Presidential and vice presidential elections were held in the Philippines on May 11, 1998. In the presidential election, Vice President Joseph Estrada won a six-year term as President by a landslide victory. In the vice-presidential race, Senator Gloria Macapagal Arroyo won a six-year term as Vice President, also by a landslide victory. This was the third election where both the president and vice president came from different parties.
Background
At the tail-end of the presidency of Fidel V. Ramos, several politicians began jockeying for the nomination of his Lakas–NUCD–UMDP party. This included House Speaker Jose de Venecia Jr., National Defense Secretary Renato de Villa, and Cebu Governor Lito Osmeña.
The Lakas nominee was widely expected to face Vice President Joseph Estrada, who had been the leading candidate in various opinion polls. Estrada had earlier declared in 1992 that he would not run for president, stating his intention to retire upon reaching the age of 60 in 1998, but he later recanted this decision.
Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago, who believed she had been cheated out of the presidency by Ramos in 1992, was also expected to run again.
Former First Lady Imelda Marcos was likewise seen as a potential presidential contender. She banked on the support of loyalists of her husband, deposed president Ferdinand Marcos.
Senator Leticia Ramos-Shahani initially launched her presidential campaign on July 6, 1997, in Pasig City with Lito Osmeña as her running mate. However, she eventually decided to withdraw from the race and instead run for governor of Pangasinan.
Senator Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, who had topped the 1995 Senate election, was also considered a strong presidential contender, founding Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino with Tito Sotto, who himself topped the 1992 Senate election, widely seen as her likely running mate.
Senator Raul Roco, who had built a noteworthy Senate career by this point, gained strong backing from the youth through his own party, Aksyon Demokratiko.
The Lakas convention ultimately nominated de Venecia, Ramos' handpicked successor, for president. This led de Villa and Osmeña to bolt from Lakas and set up their own parties. De Venecia picked Arroyo as his vice presidential running mate.
The Liberal Party nominated Manila Mayor Alfredo Lim for president. Meanwhile, the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino, Nationalist People's Coalition and Estrada's own Partido ng Masang Pilipino (the forerunner of the Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino) established an electoral alliance known as Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino. Estrada chose Senator Edgardo Angara of LDP as his running mate.
Weeks before election day, Marcos withdrew from the race. Estrada had widened his lead over the other candidates by this point.
Candidates
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="2" |Presidential candidate
! Position
! colspan=2| Party
! colspan="2" |Vice presidential candidate
! Position
! colspan=2| Party
|-
|161x161px
| Jose de Venecia Jr.
| Speaker of the House of Representatives
|colspan=1 bgcolor=|
| Lakas–NUCD–UMDP
|155x155px
| Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
| Senator
|colspan=1 bgcolor=|
| Lakas–NUCD–UMDP
|-
|129x129px
| Renato de Villa
| Former Secretary of National Defense (1991–1997)
|colspan=1 bgcolor=|
| Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma
|164x164px
| Oscar Orbos
| Governor of Pangasinan
|colspan=1 bgcolor=|
| Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma
|-
|160x160px
| Miriam Defensor Santiago
| Senator
|colspan=1 bgcolor=|
| People's Reform Party
|129x129px
| Francisco Tatad
| Senator
|colspan=1 bgcolor=|
| People's Reform Party
|-
|
| Santiago Dumlao
|None
|colspan=1|
| Kilusan para sa Pambansang Pagpapanibago
|
| Reynaldo Pacheco
|None
|colspan=1|
| Kilusan para sa Pambansang Pagpapanibago
|-
|151x151px
| Joseph Estrada
| Vice President
|colspan=1 bgcolor=|
| Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino
|147x147px
| Edgardo Angara
| Senator
|colspan=1 bgcolor=|
| Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino
|-
|157x157px
| Alfredo Lim
| Mayor of Manila
|colspan=1 bgcolor=|
| Liberal Party
|155x155px
| Serge Osmeña
| Senator
|colspan=1 bgcolor=|
| Liberal Party
|-
|
| Manuel Morato
| Chairperson of the Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office
|colspan=1|
| Partido Bansang Marangal
|
| Camilo Sabio
| Secretary-General of the House of Representatives
|colspan=1|
| Partido Bansang Marangal
|-
|
| Lito Osmeña
| Former Chief Presidential Economic Adviser (1993–1997)
|colspan=1 bgcolor=|
| Probinsya Muna Development Initiative
|146x146px
| Ismael Sueno
| Former Assembly Member of the Southern Philippine Council for Peace and Development (1997–1998)
|colspan=1 bgcolor=|
| Probinsya Muna Development Initiative
|-
|
| Juan Ponce Enrile
| Senator
|colspan=1 bgcolor=|
| Independent
| colspan="5" |None
|-
|151x151px
| Raul Roco
| Senator
|colspan=1 bgcolor=|
| Aksyon Demokratiko
|
| Irene Santiago
| None
|colspan=1 bgcolor=|
| Aksyon Demokratiko
|}
Lakas nomination
There were four candidates who sought the nomination of Lakas–NUCD: Jose de Venecia, Renato de Villa, Lito Osmeña, and Bulacan Governor Roberto Pagdanganan. De Villa was confident he would be selected by the party, as he, like President Ramos, was a former constabulary general. However, during the official Lakas party meeting, the presidential nomination was awarded to de Venecia. Following this, de Villa bolted from the party and formed Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma, while Osmeña established Probinsya Muna Development Initiative.
