1920s - WikiHQ

<imagemap>File:1920s decade montage.png|From left, clockwise: Third Tipperary Brigade Flying Column No. 2 under Seán Hogan during the Irish War of Independence, 1920; prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol, 1921, in accordance with the 18th amendment, which made alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States throughout the entire decade; in 1927, Charles Lindbergh embarks on the first solo nonstop flight from New York to Paris on the Spirit of St. Louis; a crowd gathering on Wall Street after the 1929 stock market crash, which led to the Great Depression; Benito Mussolini and fascist Blackshirts during the March on Rome in 1922; the People's Liberation Army attacking government defensive positions in Shandong, during the Chinese Civil War; the women's suffrage campaign leads to numerous countries granting women the right to vote and be elected; Babe Ruth becomes the most famous baseball player of the time.|335px|thumb

rect 1 1 298 178 Irish War of Independence

rect 302 1 572 178 Prohibition in the United States

rect 1 181 194 400 Women's suffrage

rect 198 181 395 399 Babe Ruth

rect 399 182 572 401 Spirit of St. Louis

rect 1 405 250 599 Chinese Civil War

rect 255 404 416 599 March on Rome

rect 419 405 572 598 1929 stock market crash

</imagemap>

The 1920s (pronounced "nineteen-twenties"; often shortened to the "20s" or the "Twenties") was a decade that began on January 1, 1920, and ended on December 31, 1929. Primarily known for the economic boom that occurred in the Western World following the end of World War I (1914–1918), the decade is frequently referred to as the "Roaring Twenties" or the "Jazz Age" in America and Western Europe, and the "Golden Twenties" in Germany, while French speakers refer to the period as the "Années folles" ('crazy years') to emphasize the decade's social, artistic, and cultural dynamism.

The devastating Wall Street crash in October 1929 is generally viewed as a harbinger of the end of 1920s prosperity in North America and Europe. In the Soviet Union, the New Economic Policy was created by the Bolsheviks in 1921, to be replaced by the first five-year plan in 1928. The 1920s saw the rise of radical political movements, with the Red Army triumphing against White movement forces in the Russian Civil War, and the emergence of far-right political movements in Europe. In 1922, the fascist leader Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy. Other dictators that emerged included Józef Piłsudski in Poland, and Peter and Alexander Karađorđević in Yugoslavia. First-wave feminism made advances, with women gaining the right to vote in the United States (1920), Albania (1920), Ireland (1921), and with suffrage being expanded in Britain to all women over 21 years old (1928).

In Turkey, nationalist forces defeated Greece, France, Armenia, and Britain in the Turkish War of Independence, leading to the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), a treaty more favorable to Turkey than the earlier proposed Treaty of Sèvres. The war also led to the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate. Nationalist revolts also occurred in Ireland (1919–1921) and Syria (1925–1927). Under Mussolini, Italy pursued a more aggressive domestic and foreign policy, leading to the nigh-eradication of the Sicilian Mafia and the Second Italo-Senussi War in Libya respectively. In 1927, China erupted into a civil war between the Kuomintang (KMT)-led government of the Republic of China (ROC) and forces of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Civil wars also occurred in Paraguay (1922–1923), Ireland (1922–1923), Honduras (1924), Nicaragua (1926–1927), and Afghanistan (1928–1929). Saudi forces conquered Jabal Shammar and subsequently, Hejaz.

A severe famine occurred in Russia (1921–1922) due to the combined effects of economic disturbance because of the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War, exacerbated by rail systems that could not distribute food efficiently, leading to 5 million deaths. Another severe famine occurred in China (1928–1930), leading to 6 million deaths. The Spanish flu pandemic (1918–1920) and Russian typhus epidemic (1918–1922), which had begun in the previous decade, caused 25–50 million and 2–3 million deaths respectively. Major natural disasters of this decade include the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake (258,707~273,407 deaths), 1922 Shantou typhoon (50,000–100,000 deaths), 1923 Great Kantō earthquake (105,385–142,800 deaths), and 1927 Gulang earthquake (40,912 deaths).

Silent films were popular in this decade, with the highest-grossing film of this decade being either the American silent epic adventure-drama film Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ or the American silent war drama film The Big Parade, depending on the metrics used. Sinclair Lewis was a popular author in the United States in the 1920s,  with his books Main Street and Elmer Gantry becoming best-sellers. Best-selling books outside the US included the Czech book The Good Soldier Švejk, which sold 20 million copies.  Songs of this decade included "Mack the Knife" and "Tiptoe Through the Tulips".

