300px|thumb|February 6: The [[Taj Mahal (pictured in 2009) is opened to the public.]]
thumb|right|[[May 19: Battle of Rocroi]]
Events
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January–March
- January 21 – Abel Tasman sights the island of Tonga.
- February 6
- (17 Dhu al-Qadah 1052 AH) In India, the first ceremony at the nearly-complete Taj Mahal in Agra, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan observes the 12th anniversary of the death of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, and opens the structure to thousands of mourners.
- Abel Tasman sights the Fiji Islands.
- May 20 – Dutch expedition to Valdivia: The Dutch fleet (led by Hendrik Brouwer) is spotted off Carelmapu in Chile, soon afterwards landing nearby and plundering the fort and village.
- June 30 – First English Civil War: Battle of Adwalton Moor – Royalists gain control of Yorkshire.
July–September
- July 1 – The Westminster Assembly of theologians ("divines") and parliamentarians is convened at Westminster Abbey with the aim of restructuring the Church of England.
- July 5 – First English Civil War: Battle of Lansdowne – Royalists gain a pyrrhic victory over the Parliamentarians near Bath, Somerset.
- July 13 – First English Civil War: Battle of Roundway Down – Henry Wilmot, newly created Baron Wilmot, commanding Royalist cavalry, wins a crushing victory over Parliamentarian Sir William Waller.
- August 24 – Dutch expedition to Valdivia: A Dutch fleet establishes a new colony in the ruins of Valdivia in southern Chile.
- September 6 – Battle of Mongiovino: The forces of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, led by Mattias de' Medici, defeated the Papal forces commanded by Taddeo Barberini.
- September 20 – First English Civil War: First Battle of Newbury – A strategic Parliamentarian victory is made over Royalist forces who are led personally by King Charles.
October–December
- October 8 – The Shunzhi Emperor of China is crowned at five years old, 17 days after the death of his father and the decision of the Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers.
- October 28 – Dutch expedition to Valdivia: The Dutch end their occupation of Valdivia in Chile.
- November 14 – Empress Meishō abdicates and Emperor Go-Kōmyō accedes to the throne of Japan.
- November 24 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Tuttlingen – France is defeated by forces of the Holy Roman Empire.
- December 12 – Swedish Field Marshal Lennart Torstensson's forces enter Danish territory in Holstein, beginning the Torstenson War.
- December 13 – First English Civil War: At the Battle of Alton in Hampshire, the Parliamentarians defeat the Royalists.
- December 25 – Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean is sighted and named by Captain William Mynors of the British East India Company ship Royal Mary.
- December 28 – Dutch expedition to Valdivia: The failed Dutch expedition arrives back at Recife in Dutch Brazil.
Date unknown
- Baden-Baden is pillaged by the French.
- An Calbhach mac Aedh Ó Conchobhair Donn, The Ó Conchubhair Donn, Chief of the Name of the Clan Ó Conchubhair, is popularly inaugurated as the last King of Connacht in Ireland.
- Evangelista Torricelli invents the mercury barometer.
- Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve, places the first Mount Royal Cross atop Mount Royal above Montreal.
- Jean Bolland publishes the first two volumes of the Acta Sanctorum (in Antwerp). This is the beginning of the Bollandists' work.
- Miyamoto Musashi begins to dictate The Book of Five Rings (Go Rin No Sho) to his student; he will complete it in 1645, just before his death.
- Roger Williams, co-founder of Rhode Island, publishes A Key into the Language of America.</onlyinclude>
- The first professional book publisher to use printing press in Norway is established in Oslo.
