The 1922 United States House of Representatives elections were elections for the United States House of Representatives to elect members to serve in the 68th United States Congress. They were held for the most part on November 7, 1922, though Maine held its on September 11. They occurred in the middle of President Warren G. Harding's term. Just as voters had expressed their distrust of Wilson in 1920, now voters had a chance to express the widespread feeling that Congress had failed to address economic problems, especially the brief but sharp Depression of 1920–1921. Most of the seats that Republicans lost had long been held by Democrats, who now returned with an even stronger base in the major cities.
The Republican Party lost a net of 77 seats to the opposition Democratic Party. The Republicans were neither unified nor well led, and they could boast of very few successes except tax cuts and higher tariffs that pleased manufacturing interest but raised consumer prices. With Senator Bob La Follette as their unofficial leader, some progressives formed a small but highly vocal group on the left of the Republican Party. Former Progressives from 1912 who had supported Theodore Roosevelt mostly refused to support LaFollette, who had been a bitter enemy of Roosevelt's. Republicans nonetheless retained a narrow majority, although splits in the party made it difficult for Harding to govern. In Minnesota, the Farmer–Labor Party, also gained several seats. The Democrats showed their greatest support in the industrial cities, where the Irish and German element returned to that party. In addition, there was growing support among the more recent immigrants, who had become more Americanized. Many ethnic families now had a veteran in their midst, and paid closer attention to national issues, such as the question of a bonus for veterans. There was also an expression of annoyance with the federal prohibition of beer and wine, and the closing of most saloons.
This was the first election after the completion of the 1920 United States census. However, the Republican-controlled Congress failed to reapportion the House membership prior to the 1922 election, and therefore the congressional districts remained based on the 1910 census for another decade. This failure to reapportion may have been politically motivated, as Republicans may have feared the effect such a reapportionment would have on their future electoral prospects.
Overall results
{| style="width:60%; text-align:center"
|+ ↓
|- style="color:white"
| style="background:; width:47.09%" | 207
| style="background:; width:0.69%" | 3
| style="background:; width:52.22%" | 225
|-
| <span style="color:">Democratic</span>
|
| <span style="color:">Republican</span>
|}
Source: Election Statistics – Office of the Clerk
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|- valign=bottom
! rowspan=2 | State
! rowspan=2 | Type
! rowspan=2 | Total<br/>seats
! colspan=2 | Democratic
! colspan=2 | Republican
! Colspan=2 | Others
|- class=small
! | Seats
! | Change
! | Seats
! | Change
! Seats
! Change
|-
! Alabama
| Districts
| 10
| | 10
| data-sort-value=0 |
| | 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Arizona
| At-large
| 1
| | 1
| data-sort-value=0 |
| | 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Arkansas
| Districts
| 7
| | 7
| data-sort-value=0 |
| | 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! California
| Districts
| 11
| | 2
| data-sort-value=0 |
| | 9
| data-sort-value=0 |
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Colorado
| Districts
| 4
| | 1
| data-sort-value=0 |
| | 3
| data-sort-value=0 |
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Connecticut
| Districts
| 5
| | 1
| data-sort-value=1 | 1
| | 4
| data-sort-value=-1 | 1
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Delaware
| At-large
| 1
| | 1
| data-sort-value=1 | 1
| | 0
| data-sort-value=-1 | 1
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Florida
| Districts
| 4
| | 4
| data-sort-value=0 |
| | 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Georgia
| Districts
| 12
| | 12
| data-sort-value=0 |
| | 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Idaho
| Districts
| 2
| | 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
| | 2
| data-sort-value=0 |
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Illinois
| Districts<br/>+2 at-large
| 27
| | 7
| data-sort-value=4 | 4
| | 20
| data-sort-value=-4 | 4
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Indiana
| Districts
| 13
| | 5
| data-sort-value=5 | 5
| | 8
| data-sort-value=-5 | 5
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Iowa
| Districts
| 11
| | 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
| | 11
| data-sort-value=0 |
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Kansas
| Districts
| 8
| | 1
| data-sort-value=1 | 1
| | 7
| data-sort-value=-1 | 1
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Kentucky
| Districts
| 11
| | 8
| data-sort-value=0 |
| | 3
| data-sort-value=0 |
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Louisiana
| Districts
| 8
| | 8
| data-sort-value=0 |
| | 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Maine
| Districts
| 4
| | 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
| | 4
| data-sort-value=0 |
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Maryland
| Districts
| 6
| | 3
| data-sort-value=1 | 1
| | 3
| data-sort-value=-1 | 1
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Massachusetts
| Districts
| 16
| | 3
| data-sort-value=1 | 1
| | 13
| data-sort-value=-1 | 1
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Michigan
| Districts
| 13
| | 1
| data-sort-value=1 | 1
| | 12
| data-sort-value=-1 | 1
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Minnesota
| Districts
| 10
| | 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
| | 8
| data-sort-value=-2 | 2
| | 2
| data-sort-value=2 | 2
|-
! Mississippi
| Districts
| 8
| | 8
| data-sort-value=0 |
| | 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Missouri
| Districts
| 16