Opinion polling
Opinion polling, commonly known as "surveys" in the Philippines were administered primarily by Social Weather Stations in 1998.
The tables below graph the last three surveys conducted.
For president
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Pollster
! rowspan="2" |Fieldwork date
! rowspan="2" width="60px" |Sample size
! rowspan="2" width="60px" |Margin of error
!width=60px|de Venecia
!width=60px|de Villa
!width=60px|Defensor Santiago
!width=60px|Dumlao
!width=60px|Estrada
!width=60px|Lim
!width=60px|Marcos
!width=60px|Morato
!width=60px|Osmeña
!width=60px|Ponce Enrile
!width=60px|Roco
! rowspan="2" width="60px" |Undecided
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |SWS
|Apr 8–16
|1,500
|±3%
|14
|5
|7
|0.4
|
28
|14
|2
|1
|9
|2
|11
|7
|-
|Feb 21–27
|1,500
|±3%
|12
|6
|5
|0.1
|
28
|14
|2.3
|0.6
|13
|0.9
|9
|10
|}
For vice president
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" |Pollster
! rowspan="2" |Fieldwork date
! rowspan="2" width="60px" |Sample size
! rowspan="2" width="60px" |Margin of error
!width=60px|Angara
!width=60px|Macapagal Arroyo
!width=60px|Orbos
!width=60px|Osmeña
!width=60px|Pacheco
!width=60px|Sabio
!width=60px|Santiago
!width=60px|Sueño
!width=60px|Tatad
! rowspan="2" width="60px" |Undecided
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |SWS
|Apr 8–16
|-bgcolor="#EEEEEE" align="center"
!rowspan="2" style="width: 15em" | Candidate
!rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 15em" | Party
! style="width: 14em" colspan="3" | Results
|-bgcolor="#EEEEEE" align="center"
! style="width: 9em" | Votes
! style="width: 5em" | %
! style="width: 5em" | Diff*
|-
|align=left| Joseph Estrada
|
|8,239,823
|39.47%
|−0.39%
|-
|align=left| Jose de Venecia
|
|3,247,067 ||15.55% ||−0.32%
|-
|align=left| Raul Roco
|
|2,923,842 ||14.00% ||0.17%
|-
|align=left| Emilio Osmeña
|
|2,454,432 ||11.76% ||−0.68%
|-
|align=left| Alfredo Lim
|
|1,815,664 ||8.70% ||−0.01%
|-
|align=left| Renato de Villa
|
|1,028,854 ||4.93% ||0.07%
|-
|align=left| Miriam Defensor Santiago
|
|584,633 ||2.80% ||−0.16%
|-
|align=left| Juan Ponce Enrile
|
|297,801 ||1.43% ||0.15%
|-
|align=left| Imelda Marcos (withdrew)
|
|232,714 ||1.11% || N/A
|-
|align=left| Santiago Dumlao || ||align=left| Kilusan para sa Pambansang Pagpapanibago ||29,327 ||0.14% ||0.02%
|-
|align=left| Manuel Morato || ||align=left|Partido Bansang Marangal ||23,208 ||0.07% ||0.04%
|-bgcolor="#EEEEEE" style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="3" align="right" | Votes
| align="right" | 20,877,365
| align="right" | 100.00%
| align="right" | —
|}*Difference from the NAMFREL quick count from the official congressional canvass.