During the 1920s, the world population increased from 1.87 to 2.05 billion, with approximately 700 million births and 525 million deaths in total.

The Roaring Twenties brought about several novel and highly visible social and cultural trends. These trends, made possible by sustained economic prosperity, were most visible in major cities like New York, Chicago, Paris, Berlin, and London. "Normalcy" returned to politics in the wake of hyper-emotional patriotism during World War I, jazz blossomed, and Art Deco peaked. For women, knee-length skirts and dresses became socially acceptable, as did bobbed hair with a finger wave or marcel wave. The women who pioneered these trends were frequently referred to as flappers.

The era saw the large-scale adoption of automobiles, telephones, motion pictures, radio, and household electricity, as well as unprecedented industrial growth, accelerated consumer demand and aspirations, and significant changes in lifestyle and culture, mostly in the urbanized areas of the Western World. The media became increasingly more important and began to focus on celebrities like sports heroes and movie stars and began to include women. Some film historians call this distribution of images and invention a "frenzy of the visible." Large baseball stadiums were built in major US cities, in addition to palatial cinemas.

Many independent countries passed women's suffrage after 1918. Academics such as Arthur Marwick have argued that this occurred because countries wanted to reward the role women played on the home front. However, some scholars like Ellen Dubois have argued that this perspective is incorrect, pointing out some belligerent countries like Italy did not grant suffrage. Meanwhile, some countries like the Netherlands which did not participate in the war did grant suffrage to women.

United States

thumb|right|250px|Prohibition agents emptying barrels of alcohol

The Osage Indian murders of the 1920s lead to the federal government launching the first large scale investigation by the recently formed Bureau of Investigation, which would later become the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
Prohibition of alcohol occurs in the United States. Prohibition in the United States began January 16, 1919, with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, effective as of January 17, 1920, and it continued throughout the 1920s. Prohibition was finally repealed in 1933. Organized crime turns to smuggling and bootlegging of liquor, led by figures such as Al Capone, boss of the Chicago Outfit.
The Immigration Act of 1924 places restrictions on immigration. National quotas curbed most Eastern and Southern European nationalities, further enforced the ban on immigration of East Asians, South Asians, and Southeast Asians, and put mild regulations on nationalities from the Western Hemisphere (Latin Americans).
The major sport was baseball and the most famous player was Babe Ruth.
The Lost Generation (which characterized disillusionment), was the name Gertrude Stein gave to American writers, poets, and artists living in Europe during the 1920s. Famous members of the Lost Generation include Cole Porter, Gerald Murphy, Patrick Henry Bruce, Waldo Peirce, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Zelda Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, John Dos Passos, and Sherwood Anderson.
A peak in the early 1920s in the membership of the Ku Klux Klan of four to five million members (after its reemergence in 1915), followed by a rapid decline down to an estimated 30,000 members by 1930.
The Scopes trial (1925), which declared that John T. Scopes had violated the law by teaching evolution in schools, creating tension between the competing viewpoints of creationism and evolution.

Europe

thumb|200px|The [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) is created in 1922.]]

thumb|right|250px|[[Benito Mussolini and Fascist Blackshirts during the March on Rome in 1922]]

Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921); Poland defeats Soviet advance; Ukraine and Belarus are divided.
Major armed conflict in Ireland including Irish War of Independence (1919–1921) resulting in part of Ireland becoming an independent country in 1922 followed by the Irish Civil War (1922–1923).
Russian famine of 1921–22 claimed up to five million victims.
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) is created in 1922.
Benito Mussolini leader of the National Fascist Party became Prime Minister of Italy, shortly thereafter creating the world's first fascist government. The Fascist regime establishes a totalitarian state led by Mussolini as a dictator. The Fascist regime restores good relations between the Roman Catholic Church and Italy with the Lateran Treaty, which creates Vatican City. The Fascist regime pursues an aggressive expansionist agenda in Europe such as by raiding the Greek island of Corfu in 1923, pressuring Albania to submit to becoming a de facto Italian protectorate in the mid-1920s, and holding territorial aims on the region of Dalmatia in Yugoslavia.
In Germany, the Weimar Republic suffers from economic crisis in the early 1920s and hyperinflation of currency in 1923. From 1923 to 1925 the Occupation of the Ruhr takes place. The Ruhr was an industrial region of Germany taken over by the military forces of the French Third Republic and Belgium, in response to the failure of the Weimar Republic under Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno to keep paying the World War I reparations. The recently formed fringe National Socialist German Workers' Party (a.k.a. Nazi Party) led by Adolf Hitler attempts a coup against the Bavarian and German governments in the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, which fails, resulting in Hitler being briefly imprisoned for one year in prison where he writes Mein Kampf.
Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923).
United Kingdom general strike (1926).

