2nd United States Congress

thumb|275px|Modern tour group visiting the House of Representatives chamber at [[Congress Hall]]

thumb|275px|Senate chamber at [[Congress Hall]]

The 2nd United States Congress, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives, met at Congress Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from March 4, 1791, to March 4, 1793, during the third and fourth years of George Washington's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the provisions of Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution. Additional House seats were assigned to the two new states of Vermont and Kentucky. Both chambers had a Pro-Administration majority.

Major events

April 5, 1792: President Washington used the veto for the first time, vetoing a bill designed to apportion representatives among U.S. states.
April–May, 1792: the House conducted the government's first investigative hearings, examining Gen. Arthur St. Clair's Defeat in the Battle of the Wabash.
October 13, 1792: Foundation of Washington, D.C.: The cornerstone of the United States Executive Mansion, now known as the White House, was laid.

Major legislation

February 20, 1792: Postal Service Act, Sess. 1, ch. 7, , established the U.S. Post Office
March 1, 1792: Act relative to the Election of a President and Vice President of the United States, and to Presidential Succession, Sess. 1, ch. 8, , stated the process for electors and Congress to follow when electing a president and vice president, and established which federal officer would act as president if both the offices of president and vice president became vacant.
April 2, 1792: Coinage Act of 1792, Sess. 1, ch. 16, , established the United States Mint and regulated coinage
April 14, 1792: Apportionment Act of 1792, Sess. 1, ch. 23 , increased the size of the House of Representatives from 69 seats in the 2nd Congress to 105 in the 3rd and apportioned those seats among the several states according to the 1790 census
May 2, 1792: First Militia Act of 1792, Sess. 1, ch. 28, , empowered the president to call out the militias of the various states in the event of an invasion or rebellion.
May 5, 1792: Debtors' Prison Relief Act of 1792, Sess. 1, ch. 29, , established penal regulations and restrictions for persons' gaoled for property debt, tax evasion, and tax resistance.
May 8, 1792: Second Militia Act of 1792, Sess. 1, ch. 33, , required that every free able-bodied white male citizen of the various states, between the ages of 18 and 45, enroll in the militia of the state in which they reside.
February 12, 1793: Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, Sess. 2, ch. 7,
March 2, 1793: Judiciary Act of 1793 (including Anti-Injunction Act), Sess. 2, ch. 22,

States admitted

March 4, 1791: Vermont was admitted as the 14th state,
June 1, 1792: Kentucky was admitted as the 15th state,

Constitutional amendments

December 15, 1791: The first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution, collectively known as the Bill of Rights, were ratified by the requisite number of states (then 11) to become part of the Constitution.

Party summary

There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.

Details on changes are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.

Senate

During this congress, two new Senate seats were added for each of the new states of Vermont and Kentucky.

{| width=300px align=right

| <gallery mode="slideshow" caption="Senate membership">

File:United States Beginning Senate 1790.svg|Beginning of the Congress

File:United States Senate 1793.svg|End of the Congress

</gallery>

{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"

|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"

! rowspan=3 |

! colspan=2 | Faction <div style="font-size:80%">(Shading indicates faction control)</div>

! rowspan=3 | Total

|- style="height:5px"

| style="background-color:" |

| style="background-color:black" |

|- valign= bottom

! Anti-Administration<br/>(A)

! Pro-Administration<br/>(P)

! Vacant

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | End of<br/>previous Congress

| 8

| | 18

! 26

| 0

| colspan=5 |

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | Begin

| rowspan=3 | 8

| | 17

! 25

| 1

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | March 4, 1791

| | 16

! 24

| 2

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | June 13, 1791

| rowspan=5 | 17

! 25

| rowspan=3 | 1

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | November 4, 1791

| 10

! 27

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | June 18, 1792

| 12

! 29

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | October 8, 1792

| 11

! 28

| 2

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | October 18, 1792

| rowspan=3 | 12

! 29

| 1

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | November 30, 1792

| | 16

! 28

| 2

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | January 10, 1793

| rowspan=2 | 17

! 29

| 1

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" |February 28, 1793

| 13

! 30

| 0

! Final voting share

| 43.3%

| | 56.7%

| colspan=3 |

| colspan=5 |

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | Beginning of the<br/>next Congress

| 14

| | 16

! 30

| 0

House of Representatives

350px|thumb|Members of the House of Representatives as shared by each state

During this congress, two new House seats were added for each of the new states of Vermont and Kentucky. (Sess. 3, ch. 9, )