| | 11
| data-sort-value=9 | 9
| | 5
| data-sort-value=-9 | 9
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Montana
| Districts
| 2
| | 1
| data-sort-value=1 | 1
| | 1
| data-sort-value=-1 | 1
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Nebraska
| Districts
| 6
| | 3
| data-sort-value=3 | 3
| | 3
| data-sort-value=-3 | 3
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Nevada
| At-large
| 1
| | 1
| data-sort-value=1 | 1
| | 0
| data-sort-value=-1 | 1
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! New Hampshire
| Districts
| 2
| | 1
| data-sort-value=1 | 1
| | 1
| data-sort-value=-1 | 1
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! New Jersey
| Districts
| 12
| | 6
| data-sort-value=5 | 5
| | 6
| data-sort-value=-5 | 5
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! New Mexico
| At-large
| 1
| | 1
| data-sort-value=1 | 1
| | 0
| data-sort-value=-1 | 1
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! New York
| Districts
| 43
| | 23
| data-sort-value=14 | 14
| | 20
| data-sort-value=-13 | 13
| 0
| data-sort-value=-1 | 1
|-
! North Carolina
| Districts
| 10
| | 10
| data-sort-value=0 |
| | 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! North Dakota
| Districts
| 3
| | 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
| | 3
| data-sort-value=0 |
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Ohio
| Districts
| 22
| | 6
| data-sort-value=6 | 6
| | 16
| data-sort-value=-6 | 6
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Oklahoma
| Districts
| 8
| | 7
| data-sort-value=4 | 4
| | 1
| data-sort-value=-4 | 4
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Oregon
| Districts
| 3
| | 1
| data-sort-value=1 | 1
| | 2
| data-sort-value=-1 | 1
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Pennsylvania
| Districts
| 36
| | 6
| data-sort-value=5 | 5
| | 30
| data-sort-value=-5 | 5
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Rhode Island
| Districts
| 3
| | 1
| data-sort-value=1 | 1
| | 2
| data-sort-value=-1 | 1
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! South Carolina
| Districts
| 7
| | 7
| data-sort-value=0 |
| | 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! South Dakota
| Districts
| 3
| | 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
| | 3
| data-sort-value=0 |
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Tennessee
| Districts
| 10
| | 8
| data-sort-value=3 | 3
| | 2
| data-sort-value=-3 | 3
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Texas
| Districts
| 18
| | 17
| data-sort-value=0 |
| | 1
| data-sort-value=0 |
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Utah
| Districts
| 2
| | 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
| | 2
| data-sort-value=0 |
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Vermont
| Districts
| 2
| | 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
| | 2
| data-sort-value=0 |
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Virginia
| Districts
| 10
| | 10
| data-sort-value=1 | 1
| | 0
| data-sort-value=-1 | 1
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Washington
| Districts
| 5
| | 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
| | 5
| data-sort-value=0 |
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! West Virginia
| Districts
| 6
| | 4
| data-sort-value=4 | 4
| | 2
| data-sort-value=-4 | 4
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! Wisconsin
| Districts
| 11
| | 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
| | 10
| data-sort-value=-1 | 1
| | 1
| data-sort-value=1 | 1
|-
! Wyoming
| At-large
| 1
| | 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
| | 1
| data-sort-value=0 |
| 0
| data-sort-value=0 |
|-
! colspan=2 | Total
! 435
! | 207<br/>
! | 75
! | 225<br/>
! | 77
! 3<br/>
! 2
|}
{|
|- valign=top
| [[File:68 us house changes.png|thumb|450px|
{| width=100%
! align=center colspan=3 | Net gains per state
|-
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
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|
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|-
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|-
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|}]]
| [[File:68 us house membership.png|thumb|450px|
{| width=100%
! align=center colspan=2 | House seats by party holding plurality in state
|-
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|-
|
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|-
|
|
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | Stripes: 50/50 split
|}]]
|}
Special elections
|-
!
| John A. Peters
| | Republican
| 1913
| | Incumbent resigned when appointed to U.S. District Court for the District of Maine.<br/>New member <!--elected-->elected March 20, 1922.<br/>Republican hold.
|
|-
!
| Henry D. Flood
| | Democratic
| 1900
| | Incumbent died December 8, 1921.<br/>New member <!--elected-->elected March 21, 1922.<br/>Democratic hold.
|
|-
!
| Lucian W. Parrish
| | Democratic
| 1918
| | Incumbent died March 27, 1922.<br/>New member <!--elected-->elected May 22, 1922.<br/>Democratic hold.
|
|-
!
| Joseph Walsh
| | Republican
| 1914
| | Incumbent resigned when appointed to Massachusetts Superior Court.<br/>New member <!--elected-->elected November 7, 1922.<br/>Republican hold.<br/>Winner also elected to the next term.
| nowrap |
|-
!
| Lemuel P. Padgett
| | Democratic
| 1900
| | Incumbent died August 2, 1922.<br/>New member elected November 7, 1922.<br/>Democratic hold.<br/>Winner was not elected to the next term.
| nowrap |
|-
!
| Henry Alexander Baldwin
| | Republican
| 1922
| | Incumbent retired.<br/>Democratic gain.
| nowrap |
|}
See also
- 1922 United States elections
- 1922 United States Senate elections
- 1922 United States gubernatorial elections
- 67th United States Congress
- 68th United States Congress
Notes
References
Sources
Further reading
- Berner, David. The Politics of Provincialism: The Democratic party in transition, 1918–1932 (1968)
- Ciment, ed., James. Encyclopedia of the Jazz Age: From the end of World War I to the Great Crash (2008)