Asia

The Qajar dynasty ended under Ahmad Shah Qajar as Reza Shah Pahlavi founds the Pahlavi dynasty, which later became the last monarchy of Iran.
The Northern Expedition (1926–1928)
The Chinese Civil War begins (1927–1937).
In the Kingdom of Afghanistan, Amanullah Khan's reforms cause conflict with conservative factions, resulting in the Afghan Civil War.

Africa

Pan-Africanist supporters of Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL) are repressed by colonial powers in Africa. Garvey's UNIA-ACL supported the creation of a state led by black people in Africa including African Americans.

Latin America

Rural workers' strikes are put down by the Argentine Army, in the province of Santa Cruz, Argentina. Approximately 300–1,500 workers were shot and killed under the orders of president Hipólito Yrigoyen. This uprising is remembered as Patagonia Rebelde (Rebel Patagonia).
Argentina becomes the second country in the world (only after the USSR) to create a state-owned oil and gas exploration and production company, YPF.

Economics

thumb|Crowd gathering after the [[Wall Street crash of 1929]]

Economic boom ended by "Black Tuesday" (October 29, 1929); the stock market crashes, leading to the Great Depression. The market actually began to drop on Thursday October 24, 1929, and the fall continued until the huge crash on Tuesday October 29, 1929.
The New Economic Policy is created by the Bolsheviks in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, to be replaced by the first five-year plan in 1928.
The Dawes Plan, through which the U.S. made significant loans to Germany in order to help stabilize its economy and make war reparations payments, was enacted in 1924.
Average annual inflation for the decade was virtually zero but individual years ranged from a high of 3.47% in 1925 to a deflationary −11% in 1921.

left|thumb|350px|[[Dow Jones Industrial Average|Dow Jones Industrial, 1928–1930]]

Natural disasters

The Great Kantō earthquake struck the main Japanese island of Honshū on 1 September 1923. The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale.
The 1920 Haiyuan earthquake struck central China on 16 September with a magnitude of 8.2 on the moment magnitude scale, killing 273,407.
The 1922 Shantou typhoon killed upwards of 100,000 people in southern China.
The 1928 Okeechobee hurricane killed 4,112 people in the Caribbean and the United States, resulting in major flooding around Lake Okeechobee.
The 1927 Gulang earthquake struck Tibet and China, measuring 7.6 on the moment magnitude scale and killing 40,900 people.
The Tri-State tornado outbreak struck the United States on 18 March 1925. The 1925 Tri-State tornado, which the outbreak gets its name from, became the deadliest tornado in US history, as it killed 695 people, whom 613 of which in Illinois, 71 in Indiana, and 12 (possibly more) in Missouri. The outbreak as a whole, killed 751.
The tornado, was the deadliest in history, until 1989, where a F3 tornado hit Bangladesh, killing 1300. However, The Tri-State Tornado is still the 2nd deadliest in history, and the deadliest in the United States.

Assassinations and attempts

Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include:

thumb|100px|[[Michael Collins (Irish leader)]]

thumb|100px|[[Gabriel Narutowicz]]

thumb|100px|[[Pancho Villa]]