{| width=300px align=right

| <gallery mode="slideshow" caption="House membership">

File:23-31-5V.svg|Beginning of the Congress

File:28-36-1V.svg|End of the Congress

</gallery>

{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"

|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"

! rowspan=3 |

! colspan=2 | Faction <div style="font-size:80%">(Shading indicates faction control)</div>

! rowspan=3 | Total

|- style="height:5px"

| style="background-color:" |

| style="background-color:black" |

|- valign= bottom

! Anti-Administration<br/>(A)

! Pro-Administration<br/>(P)

! Vacant

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | End of<br/>previous Congress

| 28

| | 36

! 64

| 1

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | Begin<br>March 4, 1791

| rowspan=2 | 25

| | 37

! 62

| 3

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | April 4, 1791

| rowspan=2 | 38

! 63

| 2

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | October 24, 1791

| rowspan=2 | 28

! 66

| 1

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | November 1791

| rowspan=3 | 37

! 65

| 2

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | February 6, 1792

| 29

! 66

| 1

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | March 21, 1792

| rowspan=2 | 28

! 65

| 2

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | April 2, 1792

| rowspan=6 | 38

! 66

| 1

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | June 1, 1792

| 27

! 65

| 4

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | November 8, 1792

| 28

! 66

| 3

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | November 9, 1792

| 29

! 67

| 2

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | November 22, 1792

| 30

! 68

| 1

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | December 6, 1792

| rowspan=2 | 29

! 67

| 2

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | January 30, 1793

| | 39

! 68

| 1

! Final voting share

| 42.6%

| | 57.4%

| colspan=3 |

| colspan=5 |

! nowrap style="font-size:80%" | Beginning of the<br/>next Congress

| | 55

| 50

! 105

| 0

Leadership

thumb|Senate President<br/>[[John Adams]]

Senate

President: John Adams (P)
President pro tempore:
Richard Henry Lee (P)
John Langdon (P), elected November 5, 1792

House of Representatives

Speaker: Jonathan Trumbull Jr. (P)

Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district.

Senate

Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 1796; Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1792; and Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1794.

Connecticut

: 1. Oliver Ellsworth (P)

: 3. William S. Johnson (P), until March 4, 1791

:: Roger Sherman (P), from June 13, 1791

Delaware

: 1. George Read (P)

: 2. Richard Bassett (P)

Georgia

: 2. William Few (A)

: 3. James Gunn (A)

Kentucky

: 2. John Brown (A), from June 18, 1792

: 3. John Edwards (A), from June 18, 1792

Maryland

: 1. Charles Carroll (P), until November 30, 1792

:: Richard Potts (P), from February 4, 1793

: 3. John Henry (P)

Massachusetts

: 1. George Cabot (P)

: 2. Caleb Strong (P)

New Hampshire

: 2. Paine Wingate (A)

: 3. John Langdon (P)

New Jersey

: 1. John Rutherfurd (P)

: 2. Philemon Dickinson (P)

New York

: 1. Aaron Burr (A)

: 3. Rufus King (P)

North Carolina

: 2. Samuel Johnston (P)

: 3. Benjamin Hawkins (P)

Pennsylvania

: 1. Albert Gallatin (A), from February 28, 1793 (not formally installed until next Congress)

: 3. Robert Morris (P)

Rhode Island

: 1. Theodore Foster (P)

: 2. Joseph Stanton Jr. (A)

South Carolina

: 2. Pierce Butler (A)

: 3. Ralph Izard (P)

Vermont

: 1. Moses Robinson (A), from October 17, 1791

: 3. Stephen R. Bradley (A), from October 17, 1791

Virginia

: 2. Richard Henry Lee (A), until October 8, 1792

:: John Taylor of Caroline (A), from December 12, 1792

: 1. James Monroe (A)

[[File:2nd United States Congress Senators.svg|thumb|375px|Senators' party membership by state at the opening of the 2nd Congress in March 1791.