Births
thumb|right|110px|[[Mary of Jesus de León y Delgado]]
thumb|right|110px|[[Louis Moréri]]
thumb|right|110px|[[Gilbert Burnet]]
thumb|right|110px|[[Bahadur Shah I]]
thumb|right|110px|[[René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle]]
January–March
- January 2 – Eleonora d'Este, Italian princess, later nun (d. 1722)
- January 4 (N.S.) – Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist (d. 1727)
- January 7 (O.S.) – Sir Samuel Grimston, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1700)
- January 9 – Eleonoro Pacello, Italian Catholic prelate, Bishop of Pula (1689–1695) (d. 1695)
- January 13 – Axel Wachtmeister, Count of Mälsåker, Swedish field marshal (d. 1699)
- January 25 – John Hayes, English politician (d. 1705)
- January 24 – Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset, English poet and courtier (d. 1706)
- January 30 – Sir Francis Blundell, 3rd Baronet, Irish politician (d. 1707)
- February 6
- Charles Fanshawe, 4th Viscount Fanshawe, English politician (d. 1710)
- Johann Kasimir Kolbe von Wartenberg, Prussian politician (d. 1712)
- February 15 – García Felipe de Legazpi y Velasco Altamirano y Albornoz, Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Tlaxcala (d. 1706)
- February 25
- Sultan Ahmed II of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1695)
- Christian Franz Paullini, German physician (d. 1712)
- March 4 – Fran Krsto Frankopan, Croatian baroque poet, nobleman and politician (d. 1671)
- March 6 – Pierre de Langle, French bishop and theologian (d. 1724)
- March 8 – Nabeshima Naoyuki, Japanese daimyō (d. 1725)
- March 17 – Fabrizio Spada, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1717)
- March 23 – Mary of Jesus de León y Delgado, Spanish Dominican lay sister and mystic (d. 1731)
- March 25 – Louis Moréri, French priest and encyclopaedist (d. 1680)
- March 28 – Anthony Dopping, Anglican Bishop of Meath (d. 1697)
- March 29 – Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain (d. 1727)
April–June
- April 3 – Charles V, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1690)
- April 6 – Nehemiah Jewett, American colonial politician (d. 1720)
- April 30 – Johann Oswald Harms, German Baroque painter (d. 1708)
- May 3 – Georg Franck von Franckenau, German botanist (d. 1704)
- May 7 – Stephanus Van Cortlandt, first native-born mayor of New York City (d. 1700)
- May 8 – George Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach (1672–1693) (d. 1693)
- May 9 – Charles Kirkhoven, 1st Earl of Bellomont, Dutch-born Irish peer (d. 1683)
- May 10 – Gabriel Revel, French painter (d. 1712)
- May 29 – Patrick Lyon, 3rd Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, Scottish peer and the son of John Lyon (d. 1695)
July–September
- July 3 – Johann Ernst von Thun, Tyrolean Catholic bishop (d. 1709)
- July 26 – Burchard de Volder, Dutch mathematician (d. 1709)
- July 28 – Antonio Tarsia, Italian composer (d. 1722)
- July 29 – Henri Jules, Prince of Condé (d. 1709)
- August 3 – Charles de la Rue, French Jesuit, Latin poet (d. 1725)
- August 16 – Mumtaz Shikoh, Mughal Empire emperor (d. 1647)
- August 18 – William Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Harzgerode (1670–1709) (d. 1709)
- August 21 – King Afonso VI of Portugal, King of Portugal and the Algarves (d. 1683)
- August 26 – Cardinal de Bouillon, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1715)
- September 3 – Lorenzo Bellini, Italian physician, anatomist (d. 1704)
- September 5 – Sir William Portman, 6th Baronet, English politician (d. 1690)
- September 6 – François-Joseph de Beaupoil de Sainte-Aulaire, French poet (d. 1742)
- September 14
- Jeremiah Dummer, American silversmith (d. 1718)
- Joseph de Jouvancy, French historian (d. 1719)
- September 17 – Francis Howard, 5th Baron Howard of Effingham, English peer (d. 1694)
- September 18 – Gilbert Burnet, Scottish philosopher and historian (d. 1715)
- September 27 – Solomon Stoddard, pastor of the Congregationalist Church in Northampton, Massachusetts (d. 1729)
- September 30 – Samuel Hoadly, American-born English schoolmaster, writer of educational books (d. 1705)