Venustiano Carranza, 44th President of Mexico, is assassinated while escape and sleeping in Tlaxcalantongo in the Sierra Norte de Puebla mountains. His forces were under attack there by General Rodolfo Herrero, a local chieftain and supporter of Carranza's former allies on 21 May 1920.
Hara Takashi, Prime Minister of Japan, is assassinated by on 4 November 1921.
Walther Rathenau, Foreign Minister of Germany is assassinated by Ernst Werner Techow, Erwin Kern, and Hermann Willibald Fischer, all members of Organisation Consul on June 24, 1922.
Michael Collins (Irish leader), was an Irish revolutionary, soldier and politician who was a leading figure in the early-20th century struggle for Irish revolutionary. Was shot and killed in an ambush by anti-Treaty forces on 22 August 1922.
Gabriel Narutowicz, a first President of Poland is assassinated by Eligiusz Niewiadomski on December 16, 1922.
Francisco "Pancho" Villa, a Mexican Revolutionary general is assassinated by a group of seven assassins on July 20, 1923.
Zhang Zuolin, was a Chinese warlord who ruled Manchuria from 1916 to 1928. Was killed when his personal train was destroyed by an explosion at the Huanggutun Railway Station that had been plotted and committed by the Kwantung Army of the Imperial Japanese Army on June 4, 1928.
Álvaro Obregón, 46th President of Mexico, he was re-elected to the presidency in 1928 but he was assassinated at La Bombilla restaurant before he could take office by José de León Toral, on July 17, 1928.

Science and technology

Technology

John Logie Baird invents the first working mechanical television system (1925). In 1928, he invents and demonstrates the first color television.
Warner Brothers produces the first movie with a soundtrack, Don Juan in 1926, followed by the first Part-Talkie, The Jazz Singer in 1927, the first All-Talking movie, Lights of New York in 1928, and the first All-Color All-Talking movie, On with the Show, 1929. Silent films start giving way to sound films. By 1936, the transition phase arguably ends, with Modern Times being the last notable silent film.
Karl Ferdinand Braun invents the modern electronic cathode-ray tube in 1897. The CRT became a commercial product in 1922.
Record companies (such as Victor, Brunswick and Columbia) introduce an electrical recording process on their phonograph records in 1925 (that had been developed by Western Electric), resulting in a more lifelike sound.
The first electric razor is patented in 1928 by the American manufacturer Col. Jacob Schick.
The first selective Jukeboxes being introduced in 1927 by the Automated Musical Instrument Company.
Harold Stephen Black revolutionizes the field of applied electronics by inventing the negative feedback amplifier in 1927.
Clarence Birdseye invents a process for frozen food in 1925.
Robert Goddard makes the first flight of a liquid-fueled rocket in 1926.
Charles Lindbergh becomes the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean (May 20–21, 1927), nonstop from New York to Paris.

File:Goddard and Rocket.jpg|Robert Goddard and his rocket, 1926

File:Telefon, Nordisk familjebok.png|1920s phone

File:Campbell Thompson.jpg|Thompson submachine gun (1921 model)

File:1925 Ford Model T touring.jpg|1925 Ford Model T. A typical 1920s car.

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Science

Howard Carter discovers of the tomb of King Tutankhamun near Luxor, Egypt, 1922.
Insulin was first used as a medication in Canada by Charles Best and Frederick Banting in 1922.
In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin.

File:Synthetic Production of Penicillin TR1468.jpg|In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin (photographed in 1943).

File:Tuts Tomb Opened.JPG|Howard Carter opens the innermost shrine of King Tutankhamun's tomb near Luxor, Egypt, 1922.

File:Solvay conference 1927.jpg|1927 Solvay Conference on Quantum Mechanics, which brought together the greatest scientific minds of the era, including Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Marie Curie, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, and Max Planck.

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Popular culture

Film

thumbtime=2|thumb|[[Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925 film)|Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (full movie displayed) was the highest-grossing movie of the 1920s by some metrics.]]

Silent films were popular in this decade, with the highest-grossing film of this decade being either 1925 American silent epic adventure-drama film Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ or the 1925 American silent war drama film The Big Parade, depending on the metrics used: Ben-Hur grossed more during its initial release, but The Big Parade ultimately grossed more via re-releases.

Oscar winners: Wings (1927–1928), The Broadway Melody (1928–1929), All Quiet on the Western Front (1929–1930)
First feature-length motion picture with a soundtrack (Don Juan) is released in 1926. First part-talkie (The Jazz Singer) released in 1927, first all-talking feature (Lights of New York) released in 1928 and first all-color all-talking feature (On with the Show) released in 1929.
The first animated short film by Walt Disney is released in 1928, featuring Mickey Mouse. Steamboat Willie was the first sound cartoon to attract widespread notice and popularity.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"

|+High-grossing films by year of release

! scope="col" | Year

! scope="col" | Title

! scope="col" | Worldwide gross

! scope="col" | Budget

! scope="col" | Reference(s)

! scope="row" |1920

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