Voter demographics
{| class=wikitable
|+1998 presidential vote by demographic subgroup
|-
! Demographic subgroup
! style="width: 10px; background: #ffa500;" | Estrada
! style="width: 10px; background: #B0E0E6" | de Venecia
! style="width: 10px; background: #9683ec;" | Roco
! style="width: 10px; background: #0000CD;" | <span style="color:white">Osmeña</span>
! |Other
! % of<br />total vote
|-
| Total vote
| style="text-align:right; background: #ffa500;" | 39
| style="text-align:right; background: #B0E0E6;" | 16
| style="text-align:right; background: #9683ec;" | 13
| style="text-align:right; background: #0000CD;" | <span style="color:white">12</span>
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 20
| style="text-align:right;" | 100
|-
| NCR
| style="text-align:right; background: #ffa500;" | 33
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 11
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 28
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 4
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 24
| style="text-align:right;" | 9
|-
| CAR
| style="text-align:right; background: #ffa500;" | 47
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 24
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 12
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 0
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 17
| style="text-align:right;" | 5
|-
| Region I - Ilocos
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 33
| style="text-align:right; background: #B0E0E6;" | 61
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 2
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 0
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 4
| style="text-align:right;" | 6
|-
| Region II - Cagayan
| style="text-align:right; background: #ffa500;" | 44
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 13
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 4
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 1
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 38
| style="text-align:right;" | 5
|-
| Region III - Central Luzon
| style="text-align:right; background: #ffa500;" | 50
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 15
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 17
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 1
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 17
| style="text-align:right;" | 7
|-
| Region IV - Southern Tagalog
| style="text-align:right; background: #ffa500;" | 45
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 10
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 12
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 1
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 32
| style="text-align:right;" | 12
|-
| Region V - Bicol
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 14
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 8
| style="text-align:right; background: #9683ec;" | 75
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 0
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 3
| style="text-align:right;" | 5
|-
| Region VI - Western Visayas
| style="text-align:right; background: #ffa500;" | 40
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 12
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 3
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 9
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 36
| style="text-align:right;" | 9
|-
| Region VII - Central Visayas
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 20
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 12
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 5
| style="text-align:right; background: #0000CD;" | <span style="color:white">52</span>
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 11
| style="text-align:right;" | 7
|-
| Region VIII - Eastern Visayas
| style="text-align:right; background: #ffa500;" | 48
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 18
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 1
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 23
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 10
| style="text-align:right;" | 4
|-
| Region IX - Western Mindanao
| style="text-align:right; background: #ffa500;" | 39
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 19
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 4
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 20
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 18
| style="text-align:right;" | 6
|-
| Region X - Northern Mindanao
| style="text-align:right; background: #ffa500;" | 33
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 20
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 3
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 31
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 13
| style="text-align:right;" | 5
|-
| Region XI - Southern Mindanao
| style="text-align:right; background: #ffa500;" | 44
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 12
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 3
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 30
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 11
| style="text-align:right;" | 8
|-
| Region XII - Central Mindanao
| style="text-align:right; background: #ffa500;" | 52
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 18
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 3
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 15
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 12
| style="text-align:right;" | 6
|-
| ARMM
| style="text-align:right; background: #ffa500;" | 63
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 25
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 1
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 2
| style="text-align:right; background: #white;" | 9
| style="text-align:right;" | 6
|}
Source: Exit polls conducted by Social Weather Stations on May 12, 100% total (margin of error: 1.3%)
For vice-president
Arroyo also carried most of the provinces including her home province of Pampanga. Other candidates also carried their home provinces such as Angara of Aurora, and Quezon being mother province, Orbos of Pangasinan, Tatad of Catanduanes and Sueno of South Cotabato.
Only Osmeña of Cebu failed to capture the votes of their home provinces.
NAMFREL quick count
Take note that Reynaldo Pacheco had a higher number of votes in the NAMFREL quick count than the official congressional canvass.
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:right; font-size:92%;"
|+NAMFREL quick count result (79.25% of precincts)
See also
- Commission on Elections
- Politics of the Philippines
- Philippine elections
- President of the Philippines
- 11th Congress of the Philippines
Notes
References
</references>
External links
- The Philippine Presidency Project
- Official website of the Commission on Elections
- Official website of the House of Representatives