southeast Asian Archery Championship
Southeast Asian Sailing Championship
Southeast Asian Rowing Championship
Southeast Asian Canoeing Championship
Southeast Asian Boxing Championship
Southeast Asian Fencing Championship
Southeast Asian Kurash Championship
Southeast Asian Wrestling Championship
Southeast Asian Weightlifting Championship
Southeast Asian Powerlifting Championship
Southeast Asian Bodybuilding Championship
Southeast Asian Judo Championship
Southeast Asian Jujitsu Championship
Southeast Asian Muaythai Championship
Southeast Asian Sambo Championship
Southeast Asian Vovinam Championship
Southeast Asian Karate Championship
Southeast Asian Taekwondo Championship
Southeast Asian Wushu Championship
Southeast Asian Pencak Silat Championship
Southeast Asian Badminton Championship
Southeast Asian Tennis Championship
Southeast Asian Table Tennis Championships
Southeast Asian Squash Championship
Southeast Asian Chess Championship
Southeast Asian Triathlon Championship
Southeast Asian Golf Championship (ASEAN PGA Tour) – Since 2007
Southeast Asian Esports Championship
Southeast Asian Bowling Championship
Southeast Asian Cue Sports Championship
Southeast Asian Arnis Championship
Southeast Asian Chinlone Championship
Southeast Asian Contract Bridge Championship
Southeast Asian Bowls Championship
Southeast Asian Go Championship
Southeast Asian Dragon Boat Championship
Southeast Asian Obstacle Racing Championship
Southeast Asian Polo Championship
Southeast Asian Waterskiing Championship
Southeast Asian Woodball Championship
Southeast Asian Finswimming Championship
Southeast Asian Kun Khmer Championship

Global influence and reception

thumb|President [[Joe Biden and ASEAN leaders pose for a family photo at the US-ASEAN Summit]]

ASEAN has been credited by many as among the world's most influential organisations and a global powerhouse. The organisation plays a prominent role in regional and international diplomacy, politics, security, economy and trade. Being one of the world's forefront political, economic and security meetings, the ASEAN Summit serves as a prominent regional (Asia) and international (worldwide) conference, with world leaders attending its related summits and meetings to discuss about various problems and global issues, strengthening cooperation, and making decisions.

Critics have charged ASEAN with weakly promoting human rights and democracy, particularly in junta-led Myanmar. Some scholars think that non-interference has hindered ASEAN efforts to handle the Myanmar issue, human rights abuse, and haze pollution in the area. Despite global outrage at the military crack-down on unarmed protesters in Yangon, ASEAN has refused to suspend Myanmar as a member and also rejects proposals for economic sanctions. This has caused concern as the European Union has refused to conduct free trade negotiations at a regional level for these political reasons. During a UN vote against the ethnic cleansing of Rohingya, most member states voted to either abstain or against the condemnation. Only the Muslim-majority countries Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei voted to condemn the cleansing of Rohingya. Some international observers view ASEAN as a "talk shop", stating that the organisation is: "big on words, but small on action". "ASEAN policies have proven to be mostly rhetoric, rather than actual implementation", according to Pokpong Lawansiri, a Bangkok-based independent analyst of ASEAN. "It has been noted that less than 50% of ASEAN agreements are actually implemented, while ASEAN holds more than six hundred meetings annually".

The head of the International Institute of Strategic Studies, Tim Huxley, cites the diverse political systems present in the grouping, including many young states, as a barrier to far-reaching co-operation beyond economics. He also asserts that, without an external threat to rally against after the Cold War ended, ASEAN has less successfully restrained its members and resolved such border disputes as those between Myanmar and Thailand or Indonesia and Malaysia. During the 12th ASEAN Summit in Cebu, several activist groups staged anti-globalisation protests, arguing that the agenda of economic integration would negatively affect industries in the Philippines and would deprive thousands of Filipinos of their jobs.

Corruption remains a widespread issue, as "tea money" remains an important requirement to grease business transactions and to receive public services. Following the release of the Corruption Perceptions Index 2015 by Berlin-based graft watchdog Transparency International on 27 January, its Asia–Pacific director, Srirak Plipat, noted that: "if there was one common challenge to unite the Asia-Pacific region, it would be corruption", noting that: "from campaign pledges to media coverage to civil society forums, corruption dominates the discussion. Yet despite all this talk, there's little sign of action."

Economic integration

The group's integration plan has raised concerns, in particular, the 2015 deadline. Business and economy experts who attended the Lippo-UPH Dialogue in Naypyidaw cited unresolved issues relating to aviation, agriculture, and human resources. Some panelists, among them, Kishore Mahbubani, warned against high expectations at the onset. He stated: "Please do not expect a big bang event in 2015 where everything is going to happen overnight when the ASEAN Economic Community comes into being. We've made progress in some areas and unfortunately regressed in some areas."