]]

thumb|President pro tempore [[Richard Henry Lee]]

House of Representatives

The names of representatives are preceded by their districts.

Connecticut

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

: . James Hillhouse (P)

: . Amasa Learned (P)

: . Jonathan Sturges (P)

: . Jonathan Trumbull Jr. (P)

: . Jeremiah Wadsworth (P)

Delaware

: . John Vining (P)

Georgia

All representatives were elected statewide from individual districts.

: . Anthony Wayne (A), until March 21, 1792 (seat declared vacant)

:: John Milledge (A), from November 22, 1792

: . Abraham Baldwin (A)

: . Francis Willis (A)

Kentucky

: . Christopher Greenup (A), from November 9, 1792

: . Alexander D. Orr (A), from November 8, 1792

Maryland

All representatives were elected statewide from individual districts.

: . Philip Key (P)

: . Joshua Seney (A), until December 6, 1792

:: William Hindman (P), from January 30, 1793

: . William Pinkney (P), until November 9, 1791

:: John F. Mercer (A), from February 6, 1792

: . Samuel Sterett (A)

: . William Vans Murray (P)

: . Upton Sheredine (A)

Massachusetts

: . Fisher Ames (P)

: . Benjamin Goodhue (P)

: . Elbridge Gerry (A)

: . Theodore Sedgwick (P)

: . Shearjashub Bourne (P)

: . George Leonard (P), from April 2, 1792 (late election)

: . Artemas Ward (P)

: . George Thatcher (P), from April 4, 1791 (late election)

New Hampshire

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

: . Nicholas Gilman (P)

: . Samuel Livermore (P)

: . Jeremiah Smith (P)

New Jersey

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

: . Elias Boudinot (P)

: . Abraham Clark (P)

: . Jonathan Dayton (P)

: . Aaron Kitchell (A)

New York

: . Thomas Tredwell (A), from October 24, 1791

: . John Laurance (P)

: . Egbert Benson (P)

: . Cornelius C. Schoonmaker (A)

: . Peter Silvester (P)

: . James Gordon (P)

North Carolina

There was a special redistricting for this Congress.

: . John Steele (P)

: . Nathaniel Macon (A)

: . John Baptista Ashe (A)

: . Hugh Williamson (A)

: . William Barry Grove (P)

Pennsylvania

: . Thomas Fitzsimons (P)

: . Frederick Muhlenberg (A)

: . Israel Jacobs (P)

: . Daniel Hiester (A)

: . John Wilkes Kittera (P)

: . Andrew Gregg (A)

: . Thomas Hartley (P)

: . William Findley (A)

Rhode Island

: . Benjamin Bourne (P)

South Carolina

: . William L. Smith (P)

: . Robert Barnwell (P)

: . Daniel Huger (P)

: . Thomas Sumter (A)

: . Thomas Tudor Tucker (A)

Vermont

: . Israel Smith (A), from October 31, 1791

: . Nathaniel Niles (A), from October 31, 1791

Virginia

: . Alexander White (P)

: . John Brown (A), until June 1, 1792 (when his district became Kentucky)

:: Vacant thereafter

: . Andrew Moore (A)

: . Richard Bland Lee (P)

: . James Madison (A)

: . Abraham B. Venable (A)

: . John Page (A)

: . Josiah Parker (P)

: . William B. Giles (A)

: . Samuel Griffin (A)

thumb|Speaker [[Jonathan Trumbull Jr.]]

Membership changes

There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.