October–December
- October 5 – Zinat-un-Nissa, princess of the Mughal Empire (d. 1721)
- October 14 – Bahadur Shah I, Mughal Emperor of India (d. 1712)
- October 25 – Georg Ludwig Agricola, German composer (d. 1676)
- November 1 – John Strype, English historian and biographer (d. 1737)
- November 4 – Asano Nagatomo, Japanese daimyō who ruled the Akō Domain (d. 1675)
- November 16 – Jean Chardin, French jeweller, traveller (d. 1713)
- November 22 – René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, French explorer (d. 1687)
- November 23 – Eberhard von Danckelmann, Prussian politician (d. 1722)
- December 24 – Israel Kolmodin, Swedish hymnwriter and priest (d. 1709)
- December 28 – Salomon van Til, theologian of the Dutch Reformed Church (d. 1713)
Date unknown
- Marie Grubbe, Danish countess (d. 1718)
- Eva Krotoa, Khoi translator and interpreter (d. 1674)
- Ilona Zrínyi, Hungarian heroine (d. 1703)
Deaths
thumb|right|110px|[[Hong Taiji]]
thumb|right|110px|[[Claudio Monteverdi]]
- January 14 – John Bois, English scholar (b. 1560)
- January 20 – Henry Danvers, 1st Earl of Danby, English noble (b. 1573)
- February 11 – Countess Palatine Anna Maria of Neuburg, Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg (b. 1575)
- February 15 – Countess Juliane of Nassau-Siegen, Landgravine of Hesse-kassel (b. 1587)
- February 25 – Marco da Gagliano, Italian composer (b. 1582)
- March 1
- Girolamo Frescobaldi, Italian composer (b. 1583)
- Rustam Khan, Georgian-Iranian soldier (b. c. 1588)
- April 4 – Simon Episcopius, Dutch theologian (b. 1583)
- April 12
- Louis I, Count of Erbach-Erbach (1606–1643) (b. 1579)
- Nicolaus Hunnius, German theologian (b. 1585)
- April 13 – Margherita Farnese, Benedictine nun (b. 1567)
- April 20 – Christoph Demantius, German composer (b. 1567)
- April 28
- Francisco de Lucena, Portuguese Secretary of State (b. c. 1578)
- Philip III, Landgrave of Hesse-Butzbach (b. 1581)
- May 14 – King Louis XIII of France (b. 1601)
- July 12 – François Duquesnoy, Flemish Baroque sculptor in Rome (b. 1597)
- July 25 – Robert Pierrepont, 1st Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull, English statesman (b. 1584)
- August – Anne Hutchinson, English Puritan preacher (b. 1591)
- August 7 – Margaret of Brunswick-Lüneburg, German noble (b. 1573)
- August 22
- Philippe de Carteret II, son of Philippe de Carteret I (1552– (b. 1584)
- Johann Georg Wirsung, German anatomist (b. 1589)
- September 15 – Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, Irish politician (b. 1566)
- September 20, at the Battle of Newbury:
- Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland, English politician and writer (b. c. 1610)
- Robert Dormer, 1st Earl of Carnarvon (b. c. 1610)
- Henry Spencer, 1st Earl of Sunderland (b. 1620)
- September 21 – Emperor Hong Taiji of China (b. 1592)
- October 2 – Jean Chalette, French painter (b. 1581)
- October 29 – Brilliana, Lady Harley, English noble, letter writer and war heroine (b. 1598)
- November 3
- John Bainbridge, English astronomer (b. 1583)
- Paul Guldin, Swiss astronomer and mathematician (b. 1577)
- Sun Chuanting, Ming dynasty general (b. 1593)
- November 14
- Henry Hastings, 5th Earl of Huntingdon, English noble (b. 1586)
- George Aribert of Anhalt-Dessau, German nobleman (b. 1606)
- November 15 – Tachibana Muneshige, Japanese samurai and soldier (b. 1567)
- November 17 – Jean-Baptiste Budes, Comte de Guébriant, Marshal of France (b. 1602)
- November 29
- William Cartwright, English dramatist (b. 1611)
- Claudio Monteverdi, Italian composer (b. 1567)
- December 8 – John Pym, English statesman (b. 1583)
- December 10 – Herman Wrangel, Swedish soldier and politician (b. 1584/1587)
- December 11
- Arthur Bell, English Franciscan martyr (b. 1590)
- Henry Clifford, 5th Earl of Cumberland, English politician (b. 1591)
- December 30 – Giovanni Baglione, Italian painter and historian of art (b. 1566)
- approx. date – Henry Glapthorne, English dramatist (b. 1610)
- date unknown
- Sophia Brahe, Danish astronomer and horticulturalist (b. 1556)
- María Pita, Spanish heroine (b. 1565)