Some panelists enumerated other matters to be dealt with for a successful launch. Among them were the communications issues involving the 600 million citizens living in the region, increasing understanding in business, current visa arrangements, demand for specific skills, banking connections, and economic differences. Former Philippine National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) Secretary General Romulo A. Virola, said in 2012 that the Philippines seems unready to benefit from the integration due to its "wobbly" economic performance compared to other member states. According to Virola, the Philippines continues to lag behind in terms of employment rate, tourism, life expectancy, and cellular subscriptions. Nestor Tan, head of BDO Unibank Inc., said that while some businesses see the Asian Economic Blueprint (AEC) as an opportunity, the integration would be more of a threat to local firms. Tan added that protecting the Philippines' agricultural and financial services sectors, as well as the labour sector, would be necessary for the implementation of AEC by 2015. Standard & Poor's also believed that banks in the Philippines are not yet prepared for the tougher competition that would result from the integration. In one of its latest publications, S&P said banks in the country, although profitable and stable, operate on a much smaller scale than their counterparts in the region. In January 2014, former ASEAN Secretary-General Rodolfo C. Severino, wrote: "while ASEAN should not be condemned for its members' failure to make good on their commitments, any failure to deliver will likely lead to a loss of credibility and could mean that member states fall further behind in the global competition for export markets and foreign direct investment (FDI)". In 2012, the commencement of the AEC was postponed to 31 December 2015 from the original plan of 1 January. Despite Secretary-General Surin Pitsuwan's firm reassurance that "[t]here will be no more delays and that all ten ASEAN countries will participate", even the most fervent proponents of AEC worried that AEC would not be delivered on time as December 2015 neared.

An article published by Vietnam News echoed some of the challenges and opportunities that Vietnam faces in preparation for the AEC. The article said that the deputy head of the Ministry of Industry and Trade, Tran Thanh Hai, was concerned about local enterprises' lack of knowledge of the AEC. It was said that 80% of local enterprises surveyed acknowledged that they have little information about the interests and challenges available for them in the ASEAN market. The article also noted that the general secretary of the Vietnam Steel Association, Chu Duc Khai, said that most of the local steel making enterprises lack information about doing business in the ASEAN market; they have not had a chance to study it, and have only exported small amounts of steel to ASEAN countries. Another challenge is the need to compete with other countries in the ASEAN market to export raw products since the country had mainly exported raw products. The Asian Development Bank also has doubts about Cambodia's ability to meet the AEC deadline. The leading economist of ADB, Jayant Menon, said that Cambodia needs to speed up its customs reform and to press ahead with automating processes to reduce trade costs and minimise the opportunities for corruption and be ready for the implementation of its National Single Window by 2015.

Despite an ASEAN Economic Community goal of significant economic integration as laid out in the AEC Blueprint 2025, ASEAN continues to face challenges towards integration. A report published by the Asian Trade Centre in 2019 identified multiple sectors that face challenges towards integration due to non-tariff barriers that still exist in the region. The report stated that the goals of the AEC 2025 would not be accomplished if ASEAN fails to address the issues of non-tariff measures and eliminate non-tariff barriers in the region.

Security

thumb|Greeting between two naval fleets in the [[South China Sea during the ASEAN-India Maritime Exercise, 8 May 2023]]

ASEAN is recognised by its members to be one of the main forums to discuss security issues; based on the principles in its charter, its main aim is to provide an environment of common understanding and cooperation between the member states to "respond effectively to all forms of threats, transitional crimes and transboundary challenges". Accordingly, ASEAN has embraced the idea of cooperative security which means that ASEAN's approach to security issues is through confidence-building measures and transparency for reducing the tension and conflict between its members. Security policies and plans are concerted by the ASEAN Political-Security Community to envision "a concert of Southeast Asian nations, outward looking, living in peace, stability and prosperity, bonded together in partnership in dynamic development and in a community of caring societies."

Piracy

Piracy in the strait of Malacca and in the Sulu and Celebes Sea is one of the main non-traditional security threats for the region, it has challenged the capacity of its members to ensure coordination of effective policy actions to reduce this phenomenon. As highlighted by the ReCAAP report of 2020: "The increase of incidents (in Asia) during January–June 2020 occurred in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, South China Sea and Singapore Strait." The increment of incidents during 2020, have raised alerts in the region as the phenomenon of piracy could be fostered by the social consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, in their Fourteenth Asean Ministerial Meeting On Transnational Crime the ministers agreed that ASEAN should embrace a greater commitment to strengthen the measures in combating transnational crime in the context of the pandemic. Despite this statement, ASEAN has not updated their plans for combating piracy, although member states created and enforced the Maritime Security Plan of Action 2018-2020, to address the national legal enforcement capacities and creating a common protocol of action to counter piracy allowing the region to cooperate for ensuring the security of the Pacific Ocean, new discussions and agendas for new measures has not been enforced yet.

Accordingly, this plan reinforces the necessity to secure the seas due to the importance of this region geographical and economically, its strategic position as the main link between the Indian and the Pacific Ocean and the region serving as the main passage that connects middle east economies and India with China, Japan, South Korea and Australia. This plan is mainly focused in three priorities:

Shared Awareness and exchange of best practices.
Confidence building measures based on international and regional legal frameworks, arrangements and cooperation.
Capacity building and enhancing cooperation of maritime law enforcement agencies in the region.

In this sense, spread all over the countries of Southeast Asia, criminal organisations with complex structures pose a challenge to ASEAN's coordination capacity to solve the problem despite the plans created within its institutional framework. Although some measures have been implemented by ASEAN, still the complexity of the problem requires deep solutions of cooperation that might alter the balance of its framework. The maritime security plans for the region are based on the ASEAN idea of political-security community; the two main objectives of the APSC are: "to accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development by promoting an identity of equality and partnership as the main foundations of peace and prosperity".

Nonetheless, the institutional framework and decision-making procedures in ASEAN make difficult to reach agreements on piracy. ASEAN has struggled to deliver a coordinated response to solve this problem in the region mainly by two reasons: the first one, could be related to the focalised nature of the problem in subregions rather than the whole region. Consequently, this focalisation generates that the discussions in the main forums (The ASEAN maritime forum (AMF) and Maritime Security Expert Working Group (MSEWG)) have not resulted in actual measures that tackle piracy and involve all member states as major consensus should be reached to enforce them. One example of this, is the possibility discussed by the 10 ASEAN member states to create a joint ASEAN navy in 2015 to carry on operations in one of the piracy hotspots in the region, the strait of Malacca, this proposal ended up being enforced by bilateral/sub-regional efforts rather than in the ASEAN framework (see ReCAAP for further information).  The second one, consensus on non-traditional security issues has been difficult to reach due to contradictory interest between member states, particularly in joint operations between navies and the reach of these joint operations. These issues are generated mainly by unresolved territorial disputes, specially in the maritime domain, at some extent they pose a challenge to ASEAN members in their capacity to cooperate in regards to the maritime security approach.

Consequently, a greater multilateral cooperation has been pushed by the members to solve the piracy challenges on economy, trading and security. Members of the ASEAN, have addressed the necessity for the regional organisation to make some concessions and rearrangements to respond to the challenges that non-traditional security (specifically piracy) issues posse to the security of the ASEAN members. Despite the efforts and plans made by the ASEAN, this organisation is expected to overcome the image of being regarded solely as a forum to discuss security issues. Two possible solutions has been proposed by some member states for this purpose: 1. Promoting relationships with other major actors regionally to overcome the short-time challenges and 2. Rearrange the institutional framework to "avoid contention and seek cooperation to maximize the aggregate ability in order to benefit from making the sea fulfil its economic, security and other goals". Myanmar is in the midst of a devastating civil war, during which the military government that was installed following a coup d'état, has carried out human rights violations against the Rohingya population.

Regional Concerns About Thailand

Political instability in Thailand, particularly due to recurring military involvement in government, has raised concerns within ASEAN about regional stability. Since the 2006 coup, Thailand has experienced multiple military interventions in politics, including the 2014 coup led by General Prayuth Chan-ocha, which resulted in nearly a decade of military-backed governance.

Observers note that Thailand's military dominance has complicated ASEAN's ability to respond cohesively to regional challenges. Domestic instability has at times influenced its foreign policy stance, affecting negotiations on security cooperation and regional humanitarian crises.

AMNEX

The navies of ASEAN member countries participate in the different editions of the ASEAN Multilateral Naval Exercise, or AMNEX.

Notes

References

External links

Organisations

ASEAN Secretariat, retrieved 13 March 2007.
ASEAN Regional Forum, retrieved 13 March 2007.
BBC Country Profile/ASEAN, retrieved 13 March 2007.

ASEAN Summits

24th ASEAN Summit (archived 21 October 2014)
23rd ASEAN Summit (archived 21 October 2014)
14th ASEAN Summit
13th ASEAN Summit official site. Retrieved 16 September 2007 (archived 14 October 2007)
12th ASEAN Summit, retrieved 13 March 2007.
11th ASEAN Summit (official site) 12–14 December 2005 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Retrieved 13 March 2007 (archived 21 June 2018)

ASEAN organisations

ASEAN's official directory of ASEAN organisations
ASEAN Architect (archived 7 August 2009)
ASEAN Law Association
ASEAN Ports Association (archived 27 January 2013)
US-ASEAN Business Council
ASEAN-China Free Trade Area

ASEAN related websites

ASEAN Economic Community
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN); U.S. State Department
ASEAN Story